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This chapter describes the importance of livestock as a fundamental livelihoods asset for agropastoral communities in South Sudan, and explains the complex linkages between the ownership and use of livestock, conflict, marketing systems, seasonality and vulnerability. It also examines how programmes to support pastoralist livelihoods in southern Sudan have introduced innovative, participatory elements that go beyond the traditional humanitarian framework. In particular, it tracks livestock interventions in the Operation Lifeline Sudan (Southern Sector) Programme since…