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# Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://csrf-southsudan.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Conflict sensitive engagement with rangelands, forests and wetlands in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/conflict-sensitive-engagement-with-rangelands-forests-and-wetlands-in-south-sudan/) - This blog by Martina Santschi and CSRF calls for a conflict-sensitive engagement on communal land tenure, especially the use of rangelands, forests, and wetlands in South Sudan. As such, the blog is relevant for aid actors who engage in livelihood support, development, infrastructure building, support to returnees, refugees and IDPs, housing land and property issues,
- [Navigating the complex webs of Murle authority in Pibor: conflict sensitivity considerations for aid actors](https://csrf-southsudan.org/navigating-the-complex-webs-of-murle-authority-in-pibor-conflict-sensitivity-considerations-for-aid-actors/) - This blog was written by Diana Felix Da Costa and Gola Boyoi Gola. Introduction Murle society is non-hierarchical and political power is diffused to the extent that there are no institutional leadership roles. It is thus often represented as lacking credible and legitimate governance structures. While Murle society is acephalous and egalitarian, in that there is
- [Juba must plant trees or continue to sweat! A conflict sensitivity lens to Juba’s heat crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/juba-must-plant-trees-or-continue-to-sweat-a-conflict-sensitivity-lens-to-jubas-heat-crisis/) - This blog by Wani James Henry, a natural resources and sustainability expert, and The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF), highlights the significance of trees in Juba beyond the provision of shade and air quality, but as cultural, socio-economic and political meeting spaces over tea and coffee. The blog underscores the urgent need for Juba City
- [Localisation in Conflict: Untangling Misconceptions and Reclaiming Local Leadership in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/localization-in-conflict-untangling-misconceptions-and-reclaiming-local-leadership-in-south-sudan/) - This blog by Emmanuel Louis and the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF sets out to explore how localisation is understood in South Sudan. It highlights common misconceptions, and articulates a conflict-sensitive approach that places local leadership, community trust, and equitable partnerships at the centre of humanitarian action. The blog provides a set of conflict sensitivity considerations for further promoting localisation in South Sudan.
- [What we talk about when we talk about ‘capacity’: The barriers to localisation in humanitarian aid include how we talk about local partners](https://csrf-southsudan.org/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-capacity-the-barriers-to-localisation-in-humanitarian-aid/) - The persistent critique of local/national NGOs (L/NNGOs) having ‘low capacity’ functions as a catch-all for the very structural imbalances that localisation aims to address; namely inadequate resources and the inability to make meaningful decisions as humanitarian actors.
- [Dispute Management through Cattle Compensation Among the Nuer in Greater Akobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/dispute-management-through-cattle-compensation-among-the-nuer-in-greater-akobo/) - This blog examines dispute management among the Nuer of Geater Akobo. Focusing on the cattle compensation method, the blog finds that this decade-old approach remains the most credible and effective method for resolving disputes, with conflict-sensitive recommendations. The blog recommends that aid programming should integrate existing local systems, including cattle compensation, into its peacebuilding programme.
- [How do local communities conserve wildlife in South Sudan? Conflict sensitive considerations for conservation agencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/how-do-local-communities-conserve-wildlife-in-south-sudan-conflict-sensitive-considerations-for-conservation-agencies-2/) - Photo credit: Benoit Morkel / Fauna & Flora Written by Ranga Gworo, this blog explores the extent to which local communities in South Sudan value wildlife. It also discusses strategies that local communities use to protect wildlife. Finally, the blog shares some suggestions on how conservation interventions can apply conflict sensitive conservation approaches. South Sudan
- [How do local communities conserve wildlife in South Sudan? Conflict sensitive considerations for conservation agencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/how-do-local-communities-conserve-wildlife-in-south-sudan-conflict-sensitive-considerations-for-conservation-agencies/) - Photo credit: Benoit Morkel / Fauna & Flora Written by Ranga Gworo, this blog explores the extent to which local communities in South Sudan value wildlife. It also discusses strategies that local communities use to protect wildlife. Finally, the blog shares some suggestions on how conservation interventions can apply conflict sensitive conservation approaches. South Sudan
- [Including peace in conservation – conflict sensitivity at The World Conservation Congress and lessons from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/including-peace-in-conservation-conflict-sensitivity-at-the-world-conservation-congress-and-lessons-from-south-sudan/) - The world’s top nature conservation experts, leaders, and decision makers have been gathering in Abu Dhabi for the World Conservation Congress, bringing together the membership of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in a once-every-four-years meeting. [1] On 24 September, a motion (057) on conflict sensitive conservation [2] was overwhelmingly passed, with all
- [Community resilience in crisis-affected South Sudan: Bride price as a means to relocate and diversify critical livelihood assets](https://csrf-southsudan.org/csrf-blog-community-resilience-in-crisis-affected-south-sudan-bride-price-as-a-means-to-relocate-and-diversify-critical-livelihood-assets/) - This blog by Martina Santschi and CSRF focusses on the critical importance of bride price for resilience and economic security in crisis-affected South Sudan and calls for a better informed and more conflict-sensitive engagement of aid actors on bride price in agro-pastoral communities. As such, the blog is relevant for aid actors who engage in
- [Institutional strengthening through conflict sensitivity mentoring](https://csrf-southsudan.org/institutional-strengthening-through-conflict-sensitivity-mentoring/) - This blog, by Luka Madhieu Kuot and the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF), focuses on the CSRF’s mentoring programme for South Sudanese National Non-Governmental Organisations (NNGOs). The blog examines how the programme has strengthened NNGOs’ capacity for integrating conflict sensitivity principles, especially in their role in humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding programming in South Sudan. It
- [Being prepared for difficult challenges: Conflict sensitivity during times of crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/being-prepared-for-difficult-challenges-conflict-sensitivity-during-times-of-crisis/) - This blog by Natalia Chan and CSRF recognizes the difficult challenges facing South Sudan, and the risks that can be experienced by donors and aid actors. The blog proposes important conflict sensitivity considerations for aid actors during times of crisis. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) was set up in the period following South Sudan’s
- [Pluvial flooding in Lafon: Case study and conflict sensitivity considerations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/pluvial-flooding-in-lafon-case-study-and-conflict-sensitivity-considerations/) - This blog by Ranga Gworo and CSRF highlights the conflict risks of a different type of flooding in specific contexts. Using the case of Lafon, the blog explores the impact of pluvial flooding in the area, and shares reflections on considerations for conflict sensitive flood response. Photo credit to Paul Ugila, photo taken in Lafon
- [From Words to Action: The State of Conflict Sensitivity in South Sudan's Aid Sector](https://csrf-southsudan.org/from-words-to-action-the-state-of-conflict-sensitivity-in-south-sudans-aid-sector/) - This blog by Eero Wahlstedt[1] is based on a desk review that assesses the degree to which donors and aid agencies have institutionalised conflict sensitivity in their policy and strategy guiding documents. The review is a repeat of the 2020-21 review that mapped out the conflict sensitivity needs of agencies. The blog raises some interesting
- [Shouldn’t we all be working together to support peace and development in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/shouldnt-we-all-be-working-together-to-support-peace-and-development-in-south-sudan/) - The ‘Triple Nexus’: Where the humanitarian, development and peace sectors work together to make the most of their comparative advantages to enable a more coherent, efficient and collective response to global challenges. This is an attractive prospect in South Sudan, which continues to experience a range of interconnected crises and shocks that cannot be addressed
- [WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/whatsapp-an-emerging-tool-for-violence-and-conflict-within-south-sudan/) - This blog by Sean McGovern and Abraham Diing Akoi, is based on a recently published research report on social media and violence. The blog explores the intersection between the use of social media, including WhatsApp, in times of conflict and violence. Using the case of South Sudan, the blog identifies how communities have used WhatsApp
- [Conflict and Conservation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/conflict-and-conservation-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Philip Winter explores the history and development of conservation in South Sudan from 1970s. The blog discusses how the prolonged conflicts, as well as other factors such as illegal game hunting, have contributed to the reduction in wildlife populations, which a few national and international conservation organisations are trying to reverse. To
- [Perceptions of gender and conflict sensitivity considerations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/perceptions-of-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity-considerations-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Lona Elia Morgan and Livia Oliver discuss the concept of gender and conflicting perceptions of the concept among South Sudanese communities. Based on their extensive gender work, they explore different perceptions around gender and the related impact on conflict dynamics, as well as on aid programming, providing insights on how aid actors
- [The spread of invasive weeds: conflict sensitivity considerations for aid actors working in Eastern Equatoria and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-spread-of-invasive-weeds-conflict-sensitivity-considerations-for-aid-actors-working-in-eastern-equatoria-and-beyond/) - Kapoeta, a semi-arid area,[1] has been experiencing severe drought conditions since 2021 caused by climate change.[2] The changing conditions have reportedly resulted in the spread of invasive weed species in the last two to three years. These include Beku (local name) with the scientific name Prosopis Juliflora and Abonglogir (local name) with the
- [The challenges of protecting people accused of misusing supernatural powers in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-challenges-of-protecting-people-accused-of-misusing-supernatural-powers-in-south-sudan/) - The alleged misuse of spiritual and supernatural powers in South Sudan can lead to youth violence against the accused individuals and their families, as well as their displacement, with related implications for their protection and return to their homes. In this blog, Ranga Gworo explores why this is happening and provides some conflict sensitivity considerations
- [Leave No ‘R’ Behind: Bringing the Focus on Resilience Back into Risk in the Context of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/leave-no-r-behind-bringing-the-focus-on-resilience-back-into-risk-and-resilience-in-the-contexts-of-fragility-conflict-and-violence/) - In our last blog post titled Leave No ‘R’ Behind: Understanding the Importance of Fostering Resilience I in the Context of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence, we discussed how experiences and understanding of resilience differ across different levels of society. Building on that discussion, the following discussion explores programmatic approaches that can be used by the
- [Leave No ‘R’ Behind: Understanding the Importance of Fostering Resilience in the Context of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/leave-no-r-behind-understanding-the-importance-of-fostering-resilience-in-the-context-of-fragility-conflict-and-violence/) - Despite the signing of the revitalized peace agreement in 2018, violence continues to impact communities across South Sudan. Almost 4 million South Sudanese are displaced, including 1.7 million internally displaced people and 2.3 million refugees abroad, with women and children disproportionately affected. In the face of these challenges, however, communities across the country continue to
- [Ready to go? Conflict sensitivity and the dilemma of returns in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/ready-to-go-conflict-sensitivity-and-the-dilemma-of-returns-in-south-sudan/) - As pressure to support facilitated population movements and returns increases, Leslye Rost van Tonningen, CSRF Director, assesses some of the conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities that the aid community must account for during this process. As the implementation of the peace process slowly moves forward, five out of the six Protection of Civilians[1] sites
- [Rumours, Conflict Sensitivity, and COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/rumours-conflict-sensitivity-and-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - Christopher Tuckwood and John Green Otunga reflect on how rumours and misinformation about the coronavirus has impacted on the COVID-19 response in South Sudan. Christopher Tuckwood is the Executive Director of the Sentinel Project, while John Green Otunga is the East Africa Programs Manager overseeing the implementation of the Sentinel Project's UnaHakika (Kenya), Hagiga Wahid
- [‘Our voices, our power’: supporting conflict-sensitive humanitarian action in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/our-voices-our-power-supporting-conflict-sensitive-humanitarian-action-in-south-sudan/) - Humanitarian workers are providing vital services for many communities in South Sudan. David Otim and Elizabeth White outline some of the challenges aid workers face and explore how humanitarian responses can contribute to peace rather than conflict. As the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly began last week, our friend Angelina Nyajima, director of
- [Treading a fine line: Aid agencies and local government in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/treading-a-fine-line-aid-agencies-and-local-government-in-south-sudan/) - As widespread violent conflict in South Sudan has declined following the signing of the R-ARCSS, aid agencies are increasingly engaging local governments in their programmes. Local government can play an important role in both supporting peace at the community level, or in contributing to conflict. So, how can the aid sector navigate the risks of working with local governments and create opportunities for peace and reconciliation?
- [Evolving Community Perceptions of COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/evolving-community-perceptions-of-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - It’s been nine months since the first COVID-19 case was documented in South Sudan in April 2020 and aid agencies have had to work alongside communities across the county with varying and shifting perspectives since in responding to the pandemic. This blog, written by CSRF Project Officer Lona Morgan, explores the changing perceptions of COVID-19
- [War and Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/war-and-peace/) - “There are no clear boundaries or lines of rupture between war and peace. They form a continuum, in a temporal as well as spatial or social perspective.” The statement above is one of the key findings presented in Juba by a group of researchers from Switzerland, South Sudan and Côte d’Ivoire earlier this month at
- [Borders, boundaries and land in South Sudan: dividing communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/borders-boundaries-and-land-in-south-sudan-dividing-communities/) - The September 2018 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan commits a Technical Boundary Commission to review administrative and “tribal” boundaries across the country. This comes after the October 2015 announcement of 28 and later 32 states, breaking down the existing 10. With the 12th May deadline for demarcation decisions fast
- [Cash Aid and Conflict in South Sudan: Three things to think about](https://csrf-southsudan.org/cash-aid-and-conflict-in-south-sudan-three-things-to-think-about/) - Eight months after South Sudan’s warring parties signed of a new peace agreement, more than 4 million people remain displaced after fighting forced them to leave their homes, jobs and assets – all means to earn an income – behind. Most have sought the relative safety of urban centres; a trend which has left the
- [South Sudan in 2050:  What will Aid’s Legacy be?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/south-sudan-in-2050-what-will-aids-legacy-be/) - This year marks the 30th anniversary of the start of Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) and the start of the modern period of aid provision in South Sudan. This landmark humanitarian relief response was built around a ground-breaking agreement between the Government of Sudan, the SPLM/A, and the United Nations, and was instrumental in saving countless
- [Returns, aid and conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/returns-aid-and-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - Since the signing of South Sudan’s revitalised peace agreement in September 2018, the return of people forced to flee the country’s civil war has risen up the political agenda. The numbers of people returning has been taken by many as an indicator that the deal is delivering. This has put pressure on aid agencies to support returns of people displaced within the country and across its borders, often irrespective of the risks.
- [From ‘local knowledge’ to ‘collective intelligence’: the importance of relationships in enabling conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/from-local-knowledge-to-collective-intelligence-the-importance-of-relationships-in-enabling-conflict-sensitivity/) - At the CSRF we are frequently asked for tools that will help aid organisations to understand the context. Whilst these are often reasonable requests, our experience shows that tools often struggle to tap into the rich pool of local knowledge that often already exists within organisations.
- [What does COVID-19 mean for South Sudan and a conflict sensitive response?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/what-does-covid-19-mean-for-south-sudan-and-a-conflict-sensitive-response/) - This blog post presents the CSRF's initial thoughts on the impact of COVID-19 on aid in South Sudan. The ground has shifted beneath our feet in ways that we have never known before. Governments around the world are grappling with how to effectively respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, borders have closed, and economies are screeching
- [COVID-19 and Conflict Sensitivity Implications in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid-19-and-conflict-sensitivity-implications-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog post, Leslye Rost van Tonningen, the Director of CSRF, reflects on conflict sensitivity implications of COVID-19 responses in the South Sudanese context. Conflict sensitivity is more important in times of crisis or rapid change. In current crises, such as South Sudan, Syria, Yemen, Somalia or Myanmar, conflict sensitivity and context analysis
- [Homegrown solutions to Pandemic problems: Community-led response to disease](https://csrf-southsudan.org/homegrown-solutions-to-pandemic-problems-community-led-response-to-disease/) - In this blog, Paul Richards reflects on what aid agencies in South Sudan can learn from the Ebola response in West Africa. Perhaps the most critical is that the response to an infectious disease is most effective, and conflict sensitive, when it works with communities and supports their initiatives, and is least effective when local
- [Untying the nexus 'knot' in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/untying-the-nexus-knot-in-south-sudan/) - This blog highlights the benefits of strengthening coordination between humanitarian, peacebuilding and development actors implementing aid responses in South Sudan, particularly in times of humanitarian crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It was written by Nora Schmidlin from the Analysis and Impact team at swisspeace, with input from CSRF colleagues. The triple nexus is getting
- [Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Community Work – Conflict Sensitivity Considerations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/impact-of-covid-19-on-rural-community-work-conflict-sensitivity-considerations/) - Within this blog, Chol Changath, South Sudanese Research Specialist in Livelihoods and Food Security, reflects on the potential impact of COVID-19 on rural community work within South Sudan. Whilst social distancing measures may principally limit food production as farmers and groups within the community cannot gather in close proximity to undertake work, the blog also
- [The impact of COVID-19 on women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Flora Francis Bringi reflects on the social impact of COVID-19 on South Sudanese women and girls. Drawing on her work in the field of Gender with a number of South Sudanese NGOs including her current appointment as Managing Director for Ana Fii Consultancy, Flora highlights some social problems that South Sudanese women
- [Crucial, but vulnerable: The role of Chiefs in COVID response and conflict resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/crucial-and-vulnerable-at-the-same-time-chiefs-information-campaigns-and-conflict-resolution-in-times-of-covid-19/) - Chiefs play a critically important role in communities’ right across South Sudan. They play a vital role in settling disputes, preventing armed conflict and fostering peace within and between communities. As the key intermediaries between local communities and higher levels of government, UN agencies and international NGOs, they have an essential role to play in
- [The experience of the elderly during COVID-19 in South Sudan: Considerations for a conflict sensitive approach](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-experience-of-the-elderly-during-covid-19-in-south-sudan-considerations-for-a-conflict-sensitive-approach/) - This blog reflects on COVID-19 related risks that elderly people face in South Sudan and provides recommendations on how to protect them in more conflict sensitive ways. Unlike many Western countries, where some elderly people reside in care homes or on their own, in South Sudan older people usually live within their family households. As
- [Conflict sensitive approaches to dealing with common South Sudanese cultural practices and COVID-19 prevention measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/conflict-sensitive-approaches-to-dealing-with-common-south-sudanese-cultural-practices-and-covid-19-prevention-measures/) - As South Sudan prepares its response to COVID-19, Ranga Gworo shares reflections on how COVID-19 prevention measures have interacted so far with deeply embedded cultural practices and the implications for conflict sensitivity, alongside some practical recommendations for how aid agencies could design cultural, and conflict, sensitive measures. Even before the Government of South Sudan confirmed
- [Introducing... the Better Aid in Conflict Blog](https://csrf-southsudan.org/introducing-the-better-aid-in-conflict-blog/) - As aid actors in South Sudan, most of us believe in and can see the value of what we’re doing on a day-to-day basis. We can see the positive impact of aid on people’s lives. But we also wonder in quiet, dark moments what the sum total of our impact is. Aid has been delivered here for decades, so why are things still so bad? Do we play a role in that? And if so, what is it, and how can we do better? This work is challenging enough without having to grapple with recurrent bouts of cynicism and despair.

## Pages

- [Home](https://csrf-southsudan.org/) - Lessons for a System Under Pressure: What ten years of conflict sensitivity work tells us about the future of aid in South SudanThe Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is approaching 10 years since its establishment in 2016 - at a moment when the aid sector in South Sudan is facing unprecedented challenges to its funding,
- [County Profiles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/resources-county-profiles/) - Welcome to the CSRF County Profiles The CSRF hosts an interactive, searchable map of South Sudan designed to help aid workers familiarise themselves with the context, containing basic information on geographical features, roads and settlements. It also includes an overlay of different administrative boundaries. This is set by default to show the 78 counties that
- [What We Do](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/what-we-do/) - What we do The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports humanitarian and development actors in South Sudan by providing research, analysis and practical guidance on conflict-sensitive programming. We work with NGOs, UN agencies and donors – offering tailored training, mentoring and convening platforms to strengthen their ability to minimise harm and maximise peacebuilding impacts. Through
- [Resources](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/) - Resources CSRF produces high-quality research and analysis related to conflict sensitivity in South Sudan. We also publish county profiles, detailing the specific conflict issues affecting those counties, and every month we send out a research update by email. Sign up here research-repositiry-icon-white Research Repository EXPLORE County Profiles EXPLORE guides-icon-black Guides , Tools & Checklists EXPLORE
- [Events](https://csrf-southsudan.org/events/) - Events The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) plays a pivotal role in equipping humanitarian and development actors in South Sudan with the knowledge and skills needed to integrate conflict sensitivity into their programming. To strengthen institutional and individual capacity, CSRF offers tailored training, mentoring, coaching, and accompaniment, ensuring that partners not only understand conflict sensitivity
- [About Us](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/) - About us The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) was established in 2016 to support the aid sector in South Sudan to be more conflict sensitive. We provide analysis, convene discussions, share learning, and support capacities to strengthen positive contributions to peace and reduce the risks of unintended harm. Together we are building a movement for
- [Thematic Issues](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/thematic-issues/) - Thematic Issues South Sudan’s complex and evolving context requires aid actors to navigate interconnected challenges, from political instability to climate shocks, in ways that avoid harm and foster resilience. The CSRF focuses its work on ‘priority themes’ that are updated every 1-2 years based on changes in the context, partner priorities and the facility’s own
- [Guides, Tools and Checklists](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/guides-tools-and-checklists/) - Guides and Tools There are many guides, tools and checklists already available to help you adopt more conflict-sensitive approaches. Each of these is designed for a different purpose and knowing where to start can be a struggle. This page presents a few ‘top picks’ to get you started and provide you with the inspiration to
- [Research Repository](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/research-repository/) - Research CSRF produces high-quality research and analysis related to conflict sensitivity in South Sudan. We also publish county profiles, detailing the specific conflict issues affecting those counties, and every month we send out a research update by email. Sign up to receive our research updates I am looking for... search-icon State: All State Abyei (39)
- [Contact Us](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/contacts/) - Contact us Get in touch Please get in touch if you would like to get more information about making aid more conflict sensitive in South Sudan. Juba, South Sudan +211922500766 info@csrf-southsudan.org Send Message
- [Partnerships](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/partnerships/) - Our partners The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility is co-hosted by Saferworld and swisspeace and funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), The Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, The Swiss Development Agency and the European Union in order to provide knowledge products and technical support services on integrating conflict sensitivity to the
- [News](https://csrf-southsudan.org/news/) - News Our work fosters conflict sensitive programming, mitigates risks and promotes sustainable peace across the country.Explore key findings from our analysis, highlights from capacity strengthening workshops, and opportunities to engage with humanitarian and development partners including NGOs, UN agencies and donors. News and Updates Our work fosters conflict-sensitive programming, mitigates risks, and promotes sustainable peace
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- [Search Results](https://csrf-southsudan.org/search-results/) - Page: Search Results Post Type Post Type -- All Post Type --BLOG 43 Filter Repository State -- All State --Abyei 39Central Equatoria 127Eastern Equatoria 59Jonglei 101Lakes 45Northern Bahr el Ghazal 64Pibor 8South(ern) Sudan 1140Sudan (North and South) 108Sudan and South Sudan 28Unity 100Upper Nile 77Warrap 42Western Bahr el Ghazal 44Western Equatoria 38 Document Type --
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## My Templates

- [Single Post Template](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=single-post-template-design) - Home Template Single Post Template Single Post Template May 27, 2025 CSRF Home Template Single Post Template Single Post Template May 27, 2025 CSRF TagsArmed conflict Climate and Environment Conflict sensitivity Gender and Social Inclusion HDP Nexus and Aid Coherence International engagement Justice and Governance Localisation Peace process Political transitions Population movements Resources Security Service
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- [Search Tempate](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=search-results-tempate-2) - Search Tempate Juba must plant trees or continue to sweat! A conflict sensitivity lens to Juba’s heat crisis This blog by Wani James Henry, a natural resources and sustainability expert, and The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF), highlights the significance of trees in Juba beyond the provision of …Read More Wani James HenryFebruary 26, 2026
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- [citygov-history](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-history-2) - The river terrace along the west bank of Willamette River downstream from the mouth of Oswego Creek was for thousands of years the home of Native Americans. A brief history of our city... 1841 In 1841, iron ore was discovered in the Tualatin Valley, but it was not until 1861 that its existence was an
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- [about us](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=about-us) - WHO WE ARE ABOUT CSRF Conflict sensitivity is an approach that seeks to maximise the positive impacts of humanitarian and development initiatives for peace, whilst avoiding harm. Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan.Through its three focus areas, the
- [homepage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=homepage) - SUPPORTING CONFLICT SENSITIVITY IN SOUTH SUDAN COVID-19 HUB Comprehensive information and Covid-19 helpdesk service. Impact of COVID-19 Program Adaptations on Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) Programs in South Sudan John Hopkins University February 14, 2023 Read More » RESEARCH REPOSITORY Our vast database of research and analysis. CSRF Research:
- [citygov-goverment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-goverment) - Mayor, City Council & City Departments . Our City operates under a Council-Manager form of government and has done so since 1932. The two major components to this system of government are the City Council; and a City Manager. The City Council is the legislative body, establishing City policies, while the City Manager is the
- [citygov-home](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-home) - What we do Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan. WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan As conflict has evolved, social media has also become an important tool for spreading hate across communities.
- [citygov-section-faqs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-faqs) - Buildings Division I called in the complaint on the building; why was I summoned to a hearing? When you called in the complaint, you became the complaining witness in the enforcement action. At the hearing you have the opportunity to explain the circumstances which caused you to call in the complaint by providing testimony or
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- [citygov-section-departments-2](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-departments-2-2) - Administrative Services The Administrative Services Department is responsible for the management of the procurement process, protection of the city’s physical assets and related support services for citizens and city operations. Read More Budget Office The Budget Office, a part of the Financial Services Department, is responsible for preparing and monitoring the City of Frisco’s Annual
- [citygov-section-departments](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-departments-5) - Administrative Services The Administrative Services Department is responsible for the management of the procurement process, protection of the city’s physical assets and related support services for citizens and city operations. Read More Budget Office The Budget Office, a part of the Financial Services Department, is responsible for preparing and monitoring the City of Frisco’s Annual
- [citygov-section-city-council](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-city-council) - Facebook Twitter Youtube John Moritz Auditor j.moritz@townofpine.com Aliquam non dolor tempus, eleifend erat, elementum diam. Egestas pretium cursus. Quisque posuere pulvinar tempor. Twitter Snapchat Linkedin Livia Richardson Deputy Majority audit@townofpine.com Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Xing Facebook Product-hunt Foursquare Ida A. Spoon
- [citygov-about](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-about) - Office of the Mayor Building a Frisco City that works for every neighborhood with a focus on equity, opportunity, efficiency, and inclusion. . On January 4, 2018, Lisa F. Matt was sworn in as the 99th Mayor of Frisco. In his first budget, the Mayor worked closely with City Council to fund bold anti-poverty initiatives.
- [citygov-history](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-history) - The river terrace along the west bank of Willamette River downstream from the mouth of Oswego Creek was for thousands of years the home of Native Americans. A brief history of our city... 1841 In 1841, iron ore was discovered in the Tualatin Valley, but it was not until 1861 that its existence was an
- [Default Kit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=default-kit-2)
- [citygov-landing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-landing) - View Demos See Features or Purchase Theme $54 A modern municipality theme. Create a visually beautiful city, town or donation website.Versatile, lightweight & flexible WordPress theme. No coding required.Pre-Built Demos with One-Click Installation. 3 Check these beautiful demos! All demos are included in the CityGov theme and are installable with a single click. Default Demo
- [demo-hub](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=demo-hub) - CityGov City Government & Municipal WordPress Theme View Demos See Features or Purchase Theme $54 A modern municipality theme. Create a visually beautiful city/town website. Developed for easy-to-use experience. For any small town websites. Versatile, lightweight & flexible WordPress theme. No coding required. Pre-Built Demos with One-Click Installation. Check these beautiful demos! All demos are
- [citygov-administration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-administration) - Lisa F. Matt Mayor (000) 498 754 5422 mayor@townofpine.com Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Donald F. Matt Auditor (000) 498 754 5425 audit@townofpine.com Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Yelp Cathy Ewing Councilor, District 1 (000) 498 754 5427 district1@townofpine.com Facebook Whatsapp WordPress Richard Henderson Councilor, District 1 (000) 498 754 5428 district2@townofpine.com Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Snapchat Lisa Ross Councilor,
- [citygov-homepage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-homepage) - What we do Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan. WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan As conflict has evolved, social media has also become an important tool for spreading hate across communities.

## Locations

- [Champions Center](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/champions-center/)
- [Boulder City Council](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/boulder-city-council/)
- [Baker Hall](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/baker-hall/)
- [Macky Auditorium Concert Hall](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/macky-auditorium-concert-hall/)
- [Double Tree](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/double-tree/)

## County Profiles

- [Torit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/torit/) - Torit County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 99,740 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 98,491 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 63,096 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 98,491 2024 IPC population estimate: 64,989 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 65,844 Ethnic groups: Otuho/Lotuko, Lokoya Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 2,147 IDPs (+1051 Sept. 2023)
- [Magwi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/magwi/) - Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 169,826 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 145,384 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 265,366 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 145,384 2024 IPC population estimate: 273,327 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 314,109 Ethnic groups: Acholi and Ma’di Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 43,142 IDPs (+46 Sept.
- [Lafon](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/lafon-lopa/) - Lafon County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 106,161 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 85,212 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 157,151 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 85,210 2024 IPC population estimate: 161,866 2025 OCHA population estimate*: 163,767 Ethnic groups: Pari, Lopit, Tennet and Otuho/Lotuko (Loming) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 7,598 IDPs
- [Kapoeta South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kapoeta-south/) - Kapoeta South County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 79,470 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 67,826 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 102,427 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 67,827 2024 IPC population estimate: 105,499 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 105,511 Ethnic groups: Toposa, Didinga Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 4,121 IDPs (-914 Sept.
- [Kapoeta North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kapoeta-north/) - Kapoeta North County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,084 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 103,175 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 157,435 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 103,176 2024 IPC population estimate: 162,158 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 162,158 Ethnic groups and languages: ToposaDisplacement Figures as of September 2024: 7,476 IDPs (-1,565 Sept.
- [Budi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/budi/) - Budi County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 99,234 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 101,474 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 104,986 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 101,473 2024 IPC population estimate: 108,136 Ethnic groups: Didinga and Buya/Larim** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,895 IDPs (-1,300 Sept. 2023) and 3,505 returnees ( -6,876
- [Kapoeta East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kapoeta-east/) - Kapoeta East County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 163,997 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 319,112 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 169,978 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 319,113 2024 IPC population estimate: 175,078 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 175,078 Ethnic groups: Toposa, Nyangatom**, and Jiye/Jie Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 1,720 IDPs
- [Ikotos](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ikotos/) - Ikotos/Ikwoto County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 84,649 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 61,228 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 107,047 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 61,229 2024 IPC population estimate: 110,258 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 111,148 Ethnic groups: Logir, Lokwa (Lokwaa), Dongotono, Imotong, Ketebo, and Lorwama (collectively known as “Lango”)** Displacement
- [Yei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yei/) - Terekeka County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 144,373 2008 NBS Census population: 201,443 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 181,841 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 302,763 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,841 2024 IPC population estimate: 311,846 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 327,602 Ethnic groups: Kakwa, Bari, Mundu, Avok’aya/Avukaya, Makaraka/Aido, Pajulu, Baka Displacement Figures
- [Terekeka](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/terekeka/) - Terekeka County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 144,373 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 242,992 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 258,889 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 242,991 2024 IPC population estimate: 266,656 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 266,693 Ethnic groups: Mundari (Korbura, Mundari-Nyangwara**, Tali) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 11,905 IDPs (+
- [Morobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/morobo/) - Morobo County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,603 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 39,644 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 116,237 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 39,642 2024 IPC population estimate: 119,724 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 136,697 Ethnic groups: Kakwa, Kaliko/Keliku, Lubara Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 10,875 IDPs (-14,185 Sept.
- [Lainya](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/lainya/) - Lainya County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 89,315 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 82,153 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 113,928 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 82,153 2024 IPC population estimate: 117,346 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 119,155 Ethnic groups: Pajulu/Pojulu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 8,318 IDPs (-10,266 Sept. 2023) and
- [Kajo-Keji](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kajo-keji/) - Kajo-Keji County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 196,387 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 86,973 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 233,099 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 86,973 2024 IPC population estimate: 240,092 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 257,989 Ethnic groups: Kuku, Nyepo, Kakwa Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 15,728 IDPs (-7,405 Sept.
- [Abyei Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/abyei-region/) - Abyei Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 52,883 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 133,958 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 250,000 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 133,958 2024 IPC population estimate: 145,358 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 145,358 Ethnic groups: Ngok Dinka, with a significant presence of Misseriya (notably the Mezaghna, Awlad Kamil, and Awlad
- [Juba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/juba/) - Juba County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 Census population: 368,436 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 690,918 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 523,700 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 690,920 2024 IPC population estimate: 539,411 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 570,834 Ethnic groups: As the host of the country’s capital, Juba County is multi-ethnic. The Bari, Lokoya,
- [Mayendit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mayendit/) - Mayendit County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 53,783 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 66,163 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 70,936 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 66,163 2024 IPC population estimate: 73,064 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 74,335 Ethnic groups: Haak Nuer (Beek, Jalok, Kuey) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 25,707 IDPs (+6,333 Sept. 2023) and
- [Yambio](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yambio/) - Yambio County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 152,257 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 138,976 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 168,858 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 138,976 2024 IPC population estimate: 173,924 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 173,972 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,758 IDPs (-3,297 Sept. 2023) and 21,732
- [Tambura](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tambura/) - Tambura County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 55,365 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 59,088 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 119,333 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 59,089 2024 IPC population estimate: 122,913 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 122,913 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular), Balanda Bor Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 23,975 IDPs (+18,135 Sept. 2023)
- [Nzara](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/nzara/) - Nzara County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 65,712 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 69,045 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 83,759 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 69,044 2024 IPC population estimate: 86,272 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 86,370 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,418 IDPs (-6,677 Sept. 2023) and 3,498
- [Nagero](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/nagero/) - Nagero County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 Census population: 10,077 2020 Population projection*: 22,072 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 26,738 2024 IPC population estimate: 61,561 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 61,561 Ethnic groups and languages: Zande, Balanda, Bongo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 24,866 IDPs (+8,436 Sept. 2023) and 19,077 returnees (no change, Sept. 2023) IPC
- [Mvolo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mvolo/) - Mvolo County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 48,134 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 65,339 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 75,350 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 65,339 2024 IPC population estimate: 77,611 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 77,611 Ethnic groups: Belle/’Jur Bel(i)’, Bongo, Wira, Nyamusa/Nyamosa, Moru, Moru/Moro Kodo** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: IDP figures
- [Mundri West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mundri-west/) - Mundri West County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 33,975 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 52,385 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 49,763 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 52,386 2024 IPC population estimate: 51,256 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 51,413 Ethnic groups: Moru, Belle/’Jur Bel(i)’, Mundu, Moru/Moro Kodo** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 1,045 IDPs (-181
- [Mundri East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mundri-east/) - Mundri East County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 48,318 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 80,189 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 100,275 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 80,190 2024 IPC population estimate: 103,283 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 103,283 Ethnic groups: Moru, Moru/Moro Kodo**, Mundu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 11,640 IDPs (+7,990 Sept. 2023)
- [Maridi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/maridi/) - Maridi County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 82,461 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 87,140 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 110,513 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 87140 2024 IPC population estimate: 113,829 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 113864 Ethnic groups: Baka, Mundu, Avok’aya /Avukaya, Zande, Moro Kodo, Wetu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 8,975 IDPs
- [Ibba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ibba/) - Ibba County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 41,869 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 34,992 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 66,547 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 34,992 2024 IPC population estimate: 68,544 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 68,544 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular), Baka, Mundu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 5,870 IDPs (+95 Sept. 2023)
- [Ezo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ezo/) - Ezo County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 80,861 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 49,341 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 132,997 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 49,341 2024 IPC population estimate: 136,987 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 138,291 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 19,103 IDPs (-4,209 Sept. 2023) and 11,301
- [Wau](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/wau/) - Wau County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 151,320 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 208,487 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 320,752 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 208,486 2024 IPC population estimate: 330,375 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 345,948 Ethnic groups: Balanda (Viri, Bor), other ‘Fertit’ groups**, Luo/‘Jur Chol’, Rek Dinka*** Displacement Figures as of September 2024:
- [Raja](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/raja/) - Raja County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 54,340 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 108,344 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 59,638 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 108,343 2024 IPC population estimate: 61,427 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,633 Ethnic groups: Aja, Balanda, Banda, Binga, Buja, Feroghe, Indri, Kara, Kpala Naka, Kpala Hufra, Kresh/Gbaya, Mangayat, Ndogo, Ngulgule,
- [Jur River](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/jur-river/) - Jur River County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 127,771 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 245,724 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 283,766 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 245,725 2024 IPC population estimate: 292,279 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 293,840 Ethnic groups: Balanda Bor, Luo/‘Jur Chol’, Rek Dinka** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 15448 IDPs (11406 Sept. 2023)
- [Twic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/twic/) - Twic County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 204,905 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 433,795 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 270,934 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 433,796 2024 IPC population estimate: 279,062 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 291,675 Ethnic groups: Twic Mayardit Dinka (Adiang, Akuar, Amiol, Chobok/Mabok, Kuac and Thon) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 52,737 IDPs (-16,017
- [Tonj South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tonj-south/) - Tonj South County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 Census population: 86,592 2020 Population projection*: 109,316 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 292,317 2024 IPC population estimate: 123,194 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 126,289 Ethnic groups and languages: Rek Dinka (Apuk-Jurwiir, Muok, Thony, Yar-ayiei), Bongo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 5,938 IDPs (-11,665 Sept. 2023) and 49,831 returnees (+4,847
- [Tonj North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tonj-north/) - Tonj North County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 Census population: 165,222 2020 Population projection*: 262,302 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 651355 2024 IPC population estimate: 271,450 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 271487 Ethnic groups and languages: Rek Dinka (Noi, Abiem, Nyang, Konggor, Apuk-Padoc, Awan Parek, Leer, Lou-Ariik, Lou-Paher) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 23362 IDPs (-392 Sept.
- [Tonj East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tonj-east/) - Tonj East County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 116,122 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 405,663 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 184,757 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 405,663 2024 IPC population estimate: 190,300 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 190,959 Ethnic groups: Luac-Jang/Luanyjang Dinka (Nyangrup: Arieu, Bar, Kongor) (Pakom) (Chierrup: Abuong, Lian) (Pariak) (Nyangwiir: Akokluac, Klunadel, Klunthuc) (Nyarnhom; Chiertoc);
- [Gogrial West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/gogrial-west/) - Gogrial West County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 243,921 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 582,379 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 326,541 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 582,379 2024 IPC population estimate: 336,337 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 347,953 Ethnic groups: Rek Dinka (Aguok: Agurpiny, Ajak, Atutkuel, Buothanyith, Marial, Monydit, Ngokabayen, Ngokayaric, Ngokkuec, Pakalagep, Pakallol, and Wuny), Rek Dinka
- [Gogrial East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/gogrial-east/) - Gogrial East County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,283 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 273,977 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 131,128 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 273,977 2024 IPC population estimate: 135,062 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 138,793 Ethnic groups: Rek Dinka (Apuk-Giir: Abior, Abuok Nyarmong, Adoor, Amuk, Apol, Biong, Buoyar, and Jurmananger) Displacement Figures as of
- [Ulang](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ulang/) - Ulang County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 85,044 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 58,708 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 141,402 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 58,708 2024 IPC population estimate: 145,644 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 167,265 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaajok: Cie-Lang) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: IPD data unavailable (-84 Sept. 2023) and 113,586
- [Renk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/renk/) - Renk County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 137,751 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 38,976 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 194,155 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 38,976 2024 IPC population estimate: 199,980 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 210,351 Ethnic groups: Abialang/Abilang Dinka and Shilluk/Chollo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 45,381 IDPs (28,649 Sept. 2023) and 67,532
- [Panyikang](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/panyikang/) - Panyikang County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 45,427 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 29,778 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 67,054 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 29,779 2024 IPC population estimate: 69,066 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 69,656 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo and Padang Dinka Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 12,071 IDPs (-19,202 Sept. 2023) and 5,582
- [Melut](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/melut/) - Melut County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 49,242 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 65,141 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 130,105 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 65,142 2024 IPC population estimate: 134,008 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 134,054 Ethnic groups: Ageer/Geer Dinka; Nyiel Dinka Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 30,759 IDPs (-13,629 Sept. 2023) and 248 returnees (-2,507
- [Manyo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/manyo/) - Manyo County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 38,010 2022 NBS PES population estimate*: 19,859 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 79,084 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 19860 2024 IPC population estimate: 81,456 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 83,853 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 34,597 IDPs (21,017 Sept. 2023) and 9,834 returnees (-8,511 Sept.
- [Malakal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/malakal/) - Malakal County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 126,483 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 76,231 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 195,528 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76231 2024 IPC population estimate: 201,394 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 204,041 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo, Padang Dinka, Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 89,434 IDPs (+14,837 Sept. 2023) and 17,056
- [Maiwut](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/maiwut/) - Maiwut County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 79,462 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 35,840 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 132,387 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 35,839 2024 IPC population estimate: 136,359 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 147,823 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaat Jaak/Gajaak: Cie-Chaany, Cie-Wau, and Cie-Thieng) and Koma Displacement Figures as of September 2024:
- [Maban](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/maban/) - Maban County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 45,238 2022 NBS PES population estimate*: 267,494 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 81,835 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 267,494 2024 IPC population estimate: 84,290 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 84,550 Ethnic groups: Mabanese (Tom, Dagu, Buni) and Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,616 IDPs (-23383 Sept. 2023)
- [Luakpiny/Nasir](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/luakpiny-nasir/) - Luakpiny/Nasir County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 210,002 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 71,781 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 294,352 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 71,780 2024 IPC population estimate: 303,183 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 350,742 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaagwang, Gaajok: Cie-Nyalieth/Wang Kech) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,200 IDPs (3,200 Sept.
- [Longochuk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/longochuk/) - Longochuk County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 63,166 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 44,205 2022 OCHA population estimate*: 74,591 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 44,205 2024 IPC population estimate: 76,828 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 80,526 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaat Jaak/Gajaak) and Koma Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 2,953 IDPs (+2,953 Sept. 2023)
- [Fashoda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/fashoda/) - Fashoda County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 36,518 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 52,384 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,787 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 52,384 2024 IPC population estimate: 79,090 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 83,775 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 11,199 IDPs (-21,609 Sept. 2023) and 15,038 returnees (+2,039 Sept. 2023)
- [Baliet](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/baliet/) - Baliet County, Upper Nile State including Akoka County (see note below) Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 48,010 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 29,750** 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 57,866 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 29,751 2024 IPC population estimate: 35,158 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,145 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Dunjol/Dong Jol, Ngok Lual Yak [comprising eleven sub-clans including:
- [Rubkona](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rubkona/) - Rubkona County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 100,236 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 308,684 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 342,397 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 308,683 2024 IPC population estimate: 352,669 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 361,802 Ethnic groups: Leek Nuer (Chieng-chua and Chieng-deng) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 224,383 IDPs (-45,961 Sept. 2023) and 37,620
- [Pariang](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/pariang/) - Pariang County, Ruweng Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 82,443 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 193,650 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 131,408 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 193,649 2024 IPC population estimate: 135,350 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 143,832 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Ruweng/Panaruu and Paweny) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 10,614 IDPs (-10,098 Sept. 2023) and
- [Panyijiar](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/panyijiar/) - Panyijiar County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 50,723 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 189,209 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 120,261 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 139208 2024 IPC population estimate: 123,869 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 126,239 Ethnic groups: Nyuong Nuer (Luok, Thaak, Nyal, Cieng-Teny) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 26,365 IDPs (+1,524 Sept. 2023) and
- [Mayom](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mayom/) - Mayom County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 120,715 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 181,438 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 156,998 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,437 2024 IPC population estimate: 161,708 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 170,251 Ethnic groups: Bul Nuer (Kuach, Gok) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 35,591 IDPs (+3,773 Sept. 2023) and 46,480 returnees
- [Leer](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/leer/) - Leer County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 53,022 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 92,228 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 77,811 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 92,227 2024 IPC population estimate: 80,145 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 86,784 Ethnic groups: Dok Nuer (Bapuor, Juong, Tikjak) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 38,307 IDPs (-2,453 Sept. 2023) and 30,456
- [Koch](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/koch/) - Koch County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 74,863 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 55,477 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 98,851 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 55,478 2024 IPC population estimate: 101,817 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 115,158 Ethnic groups: Jagey/Jagei Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 24,942 IDPs (7,536 Sept. 2023) and 30,414 returnees (+17,958 Sept.
- [Guit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/guit/) - Guit County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 33,004 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 49,581 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 70,016 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 49,582 2024 IPC population estimate: 72,116 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 73,878 Ethnic groups: Western Jikany Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 23,970 IDPs (-8,199 Sept. 2023) and 5,871 returnees (+2,010 Sept. 2023) IPC
- [Abiemnhom](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/abiemnhom/) - Abiemnhom County, Ruweng Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 17,012 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 40,766 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 57,091 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 40,765 2024 IPC population estimate: 58,803 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 60,349 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Alor: Abang, Amal, Mandeng, Mijuan, Ngokciel, Thingyier) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,918 IDPs
- [Aweil West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-west/) - Aweil West County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 166,217 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 390,370** 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 204,245** 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 390,371 2024 IPC population estimate: 210,372 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 223,173 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Palieu-Piny/Palyoupiny), Luo/‘Jur Chol’**** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 560 IDPs (+560 Sept.
- [Aweil South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-south/) - Aweil South County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 73,806 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 239,810 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 142,217 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 239,810 2024 IPC population estimate: 146,484 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 151,604 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Paliet), Luo/‘Jur Chol’** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,023 IDPs (-28 Sept. 2023) and
- [Aweil North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-north/) - Aweil North County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 129,898 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 362,132 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 168,813 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 362131 2024 IPC population estimate: 173,877 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 185,929 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Giernyang) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: (IDPs not reported) 56,061 returnees (+23,425 Sept. 2023) IPC
- [Aweil East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-east/) - Aweil East County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 309,921 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 807,041 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 345,540 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 807,040 2024 IPC population estimate: 355,906 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 395,769 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Abiem) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 22,210 IDPs (+5,400 Sept. 2023) and 91,702
- [Aweil Centre](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-center/) - Aweil Centre, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 41,827 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 124,989 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,117 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 124,989 2024 IPC population estimate: 78,400 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 78,958 Ethnic groups: Luo/‘Jur Chol’**; Dinka Malual Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,672 IDPs (-24,90 Sept. 2023) and 14,980 returnees (+10,028
- [Wulu](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/wulu/) - Wulu County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 40,550 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 69,428 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 89,226 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 69,428 2024 IPC population estimate: 91,903 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 92,247 Ethnic groups and languages: Belle/‘Jur Bel(i)’, Bongo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 9,926 IDPs (-457 Sept. 2023) and 11,799
- [Yirol West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yirol-west/) - Yirol West County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,190 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 181,025 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 174,804 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,026 2024 IPC population estimate: 180,048 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,325 Ethnic groups and languages: Atuot/Atwot (Apak; Reel: Akot, Jilek, Kuek/Jekueu, Luac, Rorkec)** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 9,856
- [Yirol East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yirol-east/) - Yirol East County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 67,402 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 136,988 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 160,675 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 136,988 2024 IPC population estimate: 165,495 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 165,810 Ethnic groups: Ciec Dinka (Ador/Adior, Lou/Koc Lou), Atuot/Atwot** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 21,324 IDPs (-12,603 Sept. 2023)
- [Rumbek North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rumbek-north/) - Rumbek North County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 43,410 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 73,963 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 72,861 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 73963 2024 IPC population estimate: 75,047 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 75,047 Ethnic groups: Agar Dinka (Pakam: Akok-kor, Gak, Lieth, Manuer, Nielniel) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 18,643 IDPs (-14491
- [Rumbek East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rumbek-east/) - Rumbek East County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 122,832 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 227,973 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 174,891 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 227,9722024 IPC population estimate: 180,138 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 180,970 Ethnic groups and languages: Agar Dinka (Ruop: Ajak, Aliab, Boor, Tiek) (Aliamtoc: Athoi, Dhiei, Duor, Durciek, Kok/Kook, Panyar), ‘Jur Bel’/Belli
- [Rumbek Center](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rumbek-center/) - Rumbek Centre County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 153,550 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 134,572 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 216,017 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 134,572 2024 IPC population estimate: 222,497 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 222,497 Ethnic groups: Agar Dinka (Kuei, Ruop) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 2,462 IDPs (-937 Sept. 2023) and 12,125
- [Cueibet](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/cueibet/) - Cueibet County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 117,755 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 296,844 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 111,782 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 296,845 2024 IPC population estimate: 189,185 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 189,199 Ethnic groups: Gok Dinka (Langdiing: Ayiel, Joth, Kongor, Pagook, Pathiang/Pathiong) (Macar: Akony, Panyar, Waat), ‘Jur Bel’/Belli Displacement Figures as of
- [Awerial](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/awerial/) - Awerial County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 47,041 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 144,680 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 112,435 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 144,680 2024 IPC population estimate: 144,100 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 144,223 Ethnic groups: Aliab Dinka (Akeer, Akuei, Apuk, Bulok) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 42,050 IDPs (-13,984 Sept. 2023) and
- [Uror](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/uror/) - Uror County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 178,519 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 115,297 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 196,292 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 115,296 2024 IPC population estimate: 202,180 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 205,594 Ethnic groups: Lou Nuer (Gun/Goon, Mor) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 17,180 IDPs (-19,667 Sept. 2023) and 15,579 returnees
- [Twic East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/twic-east/) - Twic East County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 85,349 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 51,269 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 124,352 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 51,269 2024 IPC population estimate: 128,083 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 129,822 Ethnic groups: Southeastern Dinka (‘Jieng of Jonglei’), Twic/Twic East: Pakeer; Ajuong; Nyuak; Lith Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 17,940 IDPs
- [Pibor](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/pibor/) - Pibor County, Greater Pibor Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 148,475 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 219,745 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 228,287 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 219,744 2024 IPC population estimate: 235,136 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 237,649 Ethnic groups: Murle, Kachipo, and Jie/Jiye Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 30,301 IDPs (-13,546 Sept. 2023) and 21444
- [Nyirol](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/nyirol/) - Nyirol County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 108,674 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 63,179 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 142,516 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 63,180 2024 IPC population estimate; 146,792 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 153,295 Ethnic groups and languages: Lou Nuer (Gun/Gon, Mor) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 38,698 IDPs (-5,902 Sept. 2023) and 37,662
- [Fangak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/fangak/) - Fangak County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 110,130 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 109,657 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 196,950 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 109,657 2024 IPC population estimate: 202,858 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 213,029 Ethnic groups: Nuer (Thiang; Lak/Laak: Kwacbor, Jongyang) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 91,755 IDPs (+31,259 Sept. 2023) and 95,810 returnees
- [Duk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/duk/) - Duk County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 65,588 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 56,186 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 199,416 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 56,187 2024 IPC population estimate: 205,398 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 206,545 Ethnic groups: Southeastern Dinka (‘Jieng of Jonglei’), Hol/Ghol: Angaach, Duoor, Nyieel, and Pathel; Nyarweng: Ager, Athon/Aborom Displacement Figures as of
- [Canal/Pigi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/canal-pigi/) - Canal/Pigi County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 99,068 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 29,720 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 106,626 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 29,721 2024 IPC population estimate: 109,825 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 111,613 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Paweny/Paneru, Thoi, Rut, Luac); Gawaar Nuer; Lou Nuer; Shilluk Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 49,789
- [Bor South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/bor-south/) - Bor South County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 221,106 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 160,878 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 340,261 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 160,878 2024 IPC population estimate: 350,469 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 354,711 Ethnic groups: Southeastern Dinka (‘Jieng of Jonglei’), Dinka Bor (Gok: Hol, Palek, Koc and Abiei/Abii; Athooc/Athoc: Angakuei, Koc Anyeer,
- [Ayod](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ayod/) - Ayod County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 139,282 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 114,077 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 194,396 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 114,077 2024 IPC population estimate: 200,228 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 205,709 Ethnic groups: Gawaar Nuer (Rath, Bar) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 15,152 IDPs (-964 Sept. 2023) and 37,092 returnees ( +5986
- [Akobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/akobo/) - Akobo County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 136,210 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 90,840 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 226,978 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 90,839 2024 IPC population estimate: 233,788 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 238042 Ethnic groups: Lou Nuer (Mor) and Anyuak Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 14,872 IDPs (-2,466 Sept. 2023) and 18,790
- [Pochalla](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/pochalla/) - [av_textblock size='' font_color='' color='' id='' custom_class='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' av_uid='av-k7lvggh9' admin_preview_bg=''] Pochalla County, Jonglei State [/av_textblock] [av_textblock size='' font_color='' color='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' av_uid='av-k7lvwy0g' id='' custom_class='' admin_preview_bg=''] DEMOGRAPHY 2008 NBS Census population: 66,201 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 20,357 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 79,562 Ethnic groups: Anyuak/Anywaa Displacement Figures Q3 2022: 3,912 IDPs (+1,106
- [](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/230935/)

## Slider posts

- [Slide 1](https://csrf-southsudan.org/slider/enjoy/) - WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan As conflict has evolved, social media has also become an important tool for spreading hate across communities.
- [Slide 2](https://csrf-southsudan.org/slider/discover/) - What we do Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan.

## Courses

- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/) - Who is this course for? Beginners People who have little or no experience with the concept, and want to get the basics down. Intermediates People who have a working understanding of what is meant by conflict sensitivity, but want to better understand the theory and how it looks in practical terms. Course Duration The course

## Lessons

- [Lecture 2.2: Why is Conflict Sensitivity Important?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-2-2-why-is-conflict-sensitivity-important/) - Lecture 2.2: Why is Conflict Sensitivity Important?Objectives:Present the reasons that conflict sensitivity is important for aid actorsDiscuss the differences between conflict sensitivity and similar conceptsLecture Transcript:Now that we’ve talked about what conflict sensitivity is, let’s discuss why it is important. There are three sets of reasons.First, from an ethical perspective. Most people believe that they
- [Lecture 2.1: What is Conflict Sensitivity?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-2-1-what-is-conflict-sensitivity/) - Lecture 2.1: What is Conflict Sensitivity?ObjectivesWhat do we mean by ‘conflict sensitivity’?The operational, moral, and strategic case for conflict sensitivityExamples of conflict sensitivityLecture Transcript:Conflict Sensitivity is an approach to designing and delivering development, humanitarian and peacebuilding assistance (which for simplicity we often summarise as ‘aid’) that seeks to avoid contributing to or perpetuating conflicts and
- [Lecture 5.1:  Conclusion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-5-1-conclusion/) - Lecture 5.1: ConclusionOpportunities to stay engaged and keep learningLecture Transcript:You’ve now reached the end of the CSRF’s Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity course. We hope this was useful, and has helped to provide you with some ideas of what conflict sensitivity means in practice, why it’s so important, and how to go about it at both
- [Lecture 4.4: Monitoring for conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-4-monitoring-for-conflict-sensitivity/) - Lecture 4.4: Monitoring for conflict sensitivityObjectives:Understand the value of monitoring for conflict sensitivityHave a basic idea of how to monitor for conflict sensitivityLecture Transcript:In this final lecture, we’ll think about what conflict sensitivity means for monitoring and evaluation. To kick things off, lets watch this short video.Video It’s an interesting experiment. It shows that when
- [Lecture 4.3: Developing Options for Adaptation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-3-developing-options-for-adaptation/) - Lecture 4.3: Developing Options for AdaptationObjectives:Explain what is meant by options generationWhat does this mean for our principles, systems and tools? Lecture Transcript:If an organisation would like to make improvements to how it works, it needs to be able to generate options for adaptation. When a conflict sensitivity challenge or opportunity arises – whether we are
- [Lecture 4.2: Interaction Analysis at the Organisational Level](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-2-interaction-analysis-at-the-organisational-level/) - Lecture 4.2: Interaction Analysis at the Organisational LevelObjectivesExplore how organisational approaches and policies may interact with conflicts, for better or worseBuild understanding of the types of common conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities for organisationsLecture Transcript:A slightly different list of questions might be useful for those considering how to improve organisational conflict sensitivity. This might include:How
- [Lecture 4.1: Interaction Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-1-interaction-analysis/) - Lecture 4.1: Interaction AnalysisObjectivesAnalysing the impacts of our presence in a context (both intended and unintended outcomes!)Project level interactions with contexts and conflictsHow can we track this over time? Lecture transcript:This final section of the course deals with the practical applications of analysis for the specific organisations and projects that we work for and on. We
- [Lecture 3.4: Conflict Sensitivity in Practice: Risks and Opportunities in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-4-conflict-sensitivity-in-practice-risks-and-opportunities-in-south-sudan/) - Lecture 3.4: Conflict Sensitivity in Practice: Risks and Opportunities in South SudanObjectives:Share the CSRF’s analysis of the most important conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities facing the aid sector in South sudanLecture TranscriptIn this lecture, we’ll discuss some of the CSRF’s analysis of the most important areas where aid actors working in South Sudan face conflict
- [Lecture 3.3: Key Elements of Conflict Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-3-key-elements-of-conflict-analysis/) - Lecture 3.3: Key Elements of Conflict AnalysisObjectives:Identify and briefly explain the most common components of conflict analysisLecture TranscriptWe recommend that every conflict analysis that you do be tailored to the specific context in which you’re working, the types of questions you want to find out, and how you plan to use the findings. This will
- [Lecture 3.2: Conflict analysis tools and approaches](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-2-conflict-analysis-tools-and-approaches/) - Lecture 3.2: Conflict analysis tools and approachesObjectivesProvide examples of conflict analysis tools that can be used by the aid communityDiscuss how can aid actors can use themLecture transcript:In a well-functioning organisation, this should be happening at multiple levels, and in multiple ways. The type of analysis that most people think about immediately is the formal
- [Lecture 3.1: What is Conflict Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-1-what-is-conflict-analysis/) - Lecture 3.1: What is Conflict AnalysisObjectivesWhat is conflict analysis, and how should it be used?Formal, institutional, and informal conflict analysis within an aid organisationUsing conflict analysis in operations, policy, strategy and programmesLecture transcript:At its heart, conflict sensitivity is enabled by building our understanding of the context around us, and then ensuring that we’re able to
- [Lecture 2.3: Gender and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-2-3-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity/) - Lecture 2.3: Gender and Conflict SensitivityHow do conflicts interact with gender norms, roles and expectations?What is the interaction between femininity, masculinity and conflict in South Sudan?Lecture Transcript:Being conflict sensitive means being aware that gender can play a very big role in how conflicts are experienced and managed. By gender we mean the societal norms that
- [Lecture 1.3: Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-3-peace/) - Lecture 1.3: PeaceObjectivesDefining ‘peace’ in a way that enables useful conflict analysisUnderstanding peace as a capacity to manage conflictsThe difference between ‘negative peace’ and ‘positive peace’ Lecture 1.3 transcript:The final foundational concept that we’ll discuss here is of ‘peace.’ This is another word or construct that seems simple at first glance, but becomes more difficult and
- [Lecture 1.2: Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-2-violence/) - Lecture 1.2: ViolenceObjectivesDefining ‘violence’ in a way that enables useful conflict analysisUnderstanding both visible and invisible violenceLecture 1.2 Transcript: The next important concept to break down is ‘violence.’ For many, conflict and violence mean the same thing. But this is an oversimplification that assumes conflicts must always be managed violently, which is not the case,
- [Lecture 1.1: Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-1-conflict/) - Lecture 1.1: ConflictObjectives:Defining ‘conflict’ in a way that enables useful conflict analysisConflicts are inevitable in any human relationship.Conflict can be positive!Lecture transcript: We’ll start this course by focusing on the basic concepts of conflict sensitivity, building common definitions of a few concepts that are foundational to understand conflict sensitivity. These terms are well known, but
- [Lecture 1: Welcome and Introduction to the Course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-welcome-and-introduction-to-the-course/) - Lecture 1: Welcome and Introduction to the CourseObjectivesCourse overviewHow this course works Lecture Transcript:Welcome to the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility’s Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity online course.The CSRF was set up in 2016 as a ‘public good,’ helping to support the conflict sensitivity of the aid sector in South Sudan. Our goal is to help aid initiatives
- [Scaling and Automating Your Business](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/scaling-and-automating-your-business/) - Core Teaching ✓ Scaling Strategies for Digital Businesses Scaling a business means expanding your operations to handle increased demand without compromising quality. Effective scaling strategies include: Expanding Product or Service Offerings: Introduce new products or services that complement your existing ones. This can attract new customers and increase revenue from existing ones. Entering New Markets:
- [Sales Funnels and Conversion Optimization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/sales-funnels-and-conversion-optimization/) - Core Teaching ✓ Understanding Sales Funnels A sales funnel represents the customer journey from awareness to purchase. It is typically divided into four stages: Awareness, Interest, Decision, and Action (AIDA). Each stage requires specific strategies to guide potential customers toward making a purchase. Awareness: At this stage, potential customers become aware of your brand or
- [Revenue Models and Streams](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/revenue-models-and-streams/) - Core Teaching ✓ Common Digital Revenue Models Understanding different revenue models is crucial for choosing the right one for your digital business. Common digital revenue models include: Subscription Model: Customers pay a recurring fee (monthly or annually) for access to a product or service. This model is popular for software (SaaS), content platforms, and membership
- [Social Media and Digital Marketing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/social-media-and-digital-marketing/) - Core Teaching ✓ Choosing the Right Social Media Platforms Selecting the right social media platforms is essential for effectively reaching your target audience. Different platforms cater to different demographics and content types. For instance, Instagram is ideal for visual content and younger audiences, while LinkedIn is best for B2B marketing and professional networking. Understand where
- [Content Strategy and SEO](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/content-strategy-and-seo/) - Core Teaching ✓ Importance of Content Marketing Content marketing involves creating and sharing valuable, relevant content to attract and engage your target audience. It helps build trust, establish authority, and drive traffic to your website. Effective content marketing can lead to higher conversion rates and customer loyalty. ✓ Basics of SEO Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
- [Understanding Digital Entrepreneurship](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/understanding-digital-entrepreneurship/) - Core Teaching ✓ Definition and Scope Digital entrepreneurship involves creating and managing a business through digital platforms. It leverages the internet, digital tools, and online resources to create value and drive revenue. Unlike traditional businesses, digital entrepreneurship allows for lower startup costs, broader market reach, and flexibility. ✓ Opportunities in the Digital Economy The digital
- [Identifying Profitable Niches](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/identifying-profitable-niches/) - Core Teaching ✓ Market Research Techniques Identifying a profitable niche begins with thorough market research. This involves analyzing market trends, understanding customer needs, and identifying gaps in the market. Use tools like Google Trends, keyword research tools, and industry reports to gather data. Look for areas with high demand but low competition. ✓ Evaluating Niche
- [Developing a Business Idea](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/developing-a-business-idea/) - Core Teaching ✓ Brainstorming and Validation Techniques Developing a business idea starts with brainstorming. Use techniques like mind mapping, SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), and brainstorming sessions to generate ideas. Once you have a list of ideas, validate them by researching market demand, potential competition, and feasibility. ✓ Lean Startup Principles The Lean Startup
- [Creating a Professional Website](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/creating-a-professional-website/) - Core Teaching ✓ Choosing the Right Platform Selecting the right platform is crucial for building your website. Popular options include WordPress, Shopify, Wix, Squarespace, and Kajabi. Consider factors like ease of use, customization options, cost, and scalability. For example, WordPress offers extensive customization through plugins and themes, while Shopify is ideal for e-commerce businesses due
- [Creating Your Personalized Morning Routine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/creating-your-personalized-morning-routine/) - Core Teaching ✓ Lock In Your Morning Routine A personalized morning routine integrates activities that energize your mind, body, and soul, tailored to your unique needs and goals. A well-designed routine can set a positive tone for the day, increase productivity, and enhance overall well-being. It’s important to customize your morning activities to fit your
- [Personal Development and Learning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/personal-development-and-learning/) - Core Teaching ✓ Self Development Personal development and continuous learning are essential for growth and success. Engaging in daily learning activities can improve your skills, expand your knowledge, and keep your mind sharp. By dedicating time each morning to personal development, you invest in yourself and your future. This practice not only enhances your professional
- [Cultivating Gratitude](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/cultivating-gratitude/) - Core Teaching ✓ Gratitude Practicing gratitude has profound effects on mental health, well-being, and overall happiness. By focusing on what you’re grateful for, you shift your mindset from negative to positive, enhancing your mood and outlook on life. Gratitude helps reduce stress, improve relationships, and increase resilience. Incorporating gratitude into your morning routine sets a
- [Hydration and Its Benefits](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/hydration-and-its-benefits/) - Core Teaching ✓ Water Your Body Proper hydration is crucial for maintaining energy levels, cognitive function, and overall health. After a night's sleep, your body is naturally dehydrated, making morning hydration essential. Drinking water in the morning helps kickstart your metabolism, flush out toxins, and prepare your body for the day ahead. Staying hydrated throughout
- [The Power of a Morning Routine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/the-power-of-a-morning-routine/) - Core Teaching ✓ The Magic of Morning Routines A well-structured morning routine sets the tone for the entire day. It helps you start with intention, focus, and energy, which translates into increased productivity and a sense of accomplishment. Morning routines are not about rigid schedules but about creating habits that align with your goals and
- [Nutrition for Optimal Energy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/nutrition-for-optimal-energy/) - Core Teaching ✓ Morning Nutrition A nutritious breakfast is essential for starting your day with energy and focus. What you eat in the morning sets the tone for your energy levels, mood, and cognitive function throughout the day. A balanced breakfast should include a mix of proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates to provide sustained
- [Morning Exercise Routines](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/morning-exercise-routines/) - Core Teaching ✓ Move the Body Incorporating exercise into your morning routine has numerous benefits for both your physical and mental health. Morning exercise boosts your energy levels, improves your mood, and enhances your focus throughout the day. It helps regulate your sleep patterns and can lead to better overall fitness. Whether it's a brisk
- [Goal Setting and Daily Planning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/goal-setting-and-daily-planning/) - Core Teaching ✓ Goal Setting Effective goal setting and daily planning are crucial for achieving long-term success and maintaining focus. By clearly defining your goals and breaking them down into manageable tasks, you can ensure that your efforts are aligned with your priorities. Daily planning helps you stay organized, reduces stress, and increases productivity. It
- [Mindfulness and Meditation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/mindfulness-and-meditation/) - Core Teaching ✓ Meditation and Mindfulness Mindfulness and meditation are powerful practices that enhance your mental clarity, reduce stress, and improve overall well-being. Mindfulness involves being fully present and engaged in the current moment, while meditation is a practice that helps train your mind to achieve a state of calm and focus. These practices can

## Events

- [Introduction to South Sudan context course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context-course/) - The main objective of the course is to help those who are new to the South Sudanese context to be able to strengthen the integration of conflict sensitivity in humanitarian and development assistance by promoting increased awareness on the history of aid assistance and its interaction with South Sudan's culture, economy and conflict dynamics. This
- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity to the wider Aid community](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-to-the-wider-aid-community/) - This orientation is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. The session will explore key concepts on conflict, peace, violence, gender and conflict sensitivity that are relevant to the aid sector in South Sudan and provide space for reflection on the specific conflict sensitivity challenges in South Sudan. Participants will be challenged to ensure that
- [Introduction to South Sudan context course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context-course-2/) - The course will cover four topics: Culture and Authority; Economy and Livelihood; Conflict and Peace; and the History of Aid. The main objective of the course is to strengthen the integration of conflict sensitivity in humanitarian and development assistance by promoting increased awareness of South Sudan’s history─ highlighting the history of aid assistance and its
- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity to the wider Aid community](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-to-the-wider-aid-community-2/) - This orientation is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. The session will explore key concepts on conflict, peace, violence, gender and conflict sensitivity that are relevant to the aid sector in South Sudan and provide space for reflection on the specific conflict sensitivity challenges in South Sudan. Participants will be challenged to ensure that
- [Advanced training course on Conflict sensitivity in project design](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/advanced-training-course-on-conflict-sensitivity-in-project-design/) - This Advanced training course will be hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. This one-day course explores conflcit sensitivity in project design. This training module mainly targets and Programme/project and MELstaff. The training will be interactive and encourage discussion and learning between participants. Both men and women in the aid sector are encouraged to apply
- [Introduction to CS and Gender training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-cs-and-gender-training/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce a virtual orientation on Conflict Sensitivity and Gender in South Sudan. The session will explore gender concepts that are relevant to conflict sensitivity and provide space for reflection on the specific gender challenges in South Sudan. During the orientation, participants will be challenged to ensure
- [Advanced course on Conflict Sensitivity and Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/advanced-course-on-conflict-sensitivity-and-monitoring-evaluation-and-learning/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce an advanced course on Conflict sensitivity and MEL. The course will cover monitoring, Evaluation and Learning in project design and project implementation. This one-day course explores how Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) efforts can gather data and analysis on how programmes interact with context and
- [Introduction to South Sudan Context](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce a virtual orientation on Introduction to South Sudan Context for Aid Workers. This course will present a historical, theoretical and practical overview of the South Sudan context, including on (1) Culture and Authority; (2) Economy and Livelihoods; (3) Conflict and Peace; and (4) Humanitarian and
- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-course/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce an Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity virtual training. This training targets participants at management and programme decision-making levels, as well as implementation and M&E staff. This training will be hosted remotely through Zoom and it is scheduled for Thursday 18th November 2021. It will run for 2 hours from
- [Introductory Context Course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introductory-context-course/)
- [Introduction to South Sudan context Course- Virtual Orientation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context-course-virtual-orientation/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce an Introduction to South Sudan Context Course for Aid workers. This course particularly targets aid community who are new to the South Sudan context. The course will discuss 4 major topics: Culture and Authority; Economy and Livelihoods; Conflict and Peace; and Humanitarian and Development Assistance. This
- [Virtual course - Orientation on Conflict Sensitivity and Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/virtual-course-orientation-on-conflict-sensitivity-and-gender/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce a virtual Orientation via Zoom on conflict sensitivity and gender on Wednesday, September 15th, 2021, from 11:00-13:00, Juba time. Gender sensitivity is a core component of a conflict-sensitive approach to programming. The training/orientation session will therefore explore gender concepts that are relevant to conflict sensitivity and provide space
- [REMOTE EVENT: Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-in-south-sudan/) - This virtual training course is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. It aims to enhance conflict sensitivity knowledge and skills among aid workers in South Sudan by introducing key concepts on conflict, peace, violence, gender, conflict sensitivity and conflict-sensitive programming. This course is free of charge, and is particularly aimed at donor and practitioner
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-what-would-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-look-like-in-south-sudan-2/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce another remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 18th June. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important to
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-what-would-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-look-like-in-south-sudan/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce another remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 4th June. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important to
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/223747/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce another remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 2nd July. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important to
- [REMOTE EVENT: Orientation on conflict sensitivity and gender in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-orientation-on-conflict-sensitivity-and-gender-in-south-sudan/) - This orientation is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. Gender sensitivity is a core component of a conflict-sensitive approach. The session will explore gender concepts that are relevant to conflict sensitivity and provide space for reflection on the specific gender challenges during the COVID-19 context in South Sudan. Participants will be challenged to ensure
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/what-would-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-look-like-in-south-sudan/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce a second remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 21st May. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important
- [Training | Gender and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity-2/)
- [Training | Gender and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity/)
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-7/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-8/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-6/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Training | Conflict Sensitivity and M&E](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-conflict-sensitivity-and-me-2/) - This training underscores the importance of measuring and monitoring context and conflict dynamics, and their interactions with aid programmes. Specifically, it will look at the mutual impact between aid programmes and the context. Through technical guidance and peer learning, participants will be equipped with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis and tracking changes
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-7/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-6/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-5/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-4/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-3/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | Conflict Sensitivity and M&E](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-conflict-sensitivity-and-me/) - This training underscores the importance of measuring and monitoring context and conflict dynamics, and their interactions with aid programmes. Specifically, it will look at the mutual impact between aid programmes and the context. Through technical guidance and peer learning, participants will be equipped with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis and tracking changes
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-5/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Roundtable | Displacement, Access and Conflict in Western Bahr el Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/roundtable-displacement-access-and-conflict-in-western-bahr-el-ghazal/) - **Closed event** Conflict in former Western Bahr el Ghazal has shaped displacement and humanitarian access patterns, which in turn have influenced conflict dynamics. These interactions are difficult for aid actors to navigate in a neutral, impartial and independent way. This closed-door discussion will focus on how these challenges have been managed so far, and how practice
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-course-for-aid-workers/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-4/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Reflection Exercise | How can Programmes Listen Better?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/reflection-exercise-can-programmes-listen-better/)
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/south-sudan-context-course-2/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace) which will each
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/south-sudan-context-course/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace) which will each
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-101-training-new-partners/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training targets
- [Research Presentation | Kinship & Coping Strategies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/research-presentation-kinship-coping-strategies/) - Aid actors working in South Sudan frequently highlight the importance of local coping capacities in responding to conflict-related, economic and livelihoods crises. At the same time, they also try to counter misuse of aid in its many forms, including diversion of aid, abuse of office and the maintenance of extensive patronage networks. However, many international
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Procurement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-and-procurement/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Procurement Event](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-procurement-event/)
- [Introduction to CS Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-cs-training/)
- [Presentation: Cash Programming and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-cash-programming-conflict-sensitivity/)
- [Presentation: Cash programming and conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-cash-programming-conflict-sensitivity-2/)
- [NBEG Customary Authorities Discussion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/nbeg-customary-authorities-discussion/)
- [Dr. Leben Moro Presentation at EU compound](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/dr-leben-moro-presentation-eu-compound/)
- [Conflict Sensitive M&E Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitive-training/)
- [Presentation of NBeG Political Economy by Martina Santschi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-nbeg-political-economy-martina-santschi/)
- [Presentation to NGO Forum on NBeG Political Economy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-ngo-forum-nbeg-political-economy/)
- [Two Day CS Training for NNGOs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/two-day-cs-training-nngos/)
- [Conflict Sensitive Procurement Learning Event](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitive-procurement-learning-event/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity and M&E Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-training/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity and M&E Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-training-3/)
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training targets
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-3/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Reflection Exercise - How do Institutions Change?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/reflection-exercise-institutions-change/)
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-2/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Research Presentation | The Complexities of Engaging with Government in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/research-presentation-the-complexities-of-engaging-with-government-in-south-sudan/) - Aid has interacted with governance, the state, and power in South Sudan in different ways at different times. Different models of engagement have had different implications for peace and conflict. The recent agreement in Khartoum will likely lead to increasing internal and external pressure for aid actors to re-evaluate their approaches to working with government.
- [Reflection Exercise | Feedback Loops, Community Engagement and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/reflection-exercise-feedback-loops-community-engagement-and-conflict-sensitivity/) - This reflection exercise is aimed at those responsible for designing, managing, or implementing community engagement and feedback mechanisms. Join us to explore best practices, their importance for conflict sensitivity, and how to integrate contextual analysis into this work. This session will be led by the CSRF with support from our consortium partner, CDA Collaborative Learning,
- [Roundtable | Compensation, Restitution and Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/roundtable-compensation-restitution-and-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - The roundtable will bring experts, donors and practitioners together to discuss the role of compensation and restitution in justice and peace in South Sudan, and consequent implications for donors and diplomacy. The CSRF will use the analysis generated to help donors and diplomats think through related policies and practice. This is a closed event with
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-2/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training targets
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace) which will each

## Template Items

- [SIngle Post New](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?bdt-template-builder=single-post-new-2)

## Repositories

- [CSRF Research: Lessons for a System Under Pressure - What ten years of conflict sensitivity work tells us about the future of aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-research-lessons-for-a-system-under-pressure-what-ten-years-of-conflict-sensitivity-work-tells-us-about-the-future-of-aid-in-south-sudan/) - This research was conducted and the report written by Audrey Bottjen, Nelson Rombek Ezron, Ruei Hoth Gony, and the CSRF team. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is approaching 10 years since its establishment in 2016. Since independence and over the last ten years, the South Sudan context has experienced significant changes, as South Sudanese
- [CSRF Analysis - Displacement, Access, and Conflict in South Sudan: A Longitudinal Perspective](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/displacement-access-and-conflict-in-south-sudan-a-longitudinal-perspective/) - Contemporary debates about humanitarianism in South Sudan focus on the pressing problems of the present, with access issues and violence against humanitarians understandably at the forefront of donor and humanitarian concerns. While valuable and comprehensible, this focus on the present has meant that the ways in which aid shapes conflict in the long term have
- [Will elections be held in December 2026 in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/will-elections-be-held-in-december-2026-in-south-sudan/) - This piece discusses the possibilities of national elections being held in South Sudan in December 2026. The piece identifies several challenges ahead of the planned elections, including ongoing political turmoil, party divisions, and the installed implementations of the 2018 Revitalized agreements (R-ARCSSS), among others. The piece provides some proposed solutions for organising credible and peaceful
- [Digital Memory as Resistance: NGOs and Immigrant Women Using Social Media to Preserve Collective Trauma Through Intersectionality](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/digital-memory-as-resistance-ngos-and-immigrant-women-using-social-media-to-preserve-collective-trauma-through-intersectionality/) - This book chapter explores the role of digital memory as a form of resistance among immigrant women. Using the example of a South Sudanese immigrant woman, Fatima, the chapter focuses on how women utilize social media to preserve collective trauma and assert their identities, and the role of non-governmental organisations in amplifying these narratives, fostering
- [Rethinking Aid in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-aid-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - Based on consultations with South Sudanese participants and representatives of grassroots organisations and international non-governmental organizations in Kampala, Uganda, this briefing explores the perspectives of national civil society actors on the shifting aid systems. The briefing found a significant, but under-recognised resilience of grassroots and community-based humanitarian responses stemming from mobilization of socio-cultural support systems,
- [From Segmentary ‘Tribes’ to Ethnic Nationalism: A Historical Study of Nuer Identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-segmentary-tribes-to-ethnic-nationalism-a-historical-study-of-nuer-identity/) - The report explores factors that shape the evolution of Nuer society from segmentary to ethnic group, especially how they have defined boundaries between themselves and others throughout history based on the cultural and structural contexts that shape their identity. Despite evolving over time, the report found the Nuer identity is now confronted with challenges and
- [Beyond Research: Who Funds Knowledge](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-research-who-funds-knowledge/) - This podcast explores the politics of knowledge production, especially the flow of funding and related implications of the influence from the Global North. Focusing on the structural barriers that shape the visibility, voice, and ownership of knowledge products, the podcast found that the Global North funding systems shape research agendas, with locally led research remaining
- [South Sudan: From 10 States to 32 States and Back Again - What lessons can be taken from South Sudan’s experience of boundary and state management?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-from-10-states-to-32-states-and-back-again-what-lessons-can-be-taken-from-south-sudans-experience-of-boundary-and-state-management/) - Last year, South Sudan reintroducted 10 subnational states in South Sudan, in place of the 32 states controversially created in 2017. Far from being an obscure matter of administrative organization, the initial, dramatic redivision of territory in the midst of protracted violence and large-scale displacement had a significant impact on representation, as well as social,
- [Escalation of violence drives mass displacement from Nagero County](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/escalation-of-violence-drives-mass-displacement-from-nagero-county/) - This brief assesses the situation of increased forced displacement from Western Equatoria to Western Bahr el Ghazal states following to the escalation of violence in Nagero County in September 2025. The authors identify rising acute humanitarian needs, especially in Bazia of Wau County, raising concerns for the the future, particularly related to food availability and
- [Meeting Report: The impact of global aid funding cuts on people and programmes in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/meeting-report-the-impact-of-global-aid-funding-cuts-on-people-and-programmes-in-south-sudan/) - This report was written by Leben Nelson Moro and Jennifer Palmer for the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP). This meeting report from a roundtable discussion organised by SSHAP and the University of Juba explores some of the impacts of aid funding cuts in South Sudan amid a severe economic recession - made worse
- [Beyond Rhetoric - Feminist Leadership for a Transformative Women, Peace and Security Agenda at 25](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-rhetoric-feminist-leadership-for-a-transformative-women-peace-and-security-agenda-at-25/) - This report was written by Abigael Baldoumas, Anila Noor, Duncan Knox, Fionna Smyth, Helen Kezie-Nwoha, and Maria Alabdeh, as part of the Hands Off Our Spaces Campaign. Using the case studies of four countries, including South Sudan, the report discusses the progress of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda against the backdrop of its
- [Dynamic livelihoods in conflict and recurrent crises: stories of change from Ethiopia and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dynamic-livelihoods-in-conflict-and-recurrent-crises-stories-of-change-from-ethiopia-and-south-sudan/) - This research report was written by Leigh Mayhew, Simon Levine, and Caitlin Sturridge (Overseas Development Institute (ODI); Abraham Diing Akoi, and Fekadu Adugna Tufa; produced as part of Supporting Pastoralism and Agriculture in Recurrent and Protracted Crises (SPARC) project. The report examines the nature of change processes in livelihood practices, facilitating conditions, and the persistent barriers
- [Predatory Peace: Fiscal Fragmentation and Coercive Statebuilding in South Sudan and Beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/predatory-peace-fiscal-fragmentation-and-coercive-statebuilding-in-south-sudan-and-beyond/) - Assessing the peace agreements in South Sudan since the 1970s, the article discusses the extent to which these agreements reconfigure predatory fiscal practices, rather than dismantle them. The paper finds that elite power-sharing agreements often entrench predatory revenue systems, including extortion, leading to the elite redistribution of rents, which help to stabilise ruling coalitions and
- [A Country For Old Men: The State of the Nuer White Armies of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-country-for-old-men-the-state-of-the-nuer-white-armies-of-south-sudan/) - This Briefing Paper explores the state of the Nuer self-defence groups. Focusing on the White Army in Upper Nile and Jonglei, especially its structure and links with other military and political forces, the paper finds that the White Armies operate independently with distinct motivations and objectives, albeit they at times join with other armed forces.
- [Managing risk and security: How humanitarian organisations adapt in conflict zones](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/managing-risk-and-security-how-humanitarian-organisations-adapt-in-conflict-zones/) - This paper was written by Marie-Luisa Messerschmidt and Emelie Guth. This thesis explores how humanitarian organisations navigate and manage security issues in the conflict zones. Using case studies of three countries, including South Sudan, this report highlights the importance of conducting risk assessments and integrating local people and knowledge, thereby fostering community engagement, to better understand the local
- [Oil extraction, grievances, and conflict: evidence from Niger Delta and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-extraction-grievances-and-conflict-evidence-from-niger-delta-and-south-sudan/) - This article was written by Hamid E. Ali, Mohammad M. Aghdam, and Shahjahan Bhuiyan. Using two country case studies, including South Sudan, this report explores the intersection between grievances and violent conflict in oil-rich regions. The report finds that the prevalence of violent conflict in oil-rich areas is mainly due to the exclusion of certain
- [Climate Variability and Wildlife Conflict Amplify Poverty and Food Insecurity in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-variability-and-wildlife-conflict-amplify-poverty-and-food-insecurity-in-east-africa/) - This article was written by Leopody Gayo, Flora Felix Manyama, and John Maina Nyongesa. Using case studies of Eastern African countries, including South Sudan, this report examines the impact of climate crises and human-wildlife conflicts on household income and livelihoods. The report reveals that both these phenomena have fueled competition over scarce resources and caused
- [An exploration into the intersections of gender, conflict, and violence in the lives of women and girls in Nimule and Yei, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/an-exploration-into-the-intersections-of-gender-conflict-and-violence-in-the-lives-of-women-and-girls-in-nimule-and-yei-south-sudan/) - This report was written by D. Alemna, T. Bradley (University of Portsmouth); K. Downie, B. Akok, P. Garang, G. Kwenda, A. Onen & K. Peter (Likikiri Collective) This report explores how the ongoing conflict and mass displacement intersect with gender norms. Focusing on Nimule payam of Magwi County, and Yei, the report finds that physical,
- [Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-abyei/) - This fact sheet was put together by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). This report assesses the intersection between climate, peace, and security in the Abyei Administrative Area. As communities largely depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as cattle herding, farming, and seasonal migration, the report finds
- [Trends in Civic Space and Elections in South Sudan: Findings from the 2025 Public Perceptions of Peace Survey](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trends-in-civic-space-and-elections-in-south-sudan-findings-from-the-2025-public-perceptions-of-peace-survey/) - This report was written by David Deng, Sophia Dawkins, Christopher Oringa, and Jan Pospisil. This Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) and PeaceRep survey report examines how the South Sudanese public perceives safety, elections, civic space, and trust in political institutions. The report finds that only around 25% of the respondents feel safe due to worsening insecurity, such as renewed
- [CSRF Analysis: Conservation with the People - considering local communities' perspectives](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-conservation-with-the-people-considering-local-communities-perspectives/) - Wildlife conservation and land management knowledge and practices are deeply enshrined in the socio-cultural and economic life of South Sudanese communities that live around wildlife areas. Some of these indigenous conservation practices have been eroded by crises, climatic hazards and small arms proliferation, which drive and enable greater reliance on wildlife as a source of
- [Enhancing community-based social protection for sustainable use of aid in South Sudan: Guidance for conflict and context sensitive aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-community-based-social-protection-for-sustainable-use-of-aid-in-south-sudan-guidance-for-conflict-and-context-sensitive-aid/) - This research was conducted by Ranga Gworo, David Otim and Gaya Raddadi of the CSRF South Sudan Team, As donor aid is shrinking, the importance of social protection is growing, with more focus on how the most vulnerable members of communities can survive. The purpose of this research is to analyse how humanitarian aid-based social
- [South Sudanese Women in Peace Building and Conflict Resolutions: Prospects and Hurdles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2-south-sudanese-women-in-peace-building-and-conflict-resolutions-prospects-and-hurdles/) - This book chapter discusses the role of women in peacebuilding and conflict resolution processes in South Sudan. The report finds that despite their active role in peacebuilding initiatives, they continue to face obstacles, such as the inadequate implementation of the 35% representation quotas in the agreement, toxic masculinity and cultural barriers and envy and suspicions.
- [Tall Tales and Borderline Cases: Narratives as meaningful contraband](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tall-tales-and-borderline-cases-narratives-as-meaningful-contraband/) - In the early hours of the morning of 24 May 2013, a group of South Sudanese vigilantes attacked the town of Obo in the Central African Republic (CAR), having covered the distance of 100 km from the South Sudan/CAR border to Obo on foot. An unprovoked international attack in violation of CAR’s sovereignty could be
- [“A boy should be a fighter” Addressing harmful masculinities driving cattle-related violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-boy-should-be-a-fighter-addressing-harmful-masculinities-driving-cattle-related-violence/) - The report discusses the relationship between the socialisation of boys and the cattle-related violence in South Sudan. The report finds that the boys’ socialisation to defend their communities, their livelihoods, and “their” girls and women, against other communities by force causes cattle-related violence, marginalizes women and girls, and normalises gender-based violence both in intimate relationships
- [Building Peace in South Sudan: Local Voices and Lessons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-peace-in-south-sudan-local-voices-and-lessons/) - These two thematically linked publications from ZOA-Dorcas outline the positive impact of Peace Committees and the community-based sociotherapy approach implemented in Jonglei State of South Sudan as part of a five-year multi-sectoral project. Showcasing lessons from setting up Peace Committees by training local Peace Promoters in multiple communities close to Bor, the first report highlights
- [From conflict to cattle: Gender, Culture and Climate in South Sudan’s Pastoralist Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-conflict-to-cattle-gender-culture-and-climate-in-south-sudans-pastoralist-violence/) - This report explores the intersection between gender, cattle-related conflict, and climate change among South Sudan’s pastoralist communities. The report concludes that deeply embedded cattle economies linked to gender-based violence, marriage, status, and social cohesion, have been entangled with militarised cattle raising, environmental degradation, and harmful gender norms. The report provides a set of recommendations, including
- [Unscripted Peace: Community-Led Mediation Processes in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/unscripted-peace-community-led-mediation-processes-in-south-sudan/) - This report was written by Joane Holliger and the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zürich. Using the case of the Pieri peace process in South Sudan, this report discusses challenges faced by international peace and localization efforts during community-led mediation processes. The report argues that strong local ownership has helped in the design
- [Racist violence as border-making in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/racist-violence-as-border-making-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - This briefing note was written by Nicki Kindersley, Amar Jamal, and Machot Amuom Malou for XCEPT. This briefing explores how elite mobilization, access to resources and labour, and identity-based politics, influence Sudan’s and South Sudan’s legitimacy and future. It finds that racial and ethnic profiling, targeted violence, and collective punishment are not merely incidental, but
- [Seen But Not Heard: Community voices on peacekeeping in CAR, DRC, Mali and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/seen-but-not-heard-community-voices-on-peacekeeping-in-car-drc-mali-and-south-sudan/) - This analysis paper explores the experiences and perceptions of affected communities on the protection of civilians, the role of the peacekeeping operations, and other security protection structures in four countries, including South Sudan. The report found that despite the presence of peacekeeping operations, the affected populations continue to face threats due to the missions’ limited
- [CSRF Analysis: Gender Dynamics in Community Social Protection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-gender-dynamics-in-community-social-protection/) - This report, written by Joseph Ding Majok and Elizabeth Nyibol Malou, provides an analysis of gender dynamics in community social protection in Northern Bahr El Ghazal (NBG), South Sudan. The analysis is based on field research and a review of desk literature conducted in March 2025. Semi-structured key informant interviews and focus group discussions were
- [CSRF Meta-analysis: Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-gender/) - CSRF has conducted a meta-analysis for gender, analysing a selection of relevant, key literature and extracting some of the most salient questions for donor-funded programming. Read the meta-analysis here.
- [CSRF Meta-Analysis: Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-gender-2/) - Focusing on gender in South Sudan, this meta-analysis provides an overview of the literature available on gender dynamics with a special attention on women. It looks at their role in politics and peacebuilding, conflict related sexual violence (CRSV) and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and explores the changing roles of women in times of conflict.
- [A Rock and Hard Place: Operating challenges for aid organizations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rock-hard-place-operating-challenges-aid-organizations-south-sudan/) - By examining the history of humanitarian engagement in Southern Sudan during OLS and in Darfur, the research aims to identify parallels with the current landscape in South Sudan. This report focuses on the practical implications that the changing operating realties have for international organizations operating in South Sudan as well as those dependent on an effective
- [No longer an inter-communal conflict: stopping crimes against humanity in southern Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-longer-an-inter-communal-conflict-stopping-crimes-against-humanity-in-southern-abyei/) - Focusing on the long-running conflict in Abyei, especially between Nyok Dinka and Twic communities. The report finds that the ongoing violence risks turning into instances of crime against humanity and genocide, and it discusses factors that hamper efforts to address the violence, including the unresolved and final status of Abyei. The report shares insights on
- [The role of culture in conflict and peacebuilding among the Balanda and Jurchol communities in Western Bahar El Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-culture-in-conflict-and-peacebuilding-among-the-balanda-and-jurchol-communities-in-western-bahar-el-ghazel/) - This paper discusses the role of symbolic communication in conflict and peace in South Sudan. Using the case study of Jur River and Wau Counties of South Sudan‘s Western Bar El Ghazal State, the paper concludes that symbolic communication plays an instrumental role in both causing conflict and fostering peace. To provide sustainable peace, the
- [Cultures and practices of local civilian self-protection in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cultures-and-practices-of-local-civilian-self-protection-in-south-sudan/) - This article was written by Chas Morrison, Haji Elias Hillary, and Diria Vicky Thomas. This paper examines types of cultural practices used for civilian self-protection, early warning and conflict preparedness, and their psychological implications in South Sudan. The paper finds the existence of a variety of relevant cultural practices, such as the use of symbols,
- [Spoiling the Broth? The Impact of Militia Violence on Peace Negotiations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spoiling-the-broth-the-impact-of-militia-violence-on-peace-negotiations/) - This article was written by Barış Arı, Luke Abbs,and Phillip Nelson. Using the case of Sudan and South Sudan, this paper explores the extent to which militia groups influence the likelihood of a peace agreement to succeed. The paper finds that while militia groups’ violence against the government or rebel groups can decrease the possibility
- [Cuts in food aid have critically undermined the refugee policy of self-reliance in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cuts-in-food-aid-have-critically-undermined-the-refugee-policy-of-self-reliance-in-uganda/) - This LSE blog post was written by Constanza Torre and Charlotte Brown. The blog examines the impact of the current food aid cut on Uganda’s self-reliance policy for refugees. Specifically, the blog explores how the refugee prioritization based on vulnerability has led some refugees to either receive little food or lose out, forcing some to
- [Informality and criminality in East Africa’s gold trade](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/informality-and-criminality-in-east-africas-gold-trade/) - Using the case studies of three countries, including South Sudan, the analysis paper discusses the role of artisanal mining in sustaining organised crime in the sector. The paper finds that the lack of an adequate regulatory framework in the artisanal mining sector sustains criminality, including illegal mercury trade, illicit trade in explosives and chemicals, with
- [Disaster capitalism in South Sudan: climate change and other disasters create opportunities for profitable exploitation of people and resources](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disaster-capitalism-in-south-sudan-climate-change-and-other-disasters-create-opportunities-for-profitable-exploitation-of-people-and-resources/) - This blog discusses how the rapid rise in crises—floods, droughts, rebellions, and national wars in Sudan and South Sudan—intersect with vested commercial interests. The paper suggests that commercial investors have profited from rents, taxes, fees, and debts by building a cheap and mobile labour force in oilfields, farms, mines, and businesses and compounds along the
- [Climate change and conflict in South Sudan: Community perceptions and implications for conflict-sensitive aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-and-conflict-in-south-sudan-community-perceptions-and-implications-for-conflict-sensitive-aid/) - This report explores how climate change can intersect with conflict in South Sudan. Using case studies of Kapoeta and the Mangala-Bor corridor, the report finds that climatic events, such as drought and flooding, remain key contributors to migration and violence, including gender-based violence. To mitigate the effects of climate change on conflict, the report provides
- [Towards a conflict-sensitive HDP nexus in South Sudan: a collection of lessons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/towards-a-conflict-sensitive-hdp-nexus-in-south-sudan-a-collection-of-lessons/) - The humanitarian, development, and peace (HDP) nexus as an attempt to enable a more coherent and efficient collective response to dynamic and interconnected crises has received increasing prominence in South Sudan. While there are examples of how an HDP nexus can contribute to more effective aid in conflict-affected contexts, its application also carries conflict sensitivity
- [Environment, conflict and peace in South Sudan: Implications for conflict sensitive aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/environment-conflict-and-peace-in-south-sudan-implications-for-conflict-sensitive-aid/) - South Sudan has a diverse array of ecosystems, rich biodiversity in both flora and fauna, and an abundance of natural resources, including large areas of natural forests, considerable water sources and deposits of petroleum, gold and other minerals. The majority of the population in South Sudan are dependent on natural resources for subsistence livelihoods, particularly
- [CSRF Analysis: Towards Integrated Development - Building positive and conflict sensitive partnerships between the aid and private sector in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-towards-integrated-development-building-positive-and-conflict-sensitive-partnerships-between-the-aid-and-private-sector-in-south-sudan/) - This analysis was written by: Audrey Bottjen, the Imatong Emplyoment Solutions Team, and the CSRF team South Sudan has a diverse private sector, from sole traders and producers working in rural and urban markets to small and large local, national and international companies with different scales of investment. Both the private and aid
- [2020 Scenarios Report: Hope for peace in South Sudan, fragmentation a risk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2020-scenarios-report-hope-for-peace-in-south-sudan-fragmentation-a-risk/) - Throwback: based on extensive consultations, this report from 2016 discusses the future of South Sudan following the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan in 2015. Specifically, the report outlines five possible scenarios for the future of the country, such as a possible return to war
- [Succession Fever Deepens South Sudan’s Malaise](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/succession-fever-deepens-south-sudans-malaise/) - This in-depth briefing by the International Crisis Group (ICG) gives an overview over the current political fault lines at South Sudan’s national level. The country is entering a dangerous, uncertain new phase, and facing a confluence of grave threats exacerbated by the succession crisis and its fallout. The article highlights how the power struggle for
- [The intersection of mobility, environmental and climate change, and conflict in the East and Horn of Africa: A synthesis of the existing knowledge and remaining research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-intersection-of-mobility-environmental-and-climate-change-and-conflict-in-the-east-and-horn-of-africa-a-synthesis-of-the-existing-knowledge-and-remaining-research/) - Using case studies of eight countries, including South Sudan, this report examines how environmental degradation, climate change, and conflict intersect with human mobility and vice versa. The article found that environmental degradation, climate change and conflict affect human mobility; and that human mobility affects environmental management, especially natural resource management, land use and ecological sustainability.
- [Influencing change through flexible funding - conversations with women’s rights organisations in Nigeria, South Sudan and Yemen](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/influencing-change-through-flexible-funding-conversations-with-womens-rights-organisations-in-nigeria-south-sudan-and-yemen/) - Using the case study of 19 women’s right organisations in three African countries, including South Sudan, this article assesses the funding challenges these organisations face and the related impact of flexible, long-term funding support. The paper provides practical steps for donors and international NGOs to design more inclusive and equitable funding approaches focusing on strengthening
- [Glimmers of Confidence in Pibor, South Sudan – where the Triple Nexus Grows Unscripted](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/glimmers-of-confidence-in-pibor-south-sudan-where-the-triple-nexus-grows-unscripted/) - This book chapter, by Jaap Vuijk, examines a non-programmatic, grassroots approach to implementing the Triple Nexus in Pibor, South Sudan. The chapter found that communities engage in activities that link humanitarian, development, and peace objectives as a strategy to cope with their crises. The chapter provides insights into how humanitarian responses intersects with development and
- [Strengthening institutional capability to adopt conflict-sensitive approaches: Five lessons from the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility in South Sudan, 2016–2018](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-institutional-capability-to-adopt-conflict-sensitive-approaches-five-lessons-from-the-conflict-sensitivity-resource-facility-in-south-sudan-2016-2018/) - There is growing recognition of the interaction between aid and the drivers of conflict. In South Sudan, the scale and nature of this international assistance make it inevitable that aid will affect the economic, social and political drivers of conflict for better or worse. This has led to increased interest in and support for promoting
- [Contextualised conflict sensitivity guidance for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contextualised-conflict-sensitivity-guidance-south-sudan/) - Humanitarian or development assistance delivered in complex, highly contested and conflict-affected contexts such as South Sudan will inevitably impact on conflict dynamics. These may be positive or negative, direct or indirect, intentional or unintended. Conflict sensitivity is an approach that helps humanitarian and development actors maximise the potential positive, and minimise any potential negative impacts
- [Tambura: Violence, Displacement and Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tambura-violence-displacement-and-response/) - The organised local and sub-national violence in Tambura County has resulted in high levels of displacement within and beyond the county since June 2021. While the conflict has been presented as ‘inter-communal’ or ‘ethnic’, it has its roots in inter-elite conflicts at the national and sub-national levels. The humanitarian response, which is urgently needed, should
- [‘This caused our journey’: the relationship between sexual and gender-based violence and cross-border Sudan to South Sudan migration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/this-caused-our-journey-the-relationship-between-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-and-cross-border-sudan-to-south-sudan-migration/) - This report examines how sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) intersects with migration, affecting women and girls. The report finds that SGBV plays a leading role in forcing women and girls to migrate from war-hit Sudan into South Sudan, where they feel relatively safe, but face challenges of accessing food, shelter, and health services. The report
- [South Sudan: An extreme public health crisis persists on the Sobat River-Corridor (July 2025)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-an-extreme-public-health-crisis-persists-on-the-sobat-river-corridor-july-2025/) - Based on the assessment on the Sobat-River Corridor, the report assesses the humanitarian situation in Nasir and Ulang counties, after the large-scale violence that began in March has subsided. The report finds that the two areas continue to battle hunger and malnutrition, resulting from persistent violence, severe flooding, and declining healthcare system, and an intractable
- [Does Federal System Perform Better in Managing Diversity and Reducing Conflicts in Africa? The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/does-federal-system-perform-better-in-managing-diversity-and-reducing-conflicts-in-africa-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - This article discusses how the governance system has evolved from the colonial to the post-colonial periods in South Sudan. Focusing on the implications of different governance styles on diversity and conflict, the article finds that centralised or unitary governance has largely contributed to violence and disunity compared to a decentralised system. The article suggests that
- [The art(s) of conflict disruption in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-arts-of-conflict-disruption-in-south-sudan/) - Through an ethnographic study, this paper explores how the use of arts can disrupt conflict in a context marred by ongoing violence in South Sudan. The paper finds that artistic practices help disrupt conflict through highlighting the justice needs and hopes among conflict-affected communities. Finally, the paper outlines the risks involved in using artist practices
- [Bridging the Cattle Raids: Traditional Justice and Mediation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bridging-the-cattle-raids-traditional-justice-and-mediation-in-south-sudan/) - Focusing on the phenomenon of cattle raiding among pastoral communities in South Sudan, this article explores the role that traditional justice and mediation play in addressing the violence associated with the practice. The article argues that although traditional justice and mediation mechanisms have been effective, they face challenges from formal state institutions and armed groups.
- [Conflict-Sensitive Returns and Reintegration in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitive-returns-and-integration/) - This CSRF report focuses on the return and reintegration resulting from the current influx of returnees and refugees from Sudan and other neighbouring countries. Specifically, the report explores the risks associated with return and reintegration as well as opportunities for conflict sensitive reintegration and durable solutions initiatives. To inform the current approaches to returns and
- [Between drought and deluge: the fragility of resilience in Kakuma refugee camp](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/between-drought-and-deluge-the-fragility-of-resilience-in-kakuma-refugee-camp/) - Focusing on Kenya’s Kakuma Refugee Camp, which hosts thousands of South Sudanese refugees, the report explores how refugees adapt their livelihoods amid the dwindling of food rations and limited opportunities for employment. The report found cultivating crops near the seasonal lake as the last resort due to refugees’ structural vulnerabilities and international neglect, and highlights
- [CSRF Research: The people in South Sudan's wildlife conservation story](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-research-the-people-in-south-sudans-wildlife-conservation-story/) - South Sudan’s wildlife conservation sector has only recently come to prominence, with new evidence of species, including the largest mammalian migration on the planet, raising some of the country’s National Parks and Game Reserves to Key Biodiversity Area status. Conservation has been a late starter, due in large part to the country’s more visible needs
- [Housing land and property challenges and best practices in West Nile settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/housing-land-and-property-challenges-and-best-practices-in-west-nile-settlements/) - This report provides an overview of the main housing, land and property (HLP) issues as well as offering best practices on how to address these, with examples on how approaches adapted to changing circumstances. The report is informed by NRC’s three years of experience (between June 2021 and May 2024) in providing legal aid services
- [Faced with floods: Shifting livelihood strategies among South Sudan’s pastoralists](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/faced-with-floods-shifting-livelihood-strategies-among-south-sudans-pastoralists/) - Amid compounded shocks faced by South Sudan – such as conflict, displacement, climate change, and recently protracted flooding, this analysis focused on alternative livelihood strategies of South Sudan’s pastoralist communities. In particular, the analysis provides an overview of the change in livelihood portfolio, and the social impacts this has. For instance, shifts in gender and
- [Women in authority in South Sudan: Connections, challenges, and strategies for leadership](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-in-authority-in-south-sudan-connections-challenges-and-strategies-for-leadership/) - This research makes concrete programmatic, administrative and funding priorities for supporting women’s leadership work – rooted in a thorough investigation of the ways women of different socio-economic background fight to take up positions of authorities in the country. The process is recognized as being non-linear, uneven and socially complex, with stark differences between urban and
- [The Identity Work of Journalists and Humanitarians in South Sudan’s Protection of Civilians Sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-identity-work-of-journalists-and-humanitarians-in-south-sudans-protection-of-civilians-sites/) - The article aims to problematizes the notion of civilians in South Sudan’s Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites. In particular, the research focuses on the notions of protectors and protected in PoC sites, investigating in more detail the broader and more complex identities of “civilians” in everyday practice, juxtaposing these with the simplistic bureaucratic or legal
- [Youth Participation in South Sudan’s Civil Wars: The Perception of Victimhood](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-participation-in-south-sudans-civil-wars-the-perception-of-victimhood/) - This paper aims to investigate the negative involvement of young people in South Sudan pre and post-independence conflicts. Through primary and secondary data, the paper argues these young people – who indeed took arms in the conflicts – were victims of their political and economic circumstances, and as such should also be included in post-conflict
- [Revitalizing Towards Peace or Relapsing Into Chaos? Implementation of South Sudan’s 2018 Agreement and the Upcoming Elections](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/revitalizing-towards-peace-or-relapsing-into-chaos-implementation-of-south-sudans-2018-agreement-and-the-upcoming-elections/) - Making use of the Peace Accords Matrix methodology, this report provides a comparative analysis of the implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) and its renegotiated timeline, and similar agreements in other countries. The reports thus identifies and analysis critical gaps in the R-ARCSS implementation,
- [Seeking the meaning of traditional healing and spiritual protection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/seeking-the-meaning-of-traditional-healing-and-spiritual-protection/) - Using the case study of Faratit communities in Western Bar El Ghazel State, this paper explores the importance and use of traditional health practices. The paper identifies factors that motivate these communities to pursue traditional and spiritual services, as well as the related approaches to access these informal health services. Taking into account the enduring
- [The Role of South Sudanese Civil Society Organisations in the Implementation of SDG16](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-south-sudanese-civil-society-organisations-in-the-implementation-of-sdg16/) - Focusing on the Sustainable Development Goals, this paper discusses how South Sudanese organizations implement SDG16. The paper identifies obstacles that face South Sudanese organisations and shares some key recommendations on how to enhance the peacebuilding work of South Sudanese organizations. Read more here
- [Roadblocks and revenues: The politics of passage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/roadblocks-and-revenues-the-politics-of-passage/) - Using case studies of several Sub-Saharan countries, including South Sudan, this paper explores the interplay between checkpoints, conflict, trade and political authorities. The paper finds that roadblocks or checkpoints enhances a claim to authority, which in turn affects trade and mobility. The paper shares insights on how checkpoints dynamics affect how statehood and territorial control
- [Key Considerations for Responding to Floods in South Sudan Through the Humanitarian-Peace-Development Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-considerations-for-responding-to-floods-in-south-sudan-through-the-humanitarian-peace-development-nexus/) - In common with many other African countries, the Republic of South Sudan is increasingly experiencing devastating floods linked to climate change. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño regulate the climate of Equatorial Eastern Africa. In 2019, a dipole warming in the western Indian Ocean, worsened by climate change, created higher than average evaporation
- [Key Considerations for Responding to Floods in South Sudan Through the Humanitarian-Peace-Development Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-considerations-for-responding-to-floods-in-south-sudan-through-the-humanitarian-peace-development-nexus-2/) - Using the nexus lens, this brief discusses the drivers and the impact of flooding on local communities in South Sudan, including peace, health, livelihoods and governance. The brief also identifies and number of food response efforts and related perceptions of communities towards them. The brief provides a set of suggestions on how to enhance coordination
- [South Sudan: "We survive through the water”: Shifting livelihood coping strategies in Greater Upper Nile - June 2024](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-we-survive-through-the-water-shifting-livelihood-coping-strategies-in-greater-upper-nile-june-2024/) - This research report focuses on coping strategies by South Sudanese households during severe food insecurity. Using the case of Leer, Pagak, and Rubkona countries of Upper Nile, the report finds that a combination of factors including conflict, displacement and flooding, have undermined the main livelihood means of local communities, with wild fruits and fishing becoming
- [Oil in the Crosshairs: Environment, peace, and security implications from the war in Sudan and spillover effects on South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-in-the-crosshairs-environment-peace-and-security-implications-from-the-war-in-sudan-and-spillover-effects-on-south-sudan/) - This analysis paper examines the political and environmental implications of the war on Sudanese and South Sudanese oil infrastructure. Specifically, the paper finds that the attacks by warring parties in Sudan on oil infrastructure and refineries have caused environmental pollution from crude oil contamination that affected soils and nearby ecosystems, promoting the construction of unsafe
- [CSRF Working Paper: Experiencing peace: Exploring South Sudanese and aid sector’s understanding of ‘peace dividends’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-working-paper-experiencing-peace-exploring-south-sudanese-and-aid-sectors-understanding-of-peace-dividends/) - The end of the R-ARCSS transition period and the possibility of elections make this a key moment for peace and stability in South Sudan. In many areas, despite an escalation of incidents of violence after R-ARCSS, increased government control in areas across South Sudan means that many state and county governments are actively pursuing an
- [ELECTIONS AND CIVIC SPACE IN SOUTH SUDAN: FINDINGS FROM THE 2024 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF PEACE SURVEY](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/elections-and-civic-space-in-south-sudan-findings-from-the-2024-public-perceptions-of-peace-survey/) - Introduction As of June 2024, the future of the transitional process in South Sudan remains uncertain. According to the National Elections Amendment Act (2023), the National Elections Commission (NEC) must announce the date of elections six months in advance, so if elections were to be held in December 2024, the NEC would need to announce
- [South Sudan: forecasted floods threaten to accelerate public health crisis, spur mass displacement, and further disrupt livelihoods](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-forecasted-floods-threaten-to-accelerate-public-health-crisis-spur-mass-displacement-and-further-disrupt-livelihoods/) - Key Messages: • Another major flood event is likely to occur in South Sudan over the second half of 2024, according to government officials, UN agencies, and independent research groups, threatening to deepen an already severe humanitarian crisis. Though piecemeal hydrological data enable only a rough prediction of the floods’ scale and whereabouts, humanitarian actors
- [Between challenges and opportunities in South Sudan: The Role of South Sudanese Civil Society Organisations in the Implementation of SDG16](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/between-challenges-and-opportunities-in-south-sudan-the-role-of-south-sudanese-civil-society-organisations-in-the-implementation-of-sdg16/) - Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) are key players in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 16 in South Sudan, with various components of the goal either implicitly or explicitly forming part of their agendas. As the world’s youngest state and a post-conflict society, South Sudan presents a challenging socio-political and logistical context for the work of
- [UNDERSTANDING THE LOSS OF ELEPHANTS IN SOUTH SUDAN](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-the-loss-of-elephants-in-south-sudan/) - Introduction Elephants are iconic animals in South Sudan, featuring on bank notes and state flags and in many myths and sayings. ‘When the elephants fight, the grass suffers’ is one example widespread across the African continent: a popular expression about the effects that conflicts among political and military leaders have on ordinary people. The size
- [Legal protection needs of refugees self-settled in secondary cities in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/legal-protection-needs-of-refugees-self-settled-in-secondary-cities-in-uganda/) - In recent years, there has been a notable trend among asylum seekers and refugees in Uganda, as they increasingly relocate and self-settle in urban areas. This shift towards urbanisation, particularly in Uganda’s secondary cities, has prompted a closer examination of the legal protection challenges faced by these displaced populations. This report focuses on four such
- [Herders who fish: Findings from pastoral and agropastoral communities in Kenya and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/herders-who-fish-findings-from-pastoral-and-agropastoral-communities-in-kenya-and-south-sudan/) - Abstract This chapter examines diversification into fishing by pastoral and agropastoral households and communities in Kenya and South Sudan and how and when this diversification overlaps with sedentarization. Various factors, including climatic events, conflict, privatization, development schemes, and national policies, can result in a decrease in the strategic mobility that is central to pastoral success
- [Conflict considerations in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s National Adaptation Plans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-considerations-in-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-changes-national-adaptation-plans/) - ABSTRACT Many places affected by violent conflict are also those with the lowest capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change and, therefore, some the most vulnerable. Consequently, it is here where climate change most likely results in social tensions that could escalate into or sustain conflicts. This double burden of compounding conflict and
- [The road (not) taken: The contingencies of infrastructure and sovereignty in the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-road-not-taken-the-contingencies-of-infrastructure-and-sovereignty-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - Abstract This article offers a longitudinal study of the complex entanglements between infrastructure and sovereignty in the Horn of Africa. By analysing Ethiopia's imperial transport corridors, the political economy of Djibouti's Red Sea ports, and the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline between South Sudan, Khartoum, and global markets, we underline the co-production of infrastructure and sovereignty
- [War and the Borderland: Northern Bahr el-Ghazel during the sudan conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-and-the-borderland-northern-bahr-el-ghazel-during-the-sudan-conflict/) - The devastating war in Sudan between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has also had a profound impact on the country’s neighbours, particularly South Sudan. This is especially the case for areas that border Sudan, including Upper Nile, the Ruweng Administrative Area, and Northern Bahr el-Ghazal (NBG). RVI has been working
- [Peace in Transition: The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peace-in-transition-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - What people whose lives have been severely affected by armed violence actually think about peace and what peace means has been a vastly underrated area of research. The PEACEptions project addresses this research gap by conducting a series of mixed methods investigations in a number of countries. One case studies under investigation is South Sudan,
- [South Sudan on Edge as Its Neighbour’s War Disrupts Oil Exports](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-on-edge-as-its-neighbours-war-disrupts-oil-exports/) - Income from oil exports is critical to keeping South Sudan’s factious elites together. The war in neighbouring Sudan has led earnings to fall precipitously, threatening instability in Juba and highlighting anew the need to bring the Sudanese conflict to a close. Link to publication
- [The Disappearance of Intra-Communal Violence as a Legacy of SPLM/A Rebel Governance in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-disappearance-of-intra-communal-violence-as-a-legacy-of-splm-a-rebel-governance-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - ABSTRACT South Sudan has a long history of civil wars and intra-communal violence. Northern Bahr el-Ghazal (NBeG) state, including Aweil East County, similarly to other pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities, stood out in terms of intra-communal violence. However, since the second civil war (1983–2005), larger-scale local-level violence has substantially reduced and conflicts are settled in different
- [Women navigating a culture of exclusion in peace and conflict resolution processes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-navigating-a-culture-of-exclusion-in-peace-and-conflict-resolution-processes/) - This report examines the roles of women in peace and conflict resolution processes in South Sudan. It highlights how women navigate systemic exclusion and use cultural practices like songs and dance to assert their voices and influence decisions. Despite historical gender norms restricting their participation, women have made significant contributions to peacebuilding. The report emphasizes
- [Dominance without Legitimacy: Tong Akeen Ngor’s Reign in Northern Bahr el Ghazal State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dominance-without-legitimacy-tong-akeen-ngors-reign-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-state/) - KEY FINDINGS • Tong Akeen Ngor, the governor of Northern Bahr el Ghazal state, has consolidated his grip on power by buying support, detaining members of the opposition, and ingratiating himself with South Sudanese President Salva Kiir. Tensions have emerged between Tong Akeen and his patron, Vice-President Hussein Abdel Bagi. • The war in Sudan
- [GIRL CHILD BLOOD COMPENSATION PRACTICE AMONG THE LOTUKO IN EASTERN EQUATORIA STATE](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/girl-child-blood-compensation-practice-among-the-lotuko-in-eastern-equatoria-state/) - Girls and women in South Sudan face numerous barriers and challenges: customary law often denies women the right to own land, girls’ access to education remains precarious and harmful traditional practices continue to place women and girls at risk of gender-based sexual violence. In South Sudan the traditional practice of blood compensation for murder is
- [TOWARDS HUMANITARIAN ACTION THAT INTENTIONALLY PROMOTES PEACE IN SOUTH SUDAN](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/towards-humanitarian-action-that-intentionally-promotes-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Summary Humanitarian action that promotes peace and addresses the root causes of conflict as part of a broader crisis-response model is crucial to enhancing food security and community resilience in South Sudan. In the conflict-prone Upper Nile state, the Humanitarian Response (HR) Project of the Malakal branch of the South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC) has
- [“We survive through  the water”: Shifting livelihood coping strategies in Greater Upper Nile](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/we-survive-through-the-water-shifting-livelihood-coping-strategies-in-greater-upper-nile/) - SUMMARY South Sudan’s independence in 2011 launched a wave of optimism among South Sudanese and international observers alike. In the intervening years, however, many South Sudanese have known only hardship, as the gains of independence have failed to materialize. Political instability frequently turns violent, despite continuous efforts to broker peace. Recurrent setbacks have eroded trust
- [When Policies Backfire: Well-meaning donor policies can lead to bad aid – with examples from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2-when-policies-backfire-well-meaning-donor-policies-can-lead-to-bad-aid-with-examples-from-south-sudan/) - This policy brief highlights the role that donor headquarters play in shaping the incentives and rules of the aid system, influencing implementing partner decisions, policies, and investments. It takes a deeper look at how some well-meaning policies can unexpectedly backfire, leading to new challenges, inefficiencies or in some cases, perpetuate conflict. To do so, it
- [Spotlight on HDP Implementation in South Sudan - Localisation from a Decolonial Perspective](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spotlight-on-hdp-implementation-in-south-sudan-localisation-from-a-decolonial-perspective/) - This paper aims to shed light on opportunities and challenges of the implementation of the humanitarian, development, and peace (HDP) nexus in South Sudan, and particularly investigating how localisation can be embedded in the HDP nexus in line with a decolonial perspective. This is achieved by identifying the origins of the HDP nexus in South
- [Land and justice pathways in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-and-justice-pathways-in-south-sudan/) - Unclear land rights, overlapping land claims and uncertain land security have characterised the history of South Sudan, and being exacerbated by the regular cycles of violence. By taking the cities of Torit and Wau between 2021 and 2022 as case studies, this article considers the practical interventions for land justice and the dynamics of land
- [Of Rule not Revenue: South Sudan’s Revenue Complex from Colonial, Rebel, to Independent Rule, 1899 to 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/of-rule-not-revenue-south-sudans-revenue-complex-from-colonial-rebel-to-independent-rule-1899-to-2023/) - Analysing South Sudan’s politics of taxation from 1899 to 2023, this article argues that the ethos of taxation in the region has been and remains primarily oriented around predatory and coercive strategies of rule. Patterns of taxation and their origin are presented by considering taxation practices in colonial, post-colonial rebel-led, and independent South Sudan, to
- [On the Elections Act, 2023: The Challenges of the Allocation of Additional Geographical Constituencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/on-the-elections-act-2023-the-challenges-of-the-allocation-of-additional-geographical-constituencies/) - With the next general elections set to take place in December 2024, this Review aims to tackle crucial questions around the delineation of new geographical constituencies in line with the recently passed South Sudan’s National Elections Act, 2023. The Review analyses the constituency threshold formula proposed by in the Act and uses the suggested calculation
- [South Sudan: Delivering Good Governance and Zero Tolerance for Corruption](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/7-south-sudan-delivering-good-governance-and-zero-tolerance-for-corruption/) - The paper reflects on the practice of good governance in South Sudan, focusing in particular on the forces hindering the fight against corruption in the country. Through data collection, the paper identifies the most common manifestations of corruption in South Sudan society as embezzlement, tribalism, and bribery, which thrive in the context of weak law
- [Negotiating the social service tax: Contested revenue generation in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-the-social-service-tax-contested-revenue-generation-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - By focusing on the case study of the negotiations over social service tax in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal state, this article provides insights on state formation processes, inter-governmental negotiations and citizen-state relations in South Sudan. This is achieved by considering the economic and political developments that have shaped local and state level negotiations, such as the
- [CSRF Analysis: South Sudanese Women Negotiating Agency in Conflict Resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-south-sudanese-women-negotiating-agency-in-conflict-resolution/) - Women in South Sudan are subject to limited access to political, economic, social resources due to the country’s rigid patriarchal structure. Nevertheless, women have been negotiating their agency and influence for decades, playing a crucial role in state-building, peacebuilding, and development processes. Beyond their formal role as agents of peace, considering the informal dimensions through
- [CSRF Meta-Analysis: Governance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-governance-in-south-sudan/) - This meta-analysis offers an overview of the literature on governance in South Sudan in the CSRF repository by exploring salient and timely questions for donor-funded programming. These questions focus on the reason why local governance structures differ in South Sudan and the implications for aid actors; the relations between national, state, and local governance institutions
- [Assets as Armies in South Sudan: Local Peace Mediation in the Path of Elites’ Cattle](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assets-as-armies-in-south-sudan-local-peace-mediation-in-the-path-of-elites-cattle/) - This article discusses the cycle of violence and ways to address it in South Sudan. The article finds that the elites’ ownership of cattle is one of the main drivers of guns proliferation and cycles of violence, with the elite using cattle migration as a means for land grab. To address this elite-driven cycle of
- [Bring Enough Cows to Marry: Bride price, Conflict, and Gender Relations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/6-bring-enough-cows-to-marry-bride-price-conflict-and-gender-relations-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the practice of bride prices in South Sudan and its related social, economic, and political implications on gender relations and violent conflict. The report suggests that the bride price appears to contribute to gender-based violence and violent conflict in the country. The report also provides insights on how stakeholders can tackle these
- [“RAPE TAKES PLACE GRADUALLY, NOT SUDDENLY”: An Analysis of the Realities of SGBV in Wau (Western Bahar El Ghazal), South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rape-takes-place-gradually-not-suddenly-an-analysis-of-the-realities-of-sgbv-in-wau-western-bahar-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - This report examines the extent to which sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) intersects with the ongoing cycles of violence in South Sudan and cultural norms. Using the case study of Wau town, the report finds a high prevalence of SGBV and identifies challenges that hamper efforts to address it, as well as provides recommendations on
- [Community engagement with armed actors in South Sudan: reducing violence and protection risks](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-engagement-with-armed-actors-in-south-sudan-reducing-violence-and-protection-risks/) - This report discusses community engagement with armed actors, and identifies factors, actions, and actors can influence such engagement. The report finds that community engagement with armed actors presents both opportunities and challenges. Finally, the report provides suggestions on how national, and international peace, protection and humanitarian actors can effectively engage with armed actors through enhancing
- [Lessons on transition in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-on-transition-in-south-sudan/) - Using South Sudan as a case study, this evaluation report focuses on the impact of aid programming in the country from 2005-2011. Specifically, the report identifies several factors that hinder the transition, including the security and governance issues. Finally, the report draws and shares some lessons from transition and recovery programming that can help to
- [Everyday Protection: Learning from United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/everyday-protection-learning-from-united-nations-protection-of-civilians-sites/) - ‘Protection of Civilians’ (PoC) has been a dominant focus of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions in recent decades. At the same time, ‘Protection of Civilians’ is a contested and ambiguous concept, with its practical meanings often established in the realities of implementation. The paper explores the concept of ‘protection of civilians’ and its related impact
- [Humanitarian Situation Overview: Ethiopia - South Sudan Cross-Border Displacement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-situation-overview-ethiopia-south-sudan-cross-border-displacement/) - Severe humanitarian needs and rising violence has spurred widespread displacement of South Sudanese refugees from Ethiopia into South Sudan. Many of those displaced intend to remain in South Sudan and require support to reintegrate. Needs in areas of return are high, and outcomes are likely to worsen with the onset of rains, particularly for those
- [How can the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus work from the Bottom Up? A Discussion Paper on Implementation Challenges from a Decolonial Perspective. Insights from Iraq, Mali and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-can-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus-work-from-the-bottom-up-a-discussion-paper-on-implementation-challenges-from-a-decolonial-perspective-insights-from-iraq-mali-and-south-sudan/) - Using the case study of three countries, including South Sudan, this paper explores the extent to which a bottom-up approach has been integrated in the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) nexus process, particularly from the perspective of humanitarian actors. Specifically, the paper finds that this integration has been challenging mainly due to power imbalance intrinsic to the political
- [Climate, Peace and Security Research Paper: Insights on Climate, Peace and Security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-research-paper-insights-on-climate-peace-and-security/) - This report explores the intersection between climate change, peace, and security as well as social, economic and political vulnerabilities at the global level. The report’s findings show that the interplay of climate change, peace, and security transcends borders and intersects with livelihoods and existing conflict risks. The paper concludes with recommendations for how the UN
- [Wunlit peace meeting: a shared vision for peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/wunlit-peace-meeting-a-shared-vision-for-peace/) - On the backdrop of the 1999 Wunlit Peace Conference, this briefing focuses on contentious issues in the Wunlit Triangle across Unity, Warrap, and Lakes States, as discussed by local communities. It also provides recommendation from participants on how communities can peacefully resolve disputes across boundaries. Read more here
- [Women, Peace and Security: Barometer Report South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-peace-and-security-barometer-report-south-sudan/) - This report aims at shedding a light on needs and perspective of local women in South Sudan in Bor and Malakal, as well as offering recommendations for aid actors. The report argues that despite the existence of several laws protecting their safety, women still feel insecure. This is partly due to the lack of enforcement
- [Farmers-Herders’ Conflict Undermines Peace building Efforts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/farmers-herders-conflict-undermines-peace-building-efforts-in-south-sudan/) - This article provides a multidimensional report of the persistent farmers-herders conflict in South Sudan, delving into its historical background, root causes, far-reaching consequences, potential prevention/management strategies and recommendations for actors and policymakers in South Sudan.
- [Caught Between Crises in South Sudan: Flood-Induced Migration of Dinka Bor Cattle Herders into the Equatoria Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/caught-between-crises-in-south-sudan-flood-induced-migration-of-dinka-bor-cattle-herders-into-the-equatoria-region/) - This report covers the intensifying crisis related to migration of Dinka Bor herders from Jonglei State to the Equatoria region due to recurring floods. Specifically, it investigates the effects of the catastrophic floods that have since July 2020 forced herders to move their cattle to higher ground. While some returned to Bor after the receding
- [Making Local Knowledge Work – 20 years of research in Eastern and Central Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-local-knowledge-work-20-years-of-research-in-eastern-and-central-africa/) - This Anthology was developed by the Rift Valley Institute, and it includes their research produced over the period of 2001 and 2021. As such, the Anthology spans a vast array of topics, including elections, epidemics, mobilisation and resistance, war, etc. Read more here
- [Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan – Patterns in Perceptions of Safety since the 2018 R-ARCSS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan-patterns-in-perceptions-of-safety-since-the-2018-r-arcss/) - This report provides an assessment of South Sudanese's perceptions of everyday safety for the period of 2018 to 2023, identifying an overall positive trend with differing views when broken down to genders, age groups, locations, and marital status. For instance, women in IDP camps have experience a worrying regression in their safety in 2022-2023. Conflict
- [CSRF Case Study # 4 – Understanding the Nature of Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-4-understanding-the-nature-of-conflict/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [CSRF Case Study # 3 – Navigating Complex Dilemmas](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-3-navigating-complex-dilemmas/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [CSRF Case Study #2: Baselines and Programme Design](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-2-baselines-and-programme-design/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [CSRF Case Study #1: Inclusion and Consultation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-1-inclusion-and-consultation/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [Invisible - The regional displacement crisis triggered by the Sudan conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/invisible-the-regional-displacement-crisis-triggered-by-the-sudan-conflict/) - Focusing on five neighbouring countries, including South Sudan, this report examines the experience of the refugees and returnees fleeing the Sudanese conflict. The report argues that the presence of the refugees and returnees in countries affected by conflict is likely to aggravate tensions. It also provides recommendations on how the international community can address and
- [Paying for peace: The political economy of the Juba Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/paying-for-peace-the-political-economy-of-the-juba-peace-agreement/) - This report discusses the political economy of the Juba peace agreement, which was signed by the government of Sudan and a host of rebel groups in 2020. The report argues that the JPA has tried but failed to address inequality between the centres and the peripheries. This is particularly due to its power and wealth
- [Crisis upon crisis: Conflict and climate induced challenges in Rotriak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crisis-upon-crisis-conflict-and-climate-induced-challenges-in-rotriak/) - The report focuses on the dynamics in Rotriak, which is currently hosting South Sudanese returnee fleeing the conflict in Sudan. Specifically, the report identifies four key challenges in the area, which are compounded by the return and the climate change: these include, its sensitive location, factors of insecurity, concerns over protection and community relationships. Finally,
- [CSRF Analysis: Biometric Registration and Conflict Sensitivity: Potential Risks and Opportunities for Aid Actors in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-biometric-registration-and-conflict-sensitivity-potential-risks-and-opportunities-for-aid-actors-in-south-sudan/) - This report focuses on the use of biometric registration technology in the delivery of humanitarian aid in South Sudan. The report identifies conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities associated with the use of biometric technology, especially in conflict-affected and remote areas. Finally, the report outlines some recommendations on how to use biometric technology in a more
- [CSRF Briefing: Field-based Reflections and Conflict Sensitivity Lessons of the PfPRR in Rubkona, Leer & Mayendit, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-briefing-field-based-reflections-and-conflict-sensitivity-lessons-of-the-pfprr-in-rubkona-leer-mayendit-south-sudan/) - This briefing provides field-based reflections and Conflict Sensitivity Lessons of the Partnership for Peace, Recovery and Resilience (PfPRR) in Rubkona, Leer & Mayendit, South Sudan. The reflections build on the CSRF’s accompaniment to PfPRR stakeholders in Rubkona/Bentiu and point at some key lessons learned, including the significance of the PFPRR as platform for collaboration, the
- [Aiding the Peace: Revisiting Key Lessons from the CPA Years for International Engagement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/aiding-the-peace-revisiting-key-lessons-from-the-cpa-years-for-international-engagement-in-south-sudan/) - This paper reflects international actors’ prevalent and persistent assumptions about South Sudan and illustrates how these have shaped international engagement for the last two decades. Drawing on the eminent “aiding the peace” evaluation report of 2010 and recent developments in South Sudan, this paper offers relevant recommendations for policymakers and practitioners to identify solutions to
- [CSRF Analysis: Why do chiefs matter for aid actors and conflict sensitivity? The role of chiefs in conflict-sensitive aid and peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-why-do-chiefs-matter-for-aid-actors-and-conflict-sensitivity-the-role-of-chiefs-in-conflict-sensitive-aid-and-peacebuilding/) - This analysis provides a snapshot on the diverse role of chiefs in development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding engagements in South Sudan. It highlights their prominent role in local governance, service delivery, community mobilisation, allocation of resources, etc., and thus showcasing the need for aid actors to better understand their role and interaction with aid provision. Lastly,
- [CSRF Discussion Paper: Adaptive Management for Aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/1-csrf-discussion-paper-adaptive-management-for-aid-in-south-sudan/) - This CSRF discussion paper is intended to support policy makers, programme designers, donors, and managers with theory and proposed objectives that can be used to integrate greater adaptation into humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding programmes in South Sudan. The paper builds on CSRF support to stakeholders within the Partnership for Peacebuilding, Resilience and Recovery (PfPRR) to
- [Key Actors in the Juba Peace Agreement: Roles, Impacts, and Lessons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-actors-in-the-juba-peace-agreement-roles-impacts-and-lessons/) - This report (1 of a series of 3) provides an analysis of the key actors in the Juba Peace Agreement (JPA). The negotiations for the JPA started in September 2019 in the South Sudanese capital by representatives of Sudan’s new civilian-military transitional government and a collection of Sudan’s armed and civilian opposition groups comprising the
- [Operationalizing the 2023 National Elections Act: Opportunities and Challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/operationalizing-the-2023-national-elections-act-opportunities-and-challenges/) - This Weekly Review provides an assessment of South Sudan's National Elections Act, 2023. At only 14 months (at the time of writing) await from the election's planned date, the Review analyses the National Elections Act (Amendment 2023) passed by the Revitalized National Legislature, its merits and shortcomings. Lastly, the Review provides a series of policy
- [Harming or helping?  Social media in crises – Sean McGovern](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/harming-or-helping-social-media-in-crises-sean-mcgovern/) - This Perspective piece provides evidence and analysis on the effects of the use of social media (including WhatsApp) on conflict and violence in South Sudan. Read here
- [Climate-Related Security Risks in IGAD Countries: Re-Envisioning National Adaptation Planning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-related-security-risks-in-igad-countries-re-envisioning-national-adaptation-planning/) - This paper examines climate-related security risks in the IGAD region with a particular focus on National Adaptation Planning (NAP). It explores these risks from four pathways contained in the IGAD Conceptual Framework for climate-security nexus, namely: threats to food and water security, climate-induced mobility, historical grievances and cultural practices, and governance and fragility. Read
- [Ensuring an Effective Social Protection Response in Conflict-Affected Settings: Findings from the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ensuring-an-effective-social-protection-response-in-conflict-affected-settings-findings-from-the-horn-of-africa/) - This Working Paper explores the interaction between social protection and conflict in the Horn of Africa. Conflict and political instability are habitual risks identified in the Horn of Africa, where social protection is a well-established field of intervention. By drawing from three country case studies, the paper provides recommendations for development partners on how to
- [Situation update: Jemma’s War: Political Strife in Western Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/situation-update-jemmas-war-political-strife-in-western-equatoria/) - This reports provides a status update on the conflict in Western Equatoria, specifically referring to the political factors: divided cabinet, border dilemmas, and cattle-related issues. Read more here
- [Spiritual Contestations – The Violence of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spiritual-contestations-the-violence-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This book (OPEN ACCESS) provides a fresh perspective on conflict and peace-making that highlights the cosmologies and invisible entities that state, society and religious authorities draw on to claim or reclaim legitimacy and control. Drawing on archive, ethnographic and oral history research, as well as participant observations of the elite peace negotiations since 2013, Pendle
- [Fuel to the fire: EU banks and investors tied to violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fuel-to-the-fire-eu-banks-and-investors-tied-to-violence-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the links between European banks and companies investments in the South Sudanese oil sector and their complicity to violence in the country. The report outlines concrete steps on how to change current business practices to mitigate the risks of fueling violence in the country. Read more here
- [“The body does not carry the name”: Community perspectives on displacement, humanitarian categorisation, and durable solutions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-body-does-not-carry-the-name-community-perspectives-on-displacement-humanitarian-categorisation-and-durable-solutions/) - Gauging the community perceptions of displacement, categorisation and durable solution, the report argues that humanitarian categorisation based on places of origin has led to the exclusion of some IDPs from assistance. The report also concludes that most IDPs associated the end of their IDP status with factors, such as ability to secure self-reliance, land, housing
- [Conflict, climate change, food security, and mobility in the Karamoja Cluster: A study to analyse interactions among conflict, food security, climate change, migration and displacement factors](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-climate-change-food-security-and-mobility-in-the-karamoja-cluster-a-study-to-analyse-interactions-among-conflict-food-security-climate-change-migration-and-displacement-factors/) - This report presents the findings of a study commissioned by FAO, IGAD CEWARN, IGADCBDFU and Interpeace, undertaken between November 2021 and April 2022, and aimed at analysing resource-based in the Karamoja Cluster. The report provides a conflict analysis of the border area spanning across Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Uganda, and identifies key drivers of
- [Changing Lakes State? Rin Tueny’s Inclusive Deterrence Approach in Practice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/changing-lakes-state-rin-tuenys-inclusive-deterrence-approach-in-practice/) - This Briefing Paper from the Small Arms Survey’s Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA) project—analyses the components of Rin Tueny’s, current Lakes State Governor, ‘inclusive deterrence’ approach in Lakes state, South Sudan, and its blind spots. The report finds that, since assuming office in 2021, the governor has largely succeeded in
- [Stuck in transit: Malakal and Paloch, Upper Nile State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/stuck-in-transit-malakal-and-paloch-upper-nile-state-south-sudan/) - Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), in partnership with Solidarité International (SI) conducted an assessment on conflict sensitivity and the challenges faced by communities affected by the Sudan crisis, and particularly IDPs who are stranded in Malakal and Paloch. As a result, this report assesses their current humanitarian situation, and identifies several challenges faced by these IDPs, including
- [Hiding in plain sight: IDP's protection strategies after closing Juba's protection of civilian sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hiding-in-plain-sight-idps-protection-strategies-after-closing-jubas-protection-of-civilian-sites/) - This report explores how Protection of Civilian (PoC) site residents guarantee their own safety and protection, following the handing over of the POC in Juba by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan's (UNMISS) to the Revitalised-Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGoNU). Read here
- [Crisis in Sudan: Briefing Note on Displacement from Sudan to South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/231043/) - This briefing focuses on the historical and socio-political dynamics that need to be taken into consideration by humanitarian agencies when they are providing assistance and protection to South Sudanese fleeing from Khartoum and other parts of Sudan to South Sudan, and to Sudanese fleeing Sudan to seek refuge in South Sudan. Read here
- [Tackling conflict drivers for peace and security in Warrap state, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tackling-conflict-drivers-for-peace-and-security-in-warrap-state-south-sudan/) - This briefing – based on an inter-county dialogue Saferworld held in Kuajok last year – explores conflict, peace, security and gender-based violence concerns in Warrap State. Specifically, the briefing identifies several factors causing insecurity in Warrap state, including the proliferation of small arms, conflicts over grazing and water, cattle raiding, among others, with heavy toll
- [Rethinking the Triple-Nexus: Integrating Peacebuilding and Resilience Initiatives in Conflict Contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-the-triple-nexus-integrating-peacebuilding-and-resilience-initiatives-in-conflict-contexts/) - This article explores the integration of peace components in H-D-P nexus programming drawing from qualitative examples across four countries, including South Sudan. Specifically, the article proposes an analysis of how local communities are using integrative peace/conflict approaches to enhance resilience in contexts with ongoing violence. Read here
- [Food security programming: Strengthening preparedness, responses and prevention](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-security-programming-strengthening-preparedness-responses-and-prevention/) - This report assesses the intersection between the global food crisis and food security programming, drawing from the experience of multiple countries - including South Sudan. The report provides a set of recommendations and ways forward to overcome some of the challenges presented, and enhance food security programming in a gender- and conflict-sensitive manner. Read here
- [All Alone in the Governor’s Mansion: Sarah Cleto’s Travails in Western Bahr el Ghazal State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/all-alone-in-the-governors-mansion-sarah-cletos-travails-in-western-bahr-el-ghazal-state/) - Focusing on the governor of Western Bar El Ghazel state, Sarah Cleto, this Situation Update discusses successes and challenges of her administration. Despite her grassroots popularity, members of the opposition are calling for her removal. Attempts to replace Cleto, however, have been stalled by internal power struggles—highlighting the complexities of Western Bahr el Ghazal’s ethnic
- [The politics of being Murle in South Sudan: state violence, displacement and the narrativisation of identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-being-murle-in-south-sudan-state-violence-displacement-and-the-narrativisation-of-identity/) - The article offers a nuanced account of how identities are negotiated and contested in South Sudan, by focusing on how Murle and ŋalam identities were deployed in different ways in different places in overlapping periods during a time of armed conflict. The article focuses on the 2012-2014 period of war between the South Sudanese government
- [Beyond Hunger: the gendered impacts of the Global Hunger Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-hunger-the-gendered-impacts-of-the-global-hunger-crisis/) - The world is in the midst of a devastating, and escalating, hunger crisis. At least 345 million people across 82 countries are currently facing or are at risk of acute food insecurity, with 50 million people on the brink of starvation, teetering on the edge of famine (Source: World Food Programme). This report presents new
- [Return to a Displaced Nation: The Sudan Crisis and South Sudan’s Returnees](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/return-to-a-displaced-nation-the-sudan-crisis-and-south-sudans-returnees/) - This report explores the implications of the displacement from Sudan to South Sudan. With two-third of the population needing humanitarian assistance prior to Sudan’s conflict, the report argues that the current displacement presents a huge challenge to the already fragile situation. Finally, the report provides suggestions on how stakeholders (the government of South Sudan, the
- [Making Markets: South Sudan’s war economy in the 21st century](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-markets-south-sudans-war-economy-in-the-21st-century/) - Focusing on the 2005-2020 period, the report discusses the political economy among South Sudanese elites. The report explores how the recent reduction in oil production and revenue has shifted the political economy, and related elite loyalty, from the one based on oil to one based on land ownership. The report argues that the new quest
- [IOB evaluation: Inconvenient Realities - An evaluation of Dutch contributions to stability, security and rule of law in fragile and conflict-affected contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/iob-evaluation-inconvenient-realities-an-evaluation-of-dutch-contributions-to-stability-security-and-rule-of-law-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-contexts/) - This evaluation assesses the combined Dutch efforts to promote stability in fragile contexts and break the vicious cycle between (ethnic) tensions, armed conflict, instability and weak governance. It focuses on the period 2015-2022, and includes all Dutch foreign instruments, including diplomatic efforts, development cooperation and military interventions. Read more here
- [Challenging Norms: Marginalised Women and Informal Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenging-norms-marginalised-women-and-informal-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - This article in the Horn of Africa Bulletin conducts a thorough analysis of the persistent exclusion of women from decision-making processes in peacebuilding initiatives across the Horn of Africa, employing South Sudan as a case study. The article takes a deep dive into outlining the importance of women's inclusion in peace processes, not just as
- [The Body Count: Controlling Populations in Unity State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-body-count-controlling-populations-in-unity-state/) - This report is a new Situation Update from the Small Arms Survey’s Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA) project. It discusses Nguen Monytuil Wejang’s reign (one of the longest serving governors in South Sudan), its violence, and its attempts to control both populations and humanitarian resources. Read more here
- [Seeking harmony in hardship: A Conflict Sensitivity Report on Renk, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/1-seeking-harmony-in-hardship-a-conflict-sensitivity-report-on-renk-south-sudan/) - The sudden outbreak of conflict in Sudan and the sheer amount of displacement has been an immense challenge. Given the scale of the needs and the number of partners involved, the overall humanitarian response in Renk has overcome many difficulties and has been making positive progress. This report highlights four areas to prioritise in Renk
- [Youth Gangs and overcoming waithood in a United Nations Protection of Civilians Site in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-gangs-and-overcoming-waithood-in-a-united-nations-protection-of-civilians-site-in-south-sudan/) - This article investigates contestations over the roles and legitimacy of gangs within the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Protection of Civilians (PoC) site in Bentiu, South Sudan. Drawing on qualitative interviews, it argues that ‘gangs’ represented the medium through which everyday struggles and processes of social contestations were negotiated between youth, elders, and
- [Conflict sensitivity/Do No Harm (DNH) in development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding practice – reflections and emerging trends](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-do-no-harm-dnh-in-development-humanitarian-and-peacebuilding-practice-reflections-and-emerging-trends/) - This special issue focuses on the understanding and application of two closely related concepts, “do no harm” (DNH) and “conflict sensitivity”, and their critical engagement in the academic literature. Mary Anderson published her seminal book Do No Harm: How aid can support peace – or war in 1999, which popularised the idea of conflict sensitivity
- [Local Self‐Governance and the State in South Sudan: Studying Gendered Tenure Relations in Times of Uncertainty](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-self‐governance-and-the-state-in-south-sudan-studying-gendered-tenure-relations-in-times-of-uncertainty/) - With governance increasingly regarded as co-governance, states’ capacity to steer, correct, and discipline a wide range of self-governing actors becomes crucial for states’ effectiveness, efficiency, and democracy. This article investigates that capacity and the relationship between formal institutions and customary self-governance in areas of limited statehood. In South Sudan, the field of land governance can
- [VAWG in South Sudan: Evidence Review](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/vawg-in-south-sudan-evidence-review/) - This review report discusses the prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV), including its forms and drivers in South Sudan.Key takeaways: Women and girls in South Sudan face multiple forms of violence across their life course and in multiple settings, with serious impacts on health and well-being. Women and girls in South Sudan experience high levels of
- [Attacked from Both Sides: Abyei’s Existential Dilemma](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/attacked-from-both-sides-abyeis-existential-dilemma/) - Despite many high-profile interventions, Abyei remains mired in a violent impasse. Conflict between the Ngok and Twic Dinka continues, and the territory’s political future remains in limbo. Attacked from Both Sides: Abyei’s Existential Dilemma—a new Situation Update from the Small Arms Survey’s Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA) project—discusses the causes
- [Speaking with a ‘soft voice’: professional and pragmatic civilities amongst South Sudanese NGO leaders](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/speaking-with-a-soft-voice-professional-and-pragmatic-civilities-amongst-south-sudanese-ngo-leaders/) - This article examines the forms of ‘civility’ promoted by South Sudanese NGO leaders and staff in their efforts to navigate a context of pervasive political repression. Drawing on in-depth, life-work history interviews, it shows how the careful cultivation of a ‘non-political’ identity was a way of securing space to operate in a highly militarised, politically
- [From conflict to conflict: Protection needs and responses in South Sudan amid the Sudan crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-conflict-to-conflict-protection-needs-and-responses-in-south-sudan-amid-the-sudan-crisis/) - This report focuses on the protection needs and risks faced by returnees and host communities in South Sudan. The needs of the 7,457 Sudanese refugees (and almost 4000 others nonSudanese or South Sudanese nationality) who have so far arrived in South Sudan remain critical. Though many of the needs of and risks faced by these
- [Law and Famine: Learning from the Hunger Courts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/law-and-famine-learning-from-the-hunger-courts-in-south-sudan/) - Activists and scholars are seeking to end famine by promoting international legal accountability for starvation. This article deepens our understanding of the relationship between the politics of famine and law by observing the ongoing prevalence and power of legal norms and institutions during times of famine. It reveals the widespread use of hunger courts in
- [Education and Female Youth in Displacement in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-and-female-youth-in-displacement-in-south-sudan-and-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/) - There is a demonstrated relationship between early marriage and education. Female youth who are out of school are more likely to marry, and those youth who marry while in school, are more likely to drop out. By analyzing the stories of 140 female youth displaced by conflict in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of
- [Global initiative on out-of-school children: South Sudan country study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/global-initiative-on-out-of-school-children-south-sudan-country-study/) - The report is a part of a global initiative to highlight the challenges of out-of-school children (OOSC) and builds on a study of out-of-school children in South Sudan that was initiated in 2013, updating the data to reflect the acute conflict that has occurred in the country since then. The study was funded as part
- [Our Search for Peace: Women in South Sudan’s National Peace Processes, 2005-2018](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/our-search-for-peace-women-in-south-sudans-national-peace-processes-2005-2018/) - South Sudanese women have played critical roles in efforts to achieve peace in South Sudan, yet their contributions have been under-recognized and under-documented. This paper contributes to remedying this by sharing women’s stories of their roles in peace making through the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005), the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South
- [Still In Danger: Women and girls face sexual violence in South Sudan despite peace deal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/still-in-danger-women-and-girls-face-sexual-violence-in-south-sudan-despite-peace-deal-2/) - In July and August 2019, a Refugees International team visited Juba and Malakal in South Sudan and interviewed dozens of UN, government, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) officials, as well as internally displaced people (IDPs) living in Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) in Juba and Malakal. They also interviewed several local women’s groups. The team asked
- [Strengthening responses to conflict-related sexual violence against boys deprived of their liberty in situations of armed conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-responses-to-conflict-related-sexual-violence-against-boys-deprived-of-their-liberty-in-situations-of-armed-conflict/) - Each year thousands of children are deprived of their liberty in situations of armed conflict, many because of their actual or alleged association with parties to the conflict or on alleged national security-related grounds. The increasing numbers of children being detained is a concern in itself, but also because child detainees are highly vulnerable to
- [Child Marriage Atlas: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-marriage-atlas-south-sudan/) - The Child Marriage data from 2010 shows that 52% of girls in South Sudan are married before their 18th birthday and 9% are married before the age of 15. 57% of the South Sudanese population are under the age of 18. Pre-conflict child marriage rates do not vary significantly among girls of different education levels,
- [South Sudan: Household Health Survey 2010](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-household-health-survey-2010/) - The South Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS 2) marks the second household and health study in post-conflict South Sudan. The scope of the SHHS 2 includes: - HOUSEHOLD: Household characteristics; household listing; education; water and sanitation; insecticide treated nets; salt iodization - WOMEN: Women’s background; child mortality; live birth history; desire for last birth (results
- [Gender-based Violence Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-based-violence-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-survey-in-south-sudan/) - Gender-based violence (GBV) is pervasive throughout South Sudan. The renewed fighting in 2016 has only worsened the deep suffering and humanitarian needs of civilians, with conflict seriously exacerbating gendered violence. GBV has devastating impacts, resulting in long-term physical, psychological and social traumas that can affect individuals, families and communities for decades. The effects of such
- [Study on the Traditional and Changing Role of Gender and Women in Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/study-on-the-traditional-and-changing-role-of-gender-and-women-in-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - This report is the result of a short-term study on the traditional and changing roles of gender and women in peace-building. The study involved field research in five locations (Aweil, Bentiu, Bor, Rumbek and Torit). The purpose of the study is to research how the traditional and changing roles of women/girls and men/boys, conflict dynamics
- [Young Women in Political Institutions in South Sudan: Lessons from Lived Experiences](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/young-women-in-political-institutions-in-south-sudan-lessons-from-lived-experiences/) - This paper examines the current state of women’s participation in organized politics through the lens of young women’s political experiences. It contextualizes women’s participation in party politics in its history and shares findings from conversations with young women about their experiences and challenges in their political work. It finds that young women in politics are
- [Education-focused gender analysis case studies: Pibor and Juba, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-focused-gender-analysis-case-studies-pibor-and-juba-south-sudan-2/) - This study was conducted with funding from the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) provided specifically to prepare for the launch of Oxfam education projects in Pibor and Juba in South Sudan. However, its findings will also be useful to the wider NGO community working in the country, with recommendations provided for the Government of South
- [Improving the Prospects for Peace in South Sudan: Spotlight on Measurement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/improving-the-prospects-for-peace-in-south-sudan-spotlight-on-measurement/) - A convergence of entrenched insecurity and climate change is having serious socio-economic implications in South Sudan where humanitarian conditions, including food insecurity, continue to deteriorate. In 2022, 8.9 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance, out of a population of 11 million. In 2022, the World Food Programme (WFP) provided food assistance to nearly
- [Third-Party Mediation in Sudan and South Sudan: Longer-Term Trends](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/third-party-mediation-in-sudan-and-south-sudan-longer-term-trends/) - This report draws from a preliminary dataset on third-party mediation in Sudan and South Sudan (1988-2022) to determine if and how the growing presence of non-Western powers – especially out-of-region ones – indicates their greater involvement in peace processes and mediation. Findings indicate that conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan have been, and remain to
- [Sudan conflict: assessing the risk of regionalization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-conflict-assessing-the-risk-of-regionalization-2/) - This paper focuses on the potential for a regionalization of the conflict between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), including external involvement by Sudan’s neighbours and cross-border spill-over. KEY POINTS There has been limited regional engagement in Sudan’s conflict and there are currently strong disincentives for involvement. For now, most
- [Protecting Women from Violence in the United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites, South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/protecting-women-from-violence-in-the-united-nations-protection-of-civilians-sites-south-sudan/) - This article explores the everyday politics of protecting women from war and atrocities, based on ethnographic work within the United Nations Protection of Civilians sites, South Sudan. It examines the heterogenous ways that peacekeepers and displaced people conceptualised and enacted women's rights and protection inside the sites. Protection and gender were variously interpreted, resisted, and
- [Acting in Advance of Flooding: Early action in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/acting-in-advance-of-flooding-early-action-in-south-sudan/) - This brief presents findings and takeaways from a research study focused on the process and perceptions of implementing early action in South Sudan, including in the Bentiu Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camp. These include insufficient knowledge transfer from headquarters to sub-national offices within UN agencies, lack of discretionary decision-making power at these offices and underdeveloped
- [Toxic Floods? Climate, Natural Hazards and Risks to South Sudan’s Oil Infrastructure](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/toxic-floods-climate-natural-hazards-and-risks-to-south-sudans-oil-infrastructure/) - Fossil Fuel Industry adds Despair to South Sudanese Communities Facing Flood Disaster A new analysis by PAX, with contributions from Utrecht University, demonstrates how severe flooding in South Sudan spawns environmental risks around its national oil infrastructure. The report uses satellite imagery and a hydrological model to identify how the increasing seasonal flood impacts can
- [Sudan Crisis: Cross-Border Assessment - Returnee / Refugee Household Survey](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-crisis-cross-border-assessment-returnee-refugee-household-survey/) - KEY MESSAGES • Nearly all households who were interviewed in South Sudan were South Sudanese nationals who reported having fled active conflict in urban areas in Khartoum State. • Findings indicate households endured dangerous journeys to reach the border, with most households reporting having faced difficulties, including racism and discrimination, transportation issues, and difficulties due
- [CSRF Meta-analysis: regional dynamics and their impact in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-regional-dynamics-and-their-impact-in-south-sudan/) - This meta-analysis provides an overview of the literature available on South Sudan’s regional dynamics. Covering the 2011-2023 period, it explores the relations between South Sudan and its neighbors and the related political, economic and security implications. It provides a selection of relevant publications and extracts some of the most salient questions for donor-funding programming on
- [CSRF Meta-analysis: Economy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-economy-2/)
- [Community Engagement and Inter-Agency Collaboration across the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-engagement-and-inter-agency-collaboration-across-the-humanitarian-development-peace-hdp-nexus-in-south-sudan/) - This paper presents five lessons on community engagement in the context of the Humanitarian- Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus in South Sudan. More coordinated and collaborative approaches to community engagement have potential to address weaknesses in current approaches that prioritise the short-term information needs of the aid system at the expense of community priorities. The lessons focus
- [PROTECTION CLUSTER SOUTH SUDAN: Conflict and Food Insecurity MAY 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/protection-cluster-south-sudan-conflict-and-food-insecurity-may-2023/) - The Protection Cluster has recorded an increase in incidents of rights violations associated with the current foodcrisis that is intensifying in South Sudan. In addition, food distribution as well as agencies engaged in these effortsare at significant risk of having their operations disrupted and their staff put in danger by sub-national andintercommunal violence, bureaucratic impediments,
- [Deadly Violence in the Disputed Abyei Area](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/deadly-violence-in-the-disputed-abyei-area/) - Abyei has been a center of tension and violence in recent years. This report focuses on the recent round of violence in and around Abyei, explaining the underlying causes of the conflict, the escalation of violence over the past year, and what likely lies ahead if political measures are not taken to address the unresolved
- [Refugees and asylum seekers from South Sudan in Gambella region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-from-south-sudan-in-gambella-region/) - Operational context At the end of June 2020, Ethiopia hosted 342,765 South Sudanese refugees of whom 319,130 were sheltered in seven camps in the Gambella Regional State. This includes 83,616 refugees in Nguenyyiel camp, 64,898 refugees in Tierkidi camp, 58,935 in Jewi camp, 45,399 refugees in Kule camp, 43,433 and 9,313 refugees in Pugnido1 and
- [South Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan, January - December 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-regional-refugee-response-plan-january-december-2022/) - The 2022 Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) for the South Sudan situation outlines the multi-agency response strategy and financial requirements of 102 partners, including humanitarian and development actors as well as civil society, supporting host governments to meet the critical needs of over 2.33 million South Sudanese refugees living across the five main asylum countries.
- [The Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan Summary and Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-juba-agreement-for-peace-in-sudan-summary-and-analysis/) - Executive summaryOn 3 October 2020, Sudan’s Transitional Government and representatives of several armed groups signed the ‘Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan’ (hereinafter ‘Juba Agreement’). This Summary and Analysis paper discusses the Agreement’smain elements, with a particular focus on the main ways in which it impacts the current and future system of government. The main
- [Seeking Peace in South Sudan: The Contributions and Challenges of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/seeking-peace-in-south-sudan-the-contributions-and-challenges-of-the-inter-governmental-authority-on-development-igad/) - The objective of this article is to critically examine the role(s) that the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) has played in the restoration of peace in South Sudan. Methodologically, the article employed a case study qualitative research design as its main focus is analyzing the contributions and challenges of IGAD in seeking peace in South
- [Women’s participation and influence in transitions from conflict: The case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/womens-participation-and-influence-in-transitions-from-conflict-the-case-of-south-sudan-2/) - Following its independence in 2011 from Sudan, the 2013–2018 civil war in South Sudan devastated much of the country. The conflict was also characterised by both widespread targeting of civilians and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). A peace agreement signed in 2018 has largely held, although much of the country is still embroiled in armed
- [Food Insecurity and Conflict-related Sexual Violence -The Links between Conflict and Hunger](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-insecurity-and-conflict-related-sexual-violence-the-links-between-conflict-and-hunger/) - Examples from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, the DRC, Nigeria, South Sudan and Sudan Key findings • Food-related livelihood activities such as tending fields, foraging for food or fetching water make women and girls vulnerable to conflict-related sexual violence attacks in conflicts where conflict parties use such violence. • The scarcity of food during conflict forces
- [Improving the Prospects for Peace in South Sudan: Spotlight on Stabilization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/improving-the-prospects-for-peace-in-south-sudan-spotlight-on-stabilization/) - South Sudan is home to one of the world’s worst hunger crises, a consequence of decades of armed conflict and devastating extreme weather events. Conflict, climate change and hunger have forcibly displaced nearly seven million people, out of a population of 11 million. The World Food Programme (WFP) operates in the middle of this intersection.
- [Coloniality and frictions: Data-driven humanitarianism in North-Eastern Nigeria and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/coloniality-and-frictions-data-driven-humanitarianism-in-north-eastern-nigeria-and-south-sudan/) - Abstract It is now over a decade since the proclamation of a humanitarian ‘data revolution’, with the rise of ‘innovation’ and the proliferation of ‘data solutions’ rendering data-based humanitarianism an important area of critical investigation. This article contributes to debates within the field by exploring the role of data in the provision of humanitarian assistance
- [A Pause Not a Peace: Conflict in Jonglei and the GPAA](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-pause-not-a-peace-conflict-in-jonglei-and-the-gpaa/) - A reshuffle of Jonglei’s state government is underway, precipitated by the out-going leadership’s inability to quell chronic armed violence and raiding in the state.. While the current rainy season will prevent large-scale raiding in the coming months, attacks on humanitarian convoys and low-level raiding continue, with women and children abducted. There are alarming signs that
- [Women and girls in the informal economy in South Sudan: Understanding Forms of Organizing and Support Systems](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-and-girls-in-the-informal-economy-in-south-sudan-understanding-forms-of-organizing-and-support-systems/) - Ma’ Mara Sakit Village, in partnership with the Feminist Humanitarian Network, did research in seven states in South Sudan to understand how women and girls in the informal economy mobilize, organize, and form support networks, the impact of COVID-19 on these groups, and initiate discussions on women’s important role in the informal economy across South
- [How not to hold elections in South Sudan: A discussion paper](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-not-to-hold-elections-in-south-sudan-a-discussion-paper/) - Whether or not, and if, when, and then, how? Open questions on South Sudan’s first elections planned for December 2024 abound. On the one hand is the people’s demonstrated will for election to happen rather sooner than later, on the other is the magnitude of challenges against the backdrop of slow implementation of the peace
- [A Deconstructive Approach to Refugee Self-Reliance: The Case of the Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-deconstructive-approach-to-refugee-self-reliance-the-case-of-the-kalobeyei-integrated-settlement/) - In the last decade, there has been a renewed interest in ‘self-reliance’ as a remedy for protracted refugee crises. While self-reliance has been articulated as a key policy objective, scholars have been preoccupied with a key question: what is self-reliance and what interests does such a policy ultimately serve? Drawing on Jacques Derrida’s post-structuralist thought,
- [Rethinking Inter-Communal Violence in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-inter-communal-violence-in-africa/) - The category of ‘inter-communal violence’ has been increasingly mobilised to interpret subnational violence in contemporary Africa. The paper contends this is an unwelcome trend that risks leaving violence unmoored from political and military systems it is enmeshed within. The paper advances an alternative framework for approaching such violence, using the cases of South Sudan and
- [Conflict shocks and underlying vulnerability: Regulation of mobility and disruption of livelihoods in Tonj East, 2018-2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-shocks-and-underlying-vulnerability-regulation-of-mobility-and-disruption-of-livelihoods-in-tonj-east-2018-2022/) - Beginning in 2018 and escalating in 2020 and 2021, communities in Tonj East have experienced increased exposure toconflict-related shocks, resulting in the regulation of mobility and disruption of livelihoods. Such shocks have impactedlivelihoods and coping capacity and have had acute consequences on food insecurity in the county. Conflict shocks - driven by an interplay between
- [RJMEC report on the status of implementation of the revitalised agreement on the resolution of the conflict in the Republic of South Sudan for the Period 1st January to 31st March 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rjmec-report-on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan-for-the-period-1st-january-to-31st-march-2023/) - This quarterly report of the Reconstituted joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (RJMEC) on the status of implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R_ARCSS) is prepared pursuant to article 7.9 of the R-ARCSS and covers the period of 1 January 2023 to 31 March 2023.
- [Corruption Perceptions Index](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/corruption-perceptions-index/) - This year’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reveals that 124 countries have stagnant corruption levels, while the number of countries in decline is increasing. This has the mostserious consequences, as global peace is deteriorating and corruption is both a key cause and result of this. Corruption and conflict feed each other and threaten durable peace. On
- [Crude Dealings: How Oil-Backed Loans Raise Red Flags for Illegal Activity in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crude-dealings-how-oil-backed-loans-raise-red-flags-for-illegal-activity-in-south-sudan/) - A three-year investigation by The Sentry into a loan deal between a local company and a regional bank— with the backing of the South Sudan government—has uncovered red flags for illicit business practices, including bribery, tax evasion, and trade-based money laundering. The investigation found clear indications that the arrangement enabled powerful individuals to benefit from
- [Republic of South Sudan: Third Review Under the Staff-Monitored Program, Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility, and Program Monitoring with Board Involvement-Press Release; and Staff Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/republic-of-south-sudan-third-review-under-the-staff-monitored-program-request-for-disbursement-under-the-rapid-credit-facility-and-program-monitoring-with-board-involvement-press-release-and-staf/) - Dire and deteriorating humanitarian situation. About two-thirds of South Sudan’s population is experiencing severe food insecurity, the highest level since independence. This is a result of multiple compounding factors, including severe multi-year floods due to climate shocks, inter-communal violence in parts of the country, and the impact of Russia’s war in Ukraine that is contributing
- [The relationship between Sudan and South Sudan after independence – Interdependences as key variables for sustainable peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-relationship-between-sudan-and-south-sudan-after-independence-interdependences-as-key-variables-for-sustainable-peace/) - This paper focusses on the relation between South Sudan and Sudan and identifies several key variables determining the relations between the two countries. Download
- [South Sudan Economic Monitor: Towards a Jobs Agenda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-economic-monitor-towards-a-jobs-agenda/) - South Sudan faced significant headwinds in FY2020/21, with the pandemic, floods, and violence flareups affecting economic activities. Consequently, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 5.4 percent in FY2020/21. Oil production declined by 5.9 percent as floods affected production and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed new investments to replace exhausted wells. In the agriculture sector,
- [African Economic Outlook 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/african-economic-outlook-2022/) - The release of the 2022 African Economic Outlook comes against a backdrop of two major global crises: the lingering COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The latter erupted as Africa’s economy was on a path of recovery from the ravaging impact of the pandemic, and it threatens to set back the continent’s promising economic prospects.
- [Energy and Water for Sovereignty: South Sudan's Regional Diplomacy and the Geopolitics of the Nile Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/energy-and-water-for-sovereignty-south-sudans-regional-diplomacy-and-the-geopolitics-of-the-nile-basin/) - This commentary focusses on South Sudan's regional diplomacy in relation to the Nile Bassin. Download
- [REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis: March 2021](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/republic-of-south-sudan-joint-world-bank-imf-debt-sustainability-analysis-march-2021/) - Relative to the last assessment in November 2020, the baseline in this Debt Sustainability Analysis(DSA) has slightly higher oil prices and higher need for food imports due to severe flooding, whichhas destroyed food stocks and crops ahead of the main harvest season, but is otherwise broadlyunchanged. South Sudan’s debt is assessed to be sustainable with
- [Directions for Reform : A Country Economic Memorandum for Recovery and Resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/directions-for-reform-a-country-economic-memorandum-for-recovery-and-resilience-in-south-sudan-2/) - South Sudan is at a crossroads in its recovery, reconstruction, and development. With weak institutions and recurring cycles of violence, South Sudan remains caught in a web of fragility and economic stagnation a decade after independence. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) discusses South Sudan’s economic performance since independence, highlighting the need for the country to
- [Directions for Reform : A Country Economic Memorandum for Recovery and Resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/directions-for-reform-a-country-economic-memorandum-for-recovery-and-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is at a crossroads in its efforts toward recovery, reconstruction, and development. South Sudan gained independence in 2011, in what was expected to be a new dawn for the conflict-torn country. At the time, optimism was high, given high commodity prices, the country’s abundant natural resources, and international goodwill. However, weak institutions and
- [Framing Education-Civicness-Social Contract Nexus in Africa? The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/framing-education-civicness-social-contract-nexus-in-africa-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - ABSTRACT This article attempts to position education not only in the peacebuilding debate but also in the larger good governance debate about what makes a resilient social contract. We subscribe in this paper to a theoretical perspective that attributes the driver of civil wars to governance deficit that is manifested in absence of resilient social
- [Prioritization & Sequencing of Security Council Mandates: The Case of UNMISS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/prioritization-sequencing-of-security-council-mandates-the-case-of-unmiss-evaluating-the-mandate-and-political-strategy-for-the-un-peacekeeping-mission-in-south-sudan-ahead-of-the-march-2023-mand/) - On January 25, 2023, the International Peace Institute (IPI), the Stimson Center, and Security Council Report organized a workshop to discuss the mandate and political strategy of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). This discussion was part of a series of workshops that examine how the activities included in peace operations’ mandates can
- [On Navigating the Roadmap: A Path Towards Democratization and Prosperity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/3-on-navigating-the-roadmap-a-path-towards-democratization-and-prosperity/) - On Tuesday, February 21, 2023, the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGoNU) issued a Press Statement. It provided an update to the public, the region, and diplomatic community on the status of the implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), while signaling the commencement of the
- [Entry Points for Women‘s Engagement in Peacemak- ing Efforts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/entry-points-for-womens-engagement-in-peacemaking-efforts-in-south-sudan-2/) - South Sudan has experienced armed conflict for more than four decades. The most recent episode at the national level stopped in September 2018, when the conflict parties signed the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflictin the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS). South Sudanese women played an important role in pushing for the R-ARCSS,
- [Hydro-politics in the Sudd Wetland: The implications of past and current water development projects for South Sudan and the Nile Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hydro-politics-in-the-sudd-wetland-the-implications-of-past-and-current-water-development-projects-for-south-sudan-and-the-nile-basin/) - Wetlands are under threat globally, declining at a rate three times higher than natural forests. This isreason for concern because healthy wetlands offer a variety of essential services to humans and arecritical ecosystems in the fight against climate change.1 Yet, the governance of wetlands often fallsthrough the cracks of water governance approaches and institutions in
- [Graves, trees, and spray-paint: land tenure formalisation and five normative repertoires in post-conflict South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/graves-trees-and-spray-paint-land-tenure-formalisation-and-five-normative-repertoires-in-post-conflict-south-sudan/) - In the aftermath of war, local government in Western Equatoria, South Sudan, set out to formalize urban land to make it more legible, less conflictual, and ready for the state’s vision of tomorrow. But the process proved problematic, and it caused and rekindled countless land disputes. Based on qualitative research at courts, county offices, and
- [South Sudan, Politics of Liberation and Contest over Juba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-politics-of-liberation-and-contest-over-juba/) - This book chapter discusses the history of urbanisation of Juba as the capital of South Sudan after the 2011 independence. The article explores how citizens’ expectations in relation to the urbanisation agenda differ from those of the elites, including on service delivery. Finally, it provides insights on how South Sudan’s urban authorities’ response to needs
- [Rising from the depths: Water security and fragility in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rising-from-the-depths-water-security-and-fragility-in-south-sudan/) - In 2022, South Sudan was ranked as the world’s most vulnerable country to climate change and the one most lacking in coping capacity. South Sudan is also one of the world’s most politically fragile countries. Rising from the Depths explores opportunities and trade-offs for aligning South Sudan’s water-related investments and policies with its commitment to
- [Rapid gender analysis on power and participation - Wau, CARE South Sudan (December 2022)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rapid-gender-analysis-on-power-and-participation-wau-care-south-sudan-december-2022/) - South Sudan has experienced cycles of conflict since before its independence in 2011. Since the start of the civil war, the country has faced displacement, violence, and high rates of sexual and gender-based violence. Despite the 2018 peace deal, South Sudan continues to face intermittent violence, political instability, climate shocks, and floods. The humanitarian situation
- [The Humanitarian-Development-Peace-Nexus: Recipes for success from the field: time for action](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus-recipes-for-success-from-the-field-time-for-action/) - With the increase in protracted humanitarian crises, there is a growing need for more efficient international cooperation between humanitarian, development and peace policy instruments. The Humanitarian-Development-Peace-Nexus (HDP-nexus) approach aims to overcome institutional dividing lines and achieve more coherent collaboration. While various UN initiatives strategically promote the implementation of the HDP-nexus, the UN Country Teams in
- [HSS Expert Panel Monitor: Q3-Q4 update from Greater Yirol, Lakes State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hss-expert-panel-monitor-q3-q4-update-from-greater-yirol-lakes-state-south-sudan/) - In January 2023, a PAX interviewer conducted 12 interviews with local security experts in Lakes State. The group of experts included local government officials, police chiefs, court officials, communal chiefs, religious leaders, and women leaders. This report summarizes the security dynamics observed by the consulted experts during Q3 and Q4 of 2022. Highlights: All consulted
- [Upper Nile Prepares to Return to War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/upper-nile-prepares-to-return-to-war/) - Upper Nile is on the precipice of renewed armed conflict. After a lull in violence in the past two months, armed groups are mobilizing for possible confrontation as Johnson Olonyi’s Agwelek forces reposition themselves near key ports on the White Nile, and SPLA-IO and Nuer White Army forces mobilize youth in northern Jonglei and southern
- [Land And Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention 2.0](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-and-conflict-a-toolkit-for-intervention-2-0/) - The purpose of this toolkit is to introduce readers to the complex relationship between land and violent conflict and to provide guidance on recommended approaches and actions to address some of the root causes of conflict. This understanding can help staff diagnose a problem, support strategic planning, and develop projects and activities that build on
- [Renewable Energy and the United Nations: A Green Spark for Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/6-renewable-energy-and-the-united-nations-a-green-spark-for-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This report examines on how electricity access is the intersection between energy and conflict in South Sudan. The report identifies a number of challenges that hinder investment in electricity projects, such as fragile economy and insecurity. Finally, the report provides some recommendations on how to increase access to electricity can contribute to peace and development
- [Results in Resilience: Identifying Opportunities to Enhance Community Resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/5-results-in-resilience-identifying-opportunities-to-enhance-community-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - This report assesses the community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) approaches in South Sudan. It identifies challenges with the implementation of the CBDRM in the country, such as exclusion of youth and women from decision making process. To enhance the community resilience, it provides some recommendations on disaster risk reduction infrastructure and capacity building for the
- [Financing Food Security: Promises and Pitfalls of the Humanitarian - Development - Peace Nexus in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/financing-food-security-promises-and-pitfalls-of-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus-in-south-sudan/) - This study explores the potential for donor governments and institutions to support the operationalization of the humanitarian, development and peacebuilding (HDP) nexus to respond to the food insecurity crisis in South Sudan and the challenges it presents. South Sudan faces one of the worst hunger crises in the world. Violent conflict, climate shocks and widespread
- [South Sudan’s decades of displacement: Understanding return and questioning reintegration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/3-south-sudans-decades-of-displacement-understanding-return-and-questioning-reintegration/) - This study explores the experiences of displacement, return and reintegration among South Sudanese refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). The study identifies a number of challenges that hamper return, such as floods, droughts and insecurity. Finally, it provides a set of recommendations on the design of policies and programmes that can facilitate potential return
- [Working together for peace: Lessons learned from supporting local conflict prevention & resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2-working-together-for-peace-lessons-learned-from-supporting-local-conflict/) - Based on cases studies from the two neighbouring communities of Payinjair of Unity State and Yirol East of Lakes State, the paper examines the effectiveness of local level conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms. The paper finds that local level mechanisms was instrumental in dispute resolution and violence reduction between them. It shares some insights and
- [Implications of the Conflict in Ukraine on Food Access and Availability in the East Africa Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/implications-of-the-conflict-in-ukraine-on-food-access-and-availability-in-the-east-africa-region/) - This WFP’s update highlights the effects of the conflict in Ukraine on availability and access to food in the East Africa region. The update documents that the price of a local food basket in the region has increased by 55.6 percent in twelve months as a result of the rise in energy prices and inflation.
- [Briefing Paper: Strengthening responses to conflict-related sexual violence against boys deprived of their liberty in situations of armed conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-paper-strengthening-responses-to-conflict-related-sexual-violence-against-boys-deprived-of-their-liberty-in-situations-of-armed-conflict/) - This discussion paper examines the intersection between detention and the exposure to the risk of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) among boys in eight conflict-affected countries, including South Sudan. The paper documents a high prevalence of CRSV among boys, though lower than the proportion of girls. To address the social, physical and psychological harms associated with
- [Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons in Sub-Saharan Africa: Using UN Reports on Arms Embargoes to Identify Sources, Challenges and Policy Measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/illicit-small-arms-and-light-weapons-in-sub-saharan-africa-using-un-reports-on-arms-embargoes-to-identify-sources-challenges-and-policy-measures/) - This SIPRI Policy Report synthesizes the data on small arms and light weapons (SALW) diversion from the United Nations Panel of Experts reports on the five UN arms embargoes in place in sub-Saharan Africa in 2022—on the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan (Darfur region). The report
- [Re-thinking approaches to the international constitutional assistance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/re-thinking-approaches-to-the-international-constitutional-assistance-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is a country with longstanding history of international assistance. In fact, her hard-won independence was birthed in part through external financial and political backstopping. Certain international actors have since deepened their engagement by supporting constitutional designs dating as far back as 2005. They also continue to support humanitarian aid, capacity development, and policy
- ['And Everything Became War': Warrap State since the Signing of the R-ARCSS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/and-everything-became-war-warrap-state-since-the-signing-of-the-r-arcss/) - In Warrap state, home to South Sudanese President Salva Kiir and much of the country's political and military elite, many hoped that the signing of a peace agreement in 2018 would bring an end to the violence that had scarred their country for the previous five years. Instead, in Warrap, violence intensified, and pitted communities
- [Connecting Disasters and Climate Change to the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/connecting-disasters-and-climate-change-to-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus/) - As climate change increasingly affects the world, much is said about the rising amounts of aid required to support emergency response, long-term development to adapt, and peacebuilding to ensure that conflict does not undermine these efforts. Bringing these ideas together, some advocate for the addition of a separate climate change stream into the humanitarian, development,
- [Challenges to small arms and light weapons control in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenges-to-small-arms-and-light-weapons-control-in-south-sudan/) - The evolution of armed violence and insecurity and the proliferation of SALW in South Sudan are closely linked to the security context – which is marked by an excess of armed groups, ethnic and tribal militias, local self-defence groups, and widespread ownership of firearms among cattle herders and young people. In this report, we explore
- [Transforming Agriculture in South Sudan: From Humanitarian Aid to a Development Oriented Growth Path](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transforming-agriculture-in-south-sudan-from-humanitarian-aid-to-a-development-oriented-growth-path/) - FAO teamed up with the World Bank on this strategic analysis of the investment, policy and institutional support needed to shift South Sudan’s agriculture sector from humanitarian relief to a development-oriented growth path. The team carried out a thorough review of lessons learned in South Sudan and other conflict-affected countries and held consultations with a
- [Evidence for Action: What Works to Prevent Conflict-Related Sexual Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/evidence-for-action-what-works-to-prevent-conflict-related-sexual-violence/) - This report presents a high-level synthesis of existing evidence and practice on CRSV and other forms of VAWG in conflict affected settings, based on a detailed literature review and consultations with humanitarian stakeholders and survivors’ groups and networks. It identifies entry points from the evidence that can be used to shape effective efforts by the humanitarian and women, peace, and security (WPS) communities
- [South Sudan: African Union’s abandoned commitment to justice in Africa: The case of the hybrid court for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-african-unions-abandoned-commitment-to-justice-in-africa-the-case-of-the-hybrid-court-for-south-sudan/) - It is seven years since the first peace deal was signed in South Sudan and with it a commitment made to set up a African Union-backed up Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS) to investigate and prosecute war crimes and other human rights violations committed in the conflict since 2011. But the creation of the
- [The Meaningful Participation of Women in Solving Our Common Crises: Gendered Perspectives on Climate Change and the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-meaningful-participation-of-women-in-solving-our-common-crises-gendered-perspectives-on-climate-change-and-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus/) - Often compounding each other, current trends including climate change, environmental degradation, and increased consumption associated with unsustainable development and population growth, present serious threats to human security at global, national, and local levels. These trends are destabilizing economies, negating development gains, exacerbating gender-based violence against women and girls, and undermining global peace and security. This
- [Anticipating, Mitigating, and Responding to Crises: How Do Information Problems Constrain Action?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/anticipating-mitigating-and-responding-to-crises-how-do-information-problems-constrain-action/) - The explosion in data availability, new analytical tools, and increasing humanitarian need and the imperative of anticipatory action compels us to rethink humanitarian information systems and humanitarian action for the future. Drawing on interviews with humanitarian practitioners, donors, analysts, and researchers and analyses of Early Warning (EW) and information systems and their linkages to Anticipatory
- [Joint Health Staff Survey - Protection of Health Care South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/joint-health-staff-survey-protection-of-health-care-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is the world's most dangerous country to be an aid worker. Frontline health care workers are particularly at risk: five health staff were killed in the first six months of this year. To better understand this violence against health care, IRC, MedAir, Children Aid South Sudan, Impact Health Organization, The Rescue Initiative South
- [A gendered impact of the hunger and drought crisis in the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-gendered-impact-of-the-hunger-and-drought-crisis-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - With increasing numbers of drought-affected people in the region coupled with inflation and the impacts of the Ukraine war, there is a need to have a structured approach on how to respond to drought-related humanitarian concerns. The impact of the drought in the Horn of Africa has led to loss of livelihoods, food insecurity, malnutrition,
- [South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview 2023 (November 2022)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview-2023-november-2022/) - The 2023 South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) focuses on the humanitarian needs of the internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees and vulnerable host communities/non-displaced people in South Sudan and in the Abyei Administrative Area. A staggering 9.3 million (76%) of South Sudan’s population are now in need, driven by long-term deterioration in food security and
- [Taxation and Civicness in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/taxation-and-civicness-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief identifies how three different eras of tax practices continue to inform extractive governance outcomes in South Sudan. The first commenced during colonial occupation of the country from 1899-1956. The next emerged during waves of coercive rebel and Khartoum-led tax practices from 1956 to 2005, and the present era of fragmented taxation and
- [The Periphery Cannot Hold: Upper Nile since the Signing of the R-ARCSS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-periphery-cannot-hold-upper-nile-since-the-signing-of-the-r-arcss/) - Upper Nile is in chaos. A once durable alliance between the national government in Juba and the Padang Dinka in Malakal has given way to a much more uncertain situation, in which the regime of South Sudanese President Salva Kiir sets feuding elites against each other. Disorder has proved an effective tool of rule. In
- [Flood, Displacement and violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/flood-displacement-and-violence-in-south-sudan/) - This interactive report explores how flooding intersects with displacement and violence in South Sudan. Using the case of Jonglei state, the report finds that the recurrent flooding have displaced hundreds of thousands of Jonglei’s population to Equatoria region, and this has sparked competition and conflict over resources, especially between migrating herders and the host communities.
- [Public Authority: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/public-authority-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents a summary of findings about citizens’ perceptions of public authority from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. Respondents shared their views on a range of governance issues, including about whom they trusted to make decisions about their community. Findings suggest that political leaders need to make more targeted efforts
- [Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan: Longitudinal Findings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan-longitudinal-findings/) - This report presents findings about South Sudanese citizens’ perceptions of peace from a survey in 2021-2022. The three-wave survey recorded the views of 8,843 people from 12 counties across 9 states and special administrative areas, covering urban, rural and IDP camp environments. Respondents were asked questions about their daily experiences of safety, based on indicators
- [Practising peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/practising-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - The purpose of the paper is to reflect on peacebuilding approaches and methodologies adopted by the UK’s Peacebuilding Opportunities Fund (POF) within conflict affected communities for the purpose of drawing relevant lessons for peacebuilding interventions in South Sudan. The paper identifies both learning that strengthens peacebuilding engagement and informs what can be done better when
- [Towards Dealing with the Past in Greater Jonglei: Learning from the Pieri Action Plan for Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/towards-dealing-with-the-past-in-greater-jonglei-learning-from-the-pieri-action-plan-for-peace/) - The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the Pieri Action Plan for Peace to explore learning to inform the direction of future organisational peace programming in Jonglei State. It does so by drawing on an established Dealing with the Past conceptual framework which has been used in many conflict and post-conflict environments.
- [What is Known About Capacity and Coordination of Social Assistance Programmes in Crisis Situations?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-is-known-about-capacity-and-coordination-of-social-assistance-programmes-in-crisis-situations/) - This paper reviews the literature and documented evidence on capacity and coordination issues in crisis situations, where social protection and humanitarian assistance intersect. The paper finds that while there is a burgeoning literature that mentions capacity and coordination, very little of this focuses on crisis situations. Although both terms are mentioned frequently, they are rarely
- [Gender and access to justice in Uganda's refugee settlements: The experiences of South Sudanese refugees, September 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-and-access-to-justice-in-ugandas-refugee-settlements-the-experiences-of-south-sudanese-refugees-september-2022/) - This paper explores the gendered nature of access to justice among South Sudanese refugees in Uganda’s settlements. It draws on qualitative research conducted in the three refugee hosting districts of Lamwo, Adjumani and Kiryandongo, between July and September 2021, including 73 individual interviews and groups discussions with a range of officials and refugees. The objectives
- [Elections: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/elections-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents a summary of findings about citizens’ perceptions of upcoming national elections, from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. National elections are meant to be the endpoint of South Sudan’s political transition. Data collected before the announcement of the extension of the transitional period demonstrates strong support from South Sudanese
- [Security and Governance: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/security-and-governance-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents the headline findings about citizens’ perceptions of security and governance from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. Respondents shared their views on a range of governance topics, from power sharing to the implications of army unification. Respondents who were otherwise divided about how the government should rule rallied around
- [National Identity: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-identity-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents a summary of findings about citizens’ perceptions of national identity from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. Findings can inform discussions about national identity and nation-building in the context of South Sudan’s transitional process. Survey data shows that people retain a great deal of pride in their South Sudanese
- [National Identity: National Survey on Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-identity-national-survey-on-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Perceptions matter. People’s views on peace and security shape how they perceive peace processes with real world consequences. More optimistic views on prospects for peace among a population can give people a stake in their political future and help to generate political momentum for transitional processes. Positive perceptions of peace can reduce the attraction of
- [The food insecurity gap and protracted humanitarian crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-food-insecurity-gap-and-protracted-humanitarian-crisis/) - In 2022, record-high food prices, supply-chain disruptions and increasing climate and conflict risks are causing millions of people across the globe to face worsening levels of food insecurity. But the trend toward greater food insecurity is not simply a product of current events. The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2022 highlights that the population
- [Constructing Corruption: Identifying the Enablers Helping Build Violent Kleptocracies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/constructing-corruption-identifying-the-enablers-helping-build-violent-kleptocracies/) - This report looks beyond borders and reviews how enablers—including banks, financial institutions, and professionals, as well as less recognized international operators and insiders—help operate a “successful” kleptocratic regime. It highlights the importance of these enablers and their links to illicit financial flows and associated conflict and human rights abuses, and it provides a checklist for
- [Enhancing resilience in fragile context: evidence from a randomized experiment in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-resilience-in-fragile-context-evidence-from-a-randomized-experiment-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is the youngest state in the world. Yet, since its independence, several shocks and crises brought food security to the edge of collapse. Both humanitarian and development agencies have adopted multisector interventions to enhance resilience. This paper provides data-driven evidence from a randomized impact evaluation in Sudan's Eastern Equatoria state. The intervention adopted
- [Food security and corruption](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-security-and-corruption/) - Corruption can worsen food insecurity in several ways, such as by affecting food availability (for example, by reducing the small farmers food production capabilities) or because households have to spend money on bribes that would otherwise be destined for food. Corruption is also predicted to aggravate the current food crisis. There are several corruption risks
- [Resistant Resilience: Agency and Resilience Among Refugees Resisting Humanitarian Corruption in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/resistant-resilience-agency-and-resilience-among-refugees-resisting-humanitarian-corruption-in-uganda/) - Resilience is a dominant humanitarian-development theme. Nonetheless, some humanitarian-development programmes have demonstrably negative impacts which encourage vulnerable people to actively resist these programmes. Based on 12 months ethnographic fieldwork in a Ugandan refugee settlement during 2017–18, this paper argues refugee residents articulated their refusal of humanitarian failure and corruption through active, largely non-political, resistance. I term
- [The Cost of Being Female: Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) of Displaced Female Youth in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-cost-of-being-female-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-mhpss-of-displaced-female-youth-in-south-sudan-and-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/) - In following the lives of displaced female youth in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, the research team was struck by how central mental health—in particular poor mental health and psychosocial functioning (MHPSS)—was to the lives of the study participants. This briefing paper outlines the general situation of displaced female youth—unmarried, married, divorced,
- [Ripping off the Band Aid: Putting people at the centre of the humanitarian system](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ripping-off-the-band-aid-putting-people-at-the-centre-of-the-humanitarian-system/) - Millions of people in East Africa are on the brink of famine. Hundreds of millions more around the world continue to starve. In a world where there is enough food for everyone it is an outrage that people die of hunger, that governments and markets cannot make sure there is enough food available and affordable
- [No context is too challenging: Promoting, doing and achieving inclusion in the humanitarian response in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/1-no-context-is-too-challenging-promoting-doing-and-achieving-inclusion-in-the-humanitarian-response-in-south-sudan/) - Disability inclusion has become a crucial issue for humanitarian action, at least at the international policy level. However, little is known about how humanitarian actors are “doing inclusion” in practice. With a case study on South Sudan, this article examines whether the increase in publications, policy tools and guidelines has made humanitarian action more inclusive
- [Analysis: Addressing livestock disputes with courts of former cattle camp leaders in Yirol East, Lakes state](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/analysis-addressing-livestock-disputes-with-courts-of-former-cattle-camp-leaders-in-yirol-east-lakes-state/) - In early September 2021, a group of men sat in the shade of a tree in Nyang, the capital of Yirol East County. The men – some of them former cattle camp leaders – engaged in a lively discussion about livestock. In February 2021, state authorities had temporarily introduced mobile courts made up of former
- [Examining the Prospects of Consociational Power-Sharing as a Conflict Resolution Strategy in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/examining-the-prospects-of-consociational-power-sharing-as-a-conflict-resolution-strategy-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan has not escaped the world’s attention even after the signing of the infamous Revitalized Peace Agreement in September 2018 that, for the 12th time, brought the two antagonists –Kiir and Dr. Machar, to the negotiation table since the conflict began in 2013. Even with the aura of a shaky peace, the main question
- [It takes a Village to Raise a Child: South Sudan’s Reengagement Strategy with Key International Financial Institutions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/it-takes-a-village-to-raise-a-child-south-sudans-reengagement-strategy-with-key-international-financial-institutions/) - On July 29, 2022, the IMF Executive Board concluded the Article IV consultation with the Republic of South Sudan, and the Management extended the Staff-Monitored Program (SMP), which will allow the authorities to deliver on the remaining structural benchmarks. Accordingly, the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) has enabled the
- [Fragmentation of Peacemaking in South Sudan: Reality and Perception](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fragmentation-of-peacemaking-in-south-sudan-reality-and-perception-2/) - Attempts to manage and resolve the conflict in South Sudan have seen the involvement of numerous international actors, including neighbouring countries—namely Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya—the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the African Union (AU), the so-called Troika (United States, United Kingdom, and Norway), as well as the EU, China and the UN. Interviews with
- [Amending the South Sudan’s Revitalized Peace Agreement: The Implications of the Extension and its Roadmap](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/amending-the-south-sudans-revitalized-peace-agreement-the-implications-of-the-extension-and-its-roadmap/) - On 4 August 2022, the Parties to the Revitalized Peace Agreement agreed to extend the Transitional Period for 24 months. The Parties, led by the Council of Ministers, acted under article 8.4 of the Agreement which provides a three-stage procedure for amending the Agreement. The three stages include: (1) approval by two-thirds of the Council
- [Implementation of “Do No Harm” by UN Peacekeepers in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/implementation-of-do-no-harm-by-un-peacekeepers-in-south-sudan/) - Two years after the formation of a transitional unity government that includes South Sudanese President Salva Kiir, his long-time rival Riek Machar, and other opposition leaders, the context in South Sudan is dire. Progress in the implementation of the 2018 Revitalized Peace Agreement─which sought to end a brutal five-year civil war that has resulted in
- [Making the Nexus Real: Moving from theory to practice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-the-nexus-real-moving-from-theory-to-practice/) - This report explores both the nexus (small n), as a way of programming, and the HDP Nexus approach (capital N) also called the Triple Nexus, as the approach promoted by the UN and OECD/ DAC, to include necessary ways organizations must work together to be able to o!er programming that achieves our desired impacts.
- [Fragmentation of Peacemaking in South Sudan: Reality and Perception](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fragmentation-of-peacemaking-in-south-sudan-reality-and-perception/) - Attempts to manage and resolve the conflict in South Sudan have seen the involvement of numerous international actors, including neighbouring countries—namely Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya—the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the African Union (AU), the so-called Troika (United States, United Kingdom, and Norway), as well as the EU, China and the UN. Interviews with
- [Women's participation and influence in transitions from conflict: The case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/womens-participation-and-influence-in-transitions-from-conflict-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - Focusing on the peace talks process as a driver of change, this case study explores how women participated in and influenced processes of constitutional reform and transitional justice in the post-civil war political settlement, as well as the challenges and limitations of their activities. Following its independence in 2011 from Sudan, the 2013–2018 civil war
- [Community perception of humanitarian assistance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-perception-of-humanitarian-assistance-in-south-sudan/) - This report assess community perceptions of humanitarian assistance in South Sudan. It is based on Accountability to Affected Populations (AAP), protection and conflict sensitivity data from the 2021 expanded Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System (FSNMS+)assessment and seeks to inform an evidence-based approach to community-centred, accountable, and conflict sensitive response planning to support the operationalisation
- [To dredge or not to dredge the White Nile’s tributaries: is the cart before the horse?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/to-dredge-or-not-to-dredge-the-white-niles-tributaries-is-the-cart-before-the-horse/) - Social media is teeming with mixed reactions to Egypt’s plan to dredge the Bahr el Ghazal River to reduce the flood risks in South Sudan. In addition to the mixed public reactions, South Sudanese officials continue to contradict one another in the media, signifying lack of consensus on the project within the government. The Press
- [Local conflict, population dynamics and climate anomalies in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-conflict-population-dynamics-and-climate-anomalies-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - This report explores the association between climate anomalies, population dynamics, conflict and organised violence in Sudan and South Sudan, at the sub-national level and for the years 1989-2015. The analyses are conducted using a spatial approach and with geocoded information on organized violence events, climate anomalies and population dynamics. Our results indicate a positive correlation
- [UN Sanctions as Leverage in Mediation Processes?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-sanctions-as-leverage-in-mediation-processes/) - This article analyzes the role of UN sanctions in the context of peace negotiations in South Sudan from the outbreak of the civil war in December 2013 until the signing of the peace agreement in August 2015. Drawing on the literature regarding third-party intervention in civil wars, it explores whether the UN sanctions regime—established in
- [The Cultural Problematic in Narratives of Violence against Women and Girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-cultural-problematic-in-narratives-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) is endemic in South Sudan. Approaches to end VAWG are barely making a dent in prevalence figures. Global evidence tells us that ending VAWG in conflict-ridden contexts is challenging on many levels. Our research points to the need for social and gender norm change approaches to be better contextualised
- [Better Together? Prospects and Lessons for Improving Coordination and Collaboration between Humanitarians and Peacebuilders in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/better-together-prospects-and-lessons-for-improving-coordination-and-collaboration-between-humanitarians-and-peacebuilders-in-south-sudan/) - Improving collaboration, coordination and learning between humanitarians and peacebuilders is an ongoing challenge. Despite their different approaches, both groups need to rise to this challenge to help achieve their shared goal for the future of South Sudan – that South Sudanese live prosperous, dignified, and secure lives. This paper seeks to provide with a clearer
- [How African Organisations Envision Peacemaking: AU, IGAD and SADC policies and structures for African solutions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-african-organisations-envision-peacemaking-au-igad-and-sadc-policies-and-structures-for-african-solutions/) - The African Union (AU) and Regional Economic Communities (REC) have become pivotal peacemakers in the two decades since they began the construction of a joint African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) with the objective to provide “African solutions to African problems.” The African organisations have developed normative policy frameworks and organisational structures for mediation and
- [Gender norms, conflict sensitivity and transition in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-norms-conflict-sensitivity-and-transition-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan continues to face recurring violent conflict, food insecurity, corruption, and poverty. Despite positive shifts within national legislation on gender equality, political, social, and economic power in South Sudanese society continues to reflect the deep patriarchy within society. The role of women and men, reflecting the gender norms of their respective cultural milieus, in
- [CSRF Context update: (October 2021-March 2022)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-context-update-october-2021-march-2022/) - This context update aims to support a conflict-sensitive approach to decision making by aid actors and policy makers in South Sudan through an improved understanding of South Sudan’s context, conflict dynamics and how aid actors interact with the context. The analysis by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is based on secondary data from various
- [The new state of South Sudan and the hydro-politics of the Nile Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-new-state-of-south-sudan-and-the-hydro-politics-of-the-nile-basin/) - This article discusses South Sudan’s history and politics of water security from 1959 to present. It argues that South Sudan, as a new independent state, faces a number of challenges, not only with Sudan over border demarcation, Abyei, and the potential resumption of Jonglei Canal, but also with the 11 Nile Basic Countries over sharing
- [Life after marriage: an analysis of the experiences of conflict-affected female youth who are married under age 18 in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/life-after-marriage-an-analysis-of-the-experiences-of-conflict-affected-female-youth-who-are-married-under-age-18-in-south-sudan-and-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/) - This briefing paper examines the experiences of life after marriage for female youth who married under the age of 18 in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This paper outlines the wide range of personal experiences following early marriage. It also describes the intersection between education and early marriage; mental health and
- [National Survey on Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-survey-on-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This report summarizes findings of a national survey on perceptions of peace in South Sudan. In August and September 2021, 2,276 respondents were surveyed across 8 primary locations – Aweil, Bentiu, Bor, Juba, Malakal, Pibor, Wau, and Yei – and 25 secondary locations (including IDP settlements and villages outside of these towns). The survey documents
- [Scenarios for South Sudan in 2025](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/scenarios-for-south-sudan-in-2025/) - In short, the four scenarios are: 1. Best Case Scenario: A peaceful country... 2. Status Quo: Many uncertainties, selective implementation of R-ARCSS, latent friction among the parties with top leadership of the country seemingly working in collaboration and ostensibly trying to implement reform and transformation agenda of R-ARCSS. However, this is done in accordance with
- [The Logic of Protection Approaches Four Models to Safeguard Civilians from Harm](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-logic-of-protection-approaches-four-models-to-safeguard-civilians-from-harm/) - Every day, civilians suffer in violent conflicts. Attacks by armed forces, militias and rebel groups have left and continue to leave thousands dead or injured, and have resulted in the forced displacement of millions of people. To mitigate or end such violations, different actors – including NGOs, the UN, military forces, religious groups, and community
- [War, Migration and Work: Agricultural Labour and Cross-Border Migration from Northern Bahr el-Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-migration-and-work-agricultural-labour-and-cross-border-migration-from-northern-bahr-el-ghazal/) - The report "War, Migration and Work" examines the history of labour migration and labour relations in present day South Sudan's Baher El-Ghazal borderlands with Darfur and Kordofan (regions of present day Sudan). Beginning in the nineteenth century, the report charts the evolution of the labour system from slavery to present-day forms of wage-labour, based on
- ["If you don’t cooperate, I’ll gun you down”: Conflict-related sexual violence and impunity in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-you-dont-cooperate-ill-gun-you-down-conflict-related-sexual-violence-and-impunity-in-south-sudan/) - The United Nations Security Council must renew its arms embargo on the territory of South Sudan amid the state’s failure to ensure accountability for conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) and to protect survivors, witnesses and judicial actors, Amnesty International said today in a new report. The report,“If you don’t cooperate, I’ll gun you down”: conflict-related sexual
- [UN Peacekeeping and Protection of Civilians from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-peacekeeping-and-protection-of-civilians-from-sexual-and-gender-based-violence/) - This report examines how missions are implementing their mandates to protect civilians from SGBV, including CRSV, and assesses good practices, gaps, and opportunities for improvement. The report draws on lessons learned from the UN missions in South Sudan (UNMISS) and the DRC (MONUSCO). It considers how the complexities of preventing and responding to SGBV necessitate
- [Negotiating Disarmament – The Gender Dimension: Barriers to the Inclusion of Women in Disarmament Negotiations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-disarmament-the-gender-dimension-barriers-to-the-inclusion-of-women-in-disarmament-negotiations/) - Disarmament is seen as a key means of preventing conflict recurrence. Women are disproportionately affected by weapons: small arms and light weapons used during conflict are often used post-conflict to commit gender-based violence, and explosive weapons in populated areas can severely limit women’s access to public spaces. Women are involved both as part of armed
- [The Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan-r-arcss/) - Only two years after South Sudan gained its independence in 2011, the power struggle between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar resulted in an atrocious civil war. In 2015, the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS), which was brokered by the Intergovernmental
- [The Impact of Food Insecurity on Women and Girls: Research from Pibor and Akobo counties, Jonglei State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-impact-of-food-insecurity-on-women-and-girls-research-from-pibor-and-akobo-counties-jonglei-state-south-sudan/) - This briefing presents research undertaken in the midst of a critical food insecurity crisis in Pibor and Akobo counties in order to understand its impact on the lives of women and girls. The research found that women and girls’ household chores, their livelihood opportunities and their access to education have all been impacted. It also
- [The Tragedy of the Unregulated: Why the Government should Reform the Charcoal Sector](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-tragedy-of-the-unregulated-why-the-government-should-reform-the-charcoal-sector/) - Charcoal is increasingly becoming a primary energy choice, accounting for 96% of cooking fuel for the growing urban population of South Sudan (NBS, 2012; Tiitmamer & Anai, 2018). Yet not much is known about the level of government regulation to make the woodfuel, especially the charcoal sector, sustainable. Using individual interviews and focus group discussions
- [Forced Displacement Global Paper: How do we address forced displacement from the perspective of those most at risk?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/forced-displacement-global-paper-how-do-we-address-forced-displacement-from-the-perspective-of-those-most-at-risk/) - Around the world, forced displacement is on the rise. Growing numbers are affected by disasters and, instead of safe, controlled evacuation and where necessary re-settlement, the average length of displacement is 20 years. Further, one in four displaced persons end up in urban informal settlements, often on the edge of cities. It is also critical
- [Child labour, Education and Commodification in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-labour-education-and-commodification-in-south-sudan-2/) - Until the latter part of the twentieth century, South Sudanese boys and girls grew food on household farms for their families to eat. Under this system, children’s work and education were hard to distinguish. Today, however, many boys and girls work for money outside of their household farm and use the money to support their
- [Child Labour, Education and Commodification in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-labour-education-and-commodification-in-south-sudan/) - Until the latter part of the twentieth century, South Sudanese boys and girls grew food on household farms for their families to eat. Under this system, children’s work and education were hard to distinguish. Today, however, many boys and girls work for money outside of their household farm and use the money to support their
- [The longue durée of short-lived infrastructure – Roads and state authority in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-longue-duree-of-short-lived-infrastructure-roads-and-state-authority-in-south-sudan/) - Drawing on the literature on the temporalities of infrastructure, this article focuses on the cyclical assertion of centralized authority through road-building in South Sudan, where roads are repeatedly built, projects paused, roads ruined, and then rebuilt again. The landscapes of South Sudan are littered with the decaying infrastructure projects of previous governments and political visions,
- [RJMEC report on the status of implementation of the revitalised agreement on the resolution of the conflict in the Republic of South Sudan for the period 1st January to 31st March 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rjmec-report-on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan-for-the-period-1st-january-to-31st-march-2022/) - This report on the status of implementation of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) covers the period from 1 January to 31 March 2022. It is to be noted that with just over two years since the formation of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National
- [Implications of Ukraine Conflict on Food Access and Availability in the Eastern Africa Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/implications-of-ukraine-conflict-on-food-access-and-availability-in-the-eastern-africa-region/) - Wheat and wheat products account for one third of the average national cereal consumption in the Eastern Africa Region, with highest consumption per capita in Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan. Yet, 84 percent of wheat demand in the region is met by imports. The invasion of Ukraine has already had a negative impact on global wheat
- [Complementary approaches between international and local protection advocacy: ‘Don’t speak for me, I’ll speak for myself’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/complementary-approaches-between-international-and-local-protection-advocacy-dont-speak-for-me-ill-speak-for-myself/) - The value of complementary approaches between international humanitarian and local or national actors to carrying out advocacy to strengthen protection of civilians in situations of armed conflict is well-recognised. The growing push to ‘localise’ humanitarian action has strengthened understanding that national actors are critical frontline advocates for protection of affected populations. Integrating this understanding into
- [Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-south-sudan-2/) - The recent flooding in South Sudan is the worst in over 60 years. South Sudan is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including droughts and flooding. Both long-term climate change, such as the gradual increase in temperatures, and short-term extreme climate events, like increased flooding, have indirect and interlinked implications for peace and
- [Social Cohesion and Refugee-Host Interactions: Evidence from East AfricaSocial Cohesion and Refugee-Host Interactions: Evidence from East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/social-cohesion-and-refugee-host-interactions-evidence-from-east-africasocial-cohesion-and-refugee-host-interactions-evidence-from-east-africa/) - Building upon the literature on contact theory, this paper explores the role of inter-group interaction in shaping social cohesion between refugees and host communities in East Africa. It draws upon first-hand quantitative (n=16,608) and qualitative data collected from refugees and nearby host communities in urban and camp-like contexts in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Focusing on
- [South Sudan - Building Resources & Shelter Practices](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-building-resources-shelter-practices/) - Seasonal floods are a common and extended problem across several regions in South Sudan, causing considerable damage to houses, crops, and livelihoods. In this context, new housing and shelter solutions, besides being flood resilient, should take into account the native construction customs and locally available materials so as to better fit into the building culture
- [South Sudan’s Splintered Opposition: Preventing More Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-splintered-opposition-preventing-more-conflict/) - President Salva Kiir reached deals in January with major opposition commanders who broke away from his main rival Vice President Riek Machar. The accords are a mixed bag, opening space for resolving bitter wrangling over the northern city of Malakal but increasing odds of wider infighting among opposition ex-comrades. The agreements deal with two flashpoint
- [The Ilemi Triangle: Understanding a pastoralist border area](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-ilemi-triangle-understanding-a-pastoralist-border-area/) - The PAX report offers an up-to-date account of the dynamics around the Ilemi Triangle, including a deep dive into the interests and perspectives of affected communities. It argues why and how their rights and interests are to be considered in order to resolve the Ilemi question conclusively as well as peacefully. Download
- [A Faulty Prescription? Critiquing Joint Security Units after Peace Agreements in Sudan, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-faulty-prescription-critiquing-joint-security-units-after-peace-agreements-in-sudan-south-sudan-and-the-central-african-republic/) - This article critiques the prescription of joint security units called for by civil war peace agreements as a means to integrate armed forces previously in conflict. Drawing on cases from Sudan, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic, this article offers a comparative assessment of the joint security units attempted in each country. As negotiators
- [Better ways to build peace and resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/better-ways-to-build-peace-and-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - Against a backdrop of protracted conflict and civil war, South Sudan has experienced a series of stop-start peace processes. Innovative approaches are now needed at national and local level to address the root causes of violence. This report synthesises the findings of the Network for Innovative Resilience-Building in South Sudan. It shows the importance of
- [Democratic Elections in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/democratic-elections-in-south-sudan/) - Although fraught with numerous implementation issues, the Revitalized Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict (RARCSS) has been credited with bringing relative stability to South Sudan since 20181. The Agreement mandated the creation of a Unity Government, setting the stage for the Transitional Period, which is due to end in 2023. The moment of truth for
- [Disasters as Ambivalent Multipliers: Influencing the Pathways from Disaster to Conflict Risk and Peace Potential Through Disaster Risk Reduction](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disasters-as-ambivalent-multipliers-influencing-the-pathways-from-disaster-to-conflict-risk-and-peace-potential-through-disaster-risk-reduction/) - Disasters, including disaster-related activities, have been shown to precipitate, intensify, and lengthen violent conflicts, yet disasters have also demonstrated the potential to reduce violent conflict, encourage cooperation, and build peace. Disaster-conflict and disaster-peace literature has sought to establish causal and linear relationships, but research has not explored with the same rigour the causal mechanisms linking
- [Path dependency when prioritising disaster and humanitarian response under high levels of conflict: a qualitative case study in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/path-dependency-when-prioritising-disaster-and-humanitarian-response-under-high-levels-of-conflict-a-qualitative-case-study-in-south-sudan/) - In high-conflict scenarios, humanitarian needs often surpass resources, and humanitarians are faced with ongoing challenges of whom to prioritise and where to work. This process is often referred to as ‘targeting’, but this article uses the concept of ‘triage’ to emphasise how prioritisation is a continuous and political process, rather than a one-off exercise to
- [Faith in localisation? The experiences of local faith actors engaging with the international humanitarian system in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/faith-in-localisation-the-experiences-of-local-faith-actors-engaging-with-the-international-humanitarian-system-in-south-sudan/) - Localisation, as it aims to shift power in the humanitarian system, will involve the increased inclusion of local faith actors, those national and local faith-affiliated groups and organisations that are often first, and last, responders in crises and have been responding in humanitarian contexts for many years, but often in parallel to humanitarian coordination mechanisms.
- [Report on the status of implementation of the R-ARCSS (October - December)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/report-on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-r-arcss-october-december/) - This report on the status of implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) covers the period from 1 October to 31 December 2021. It provides a status update on progress or lack thereof in the implementation of the tasks of the R-ARCSS during the
- [Voices on the Conflict in Malakal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/voices-on-the-conflict-in-malakal/) - This study was undertaken in August-October 2021 on behalf of PAX. It was conceived in the context of human security considerations in the anticipated reclassification of the Protection of Civilians (PoC) site in Malakal. The aim was to understand the perspectives of the various communities of Malakal as well as other key stakeholders on how
- [Transformative Justice in South Sudan: The Transformative Potential of a Contextualized Transitional Justice Process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/229868/) - This chapter takes the ongoing conflict in South Sudan as a starting point for assessing the concept of transitional justice as such and its implementation in the country in particular. Following a brief description of the conflict and the peace processes, the author sheds light on the shortcomings of the established concept of transitional justice
- [South Sudan: Human Rights Priorities for the Government of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-human-rights-priorities-for-the-government-of-south-sudan/) - This briefing paper draws on the work of our organizations over the last decade and credible secondary sources, including UN reports. It proposes ten priorities that should form the basis of a comprehensive human rights agenda that are based on South Sudan’s existing obligations in the Bill of Rights, international and regional law treaties, customary
- [Making or Breaking Silos? Resilience programming in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-or-breaking-silos-resilience-programming-in-south-sudan/) - Resilience has been a commonly used concept among development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding actors in South Sudan for some years and putting it into practice has become increasingly relevant in the current context. There are a variety of ways in which resilience is interpreted and practiced in South Sudan. This can impact on coordination and learning
- [Do Not Forget: Aiding and Protecting Civilians in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/do-not-forget-aiding-and-protecting-civilians-in-south-sudan/) - As Security Council members prepare to renew the UNMISS mandate in March 2022, they should reinforce the mission with increased resources and stepped-up diplomatic engagement. The year ahead will come with risks of further political violence, which UNMISS should strive to prevent, especially as the 2023 elections approach. The UNMISS mandate must remain focused on
- [Supporting conflict sensitivity through country-focused facilities - Case Study: South Sudan CSRF](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/supporting-conflict-sensitivity-through-country-focused-facilities-case-study-south-sudan-csrf/) - This case study is one of three on the conflict sensitivity (CS) facilities in Libya, South Sudan, and Yemen that were produced between April and September 2021. It offers an overview about the origin, approaches, evolution and learning of the CSRF in South Sudan. Download
- [Checkpoint economy: the political economy of checkpoints in South Sudan, ten years after independence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/checkpoint-economy-the-political-economy-of-checkpoints-in-south-sudan-ten-years-after-independence/) - This report presents the results from a survey of the political economy of checkpoints along the major trade routes in South Sudan. Between April 2019 and April 2021, enumerators made 13 journeys along major overland and river routes and collected detailed information on the number and location of checkpoints, who operates them, who pays, and
- [The ticking clock in South Sudan could become a time bomb](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-ticking-clock-in-south-sudan-could-become-a-time-bomb/) - In February 2022, South Sudan's transitional unity government will be two years old, with just one year remaining to achieve the goals set out in the 2018 'revitalised' peace agreement. Although a fragile ceasefire is largely holding and some progress has been made towards implementing the agreement, most of its tasks remain undone. Download
- [Arms imports in the wake of embargoes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/arms-imports-in-the-wake-of-embargoes/) - Do states circumvent embargoes by supplying weapons across borders to sanctioned countries? We report evidence that arms imports systematically increase in the neighborhood of conflict states under an embargo. Using several alternative research-design specifications, we contend that this pattern is consistent with arms exporters shifting the arms trade to neighbors of conflict states under sanctions,
- [Studying Insecurity from Relative Safety — Dealing with Methodological Blind Spots](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/studying-insecurity-from-relative-safety-dealing-with-methodological-blind-spots/) - Qualitative empirical enquiries into dynamics of security and insecurity often include a blind spot that bear theoretical ramifications because only those areas and respondents that allow for relatively safe fieldwork are studied. To transparently articulate the spheres of projection that creep into our knowledge production, we propose a distinction between inner and outer circles as
- [Strengthening Knowledge Ecosystems - South Sudan Case Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-knowledge-ecosystems-south-sudan-case-study/) - This case study provides an overview of research actors, knowledge producers and consumers in South Sudan. It provides entry points for research funders to strengthen the research sector in South Sudan and the exchange between science and policy for sustainable development. In order for the South Sudan knowledge ecosystem to turn into a more enabling
- [Localisation and conflict sensitivity: Lessons on good practice from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/localisation-and-conflict-sensitivity-lessons-on-good-practice-from-south-sudan/) - There is still much to be understood about South Sudan’s dynamic context. However, there is a wealth of existing research, knowledge, experience, and ongoing discussions around localisation in South Sudan. It is critical that the aid sector continues to prioritise spaces for deep reflection and open dialogue around what ‘localisation’ means in South Sudan, the
- [Negotiating Disarmament: Lessons Learnt from Colombia, Nepal, the Philippines, South Sudan, Sri Lanka](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-disarmament-lessons-learnt-from-colombia-nepal-the-philippines-south-sudan-sri-lanka/) - Disarmament is often characterized as a necessary condition for peace to prevail in the aftermath of civil conflicts. Yet implementation is contingent on what has been negotiated behind closed doors, a process that so far has received little attention. Without knowledge of the positions, motivations, and interests of parties involved in disarmament negotiations, our understanding
- [South Sudan’s transitional government: Realities, challenges and opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-transitional-government-realities-challenges-and-opportunities/) - South Sudan’s Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity provides a roadmap to resolve the country’s civil war. But the transition has not been smooth due to profound structural political disputes, deep-seated corruption, inter-communal conflicts and a shrinking economic base. This report analyses the challenges facing the transitional government and the opportunities for stabilisation. Download
- [Land, Conflict and Displacement in South Sudan: A Conflict-Sensitive Approach to Land Governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-conflict-and-displacement-in-south-sudan-a-conflict-sensitive-approach-to-land-governance/) - This paper provides an overview of land governance as it relates to problems of conflict and displacement in South Sudan. The goal is to help aid actors better understand the context in which they are operating and how they might limit the potential for unintended consequences from their interventions and maximise the contribution that they
- [Secession and border disputes in Africa: The case of Sudan and South Sudan border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/secession-and-border-disputes-in-africa-the-case-of-sudan-and-south-sudan-border/) - Conflicts in Africa are increasingly becoming violent and endemic. Many of these conflicts are related to crises of identities, struggles for resources and power contestations. A few of these conflicts escalate to self-determination, separatist movements, and secession. These conflicts mostly transcend national borders and trigger the alteration and redesigning of national borders, which itself becomes
- [Managing the Interests of the United States, China and Russia in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/managing-the-interests-of-the-united-states-china-and-russia-in-south-sudan/) - This article does not aim to extensively cover South Sudan’s relations with each of the three countries, but to provide an overview of the state of affairs of the relations. Thus, the article is more concerned with the way forward on how South Sudan should manage the competing interests of the three powers and utilize
- [No peace without youth: Continued calls for change in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-peace-without-youth-continued-calls-for-change-in-south-sudan/) - The UN Security Council Resolution 2250 on youth, peace and security (2015) calls for youth to be included in peace negotiations worldwide. In South Sudan, where 70 percent of the population is below the age of 30, youth have been included in the national dialogue aiming at ending violence and conflict in the country. A
- [Security and Justice Reform: Findings from the Conflict Research Programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/security-and-justice-reform-findings-from-the-conflict-research-programme/) - This memo summarises research on security and justice from CRP’s five sites – DRC, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria – plus additional research on Sudan. Findings suggests that standard strategies for security and justice reform are routinely undermined by the dynamics of conflict. Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration (DDR) policies
- [Distractions, Distortions and Dilemmas: The Externalities of Protecting Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/distractions-distortions-and-dilemmas-the-externalities-of-protecting-civilians-in-united-nations-peacekeeping/) - This article explores the unintended consequences associated with the protection of civilians (PoC) mandate in United Nations peacekeeping. Drawing primarily on two case studies – the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and South Sudan (UNMISS) – we advance three lines of argument. First, the gravitational pull of PoC can distract missions from other, often
- [War Versus Peace Logics at Local Levels: Findings from the Conflict Research Programme on Local Agreements and Community Level Mediation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-versus-peace-logics-at-local-levels-findings-from-the-conflict-research-programme-on-local-agreements-and-community-level-mediation/) - This memo summarises research on local agreements and community level mediation undertaken by the Conflict Research Programme (CRP) in five sites – DRC, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria in collaboration with the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP) and the Center for Security Studies in Zurich, Switzerland. The overall conclusion is that local talks and
- [Land Governance and the Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-governance-and-the-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - This paper examines how land governance – or the rules, processes, and structures through which decisions are made about access to land and its use, the manner in which the decisions are implemented and enforced, and the way that competing interests in land are managed – has interacted with the conflict in South Sudan. A
- [An Analysis of Debt Governance and Domestic Resource Mobilization (DRM): The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/an-analysis-of-debt-governance-and-domestic-resource-mobilization-drm-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - This report provides insights into how domestic resource mobilization and debt governance can be effective tools for economic transformation in South Sudan. The insights shall additionally generate knowledge and information that shall be used by parliamentarians and civic society for advocacy for reforms in the country’s fiscal governance sector. The knowledge and information sharing shall
- [The Role of Kuron Peace Village in Promoting Social Cohesion and Peaceful Co-existence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-kuron-peace-village-in-promoting-social-cohesion-and-peaceful-co-existence-in-south-sudan/) - Peace is a fundamental component of community development, personal growth, and the survival of our planet. At the heart of every faith community, and culture, lies a need to advance peaceful co-existence to enhance productive, meaningful lives and sustainable societies; participation and inclusion can also start from the point of understanding a conflict, from conflict
- [Oil or Nothing: Dealing with South Sudan’s Bleeding Finances](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-or-nothing-dealing-with-south-sudans-bleeding-finances/) - South Sudan’s rotten state finances are derailing the young country from its already fraught path to peace and stability after a brutal civil war. Top officials hold the country’s oil riches close, barring scrutiny of spending and allowing rampant misappropriation of funds. This slush-fund governance is at the heart of South Sudan’s system of winner-take-all
- [Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-and-insecurity-mapping-vulnerability-in-africa/) - This paper looks at effects of climate change on vulnerable countries in Africa. The authors note that countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and South Sudan are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they are less resilient and have weak governance systems. It also underscores how climate
- [Researching in Conflict: Interviews from the Bridge Network Archive](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/researching-in-conflict-interviews-from-the-bridge-network-archive/) - This paper documents experiences from the Bridge Network, a group of South Sudanese researchers, on how they conduct research in conflict setting. It outlines some of the challenges South Sudanese researchers face, including managing people’s expectations as well as convincing respondents to permit recording of interviews, and how they address these challenges. One researcher noted
- [Surface Tension: ‘Communal’ Violence and Elite Ambitions in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/surface-tension-communal-violence-and-elite-ambitions-in-south-sudan/) - The first of two papers, this analysis explores the magnitude and ramifications of ‘communal’ violence in South Sudan in recent years and challenges those who attempt to portray it as ‘ethnic’ or due to the absence of state control. Linking the increased incidence of violence to national and inter-elite rivalries, it argues that these are
- [Coping Strategies of Food Insecure Households in Conflict Areas: The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/coping-strategies-of-food-insecure-households-in-conflict-areas-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - The surge in acute food insecurity due to conflict calls for sound evidence-based policy-making. Unfortunately, the knowledge on behaviors of households when they face a food shortage in these situations is under-reported in the literature. The paper contributes to the covering of this gap by presenting the food consumption and livelihood-based coping mechanisms used by
- [Protecting Together: Lessons from Mali and South Sudan on Coherence between Human Rights and Military Components in UN Peace Operations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/protecting-together-lessons-from-mali-and-south-sudan-on-coherence-between-human-rights-and-military-components-in-un-peace-operations/) - This report looks at cooperation between the military and human rights components of the UN peace operations in South Sudan and Mali. The authors identified cultural differences between military and human rights components and turnover among the military peace keepers as key challenges for both missions, and areas of good practice that can address these
- [HSBA MAAPSS Webinar: SPLA-IO Split](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/maapss-update-no-7-spla-io-split/) - The Small Arms Survey’s Mapping Actors and Alliances Project for South Sudan (MAAPSS) held its sixth closed-door webinar on Thursday 26 August. The webinar focused on analyzing the recent split in the Sudan People's Liberation Army in Opposition (SPLA-IO), at a state-by-state level. The webinar also gave attention to the way the SPLA-IO split has
- [Independent Review of the IPC South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/independent-review-of-the-ipc-south-sudan/) - The October/November 2020 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis process in South Sudan broke down when the South Sudan IPC Technical Working Group (TWG) was unable to reach technical consensus on the severity of food insecurity in six critical counties. In response, and following a request from the Government of South Sudan (GoSS), the
- [Competing Vulnerabilities: An Assessment of Conflict Dynamics among Host and Refugee Communities in Maban County, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/competing-vulnerabilities-an-assessment-of-conflict-dynamics-among-host-and-refugee-communities-in-maban-county-south-sudan/) - This report presents the results of a conflict assessment carried out in Maban County, South Sudan in October-November 2020 by the Danish Refugee Council’s Peacebuilding unit (also known as Danish Demining Group – DDG). Maban County in Upper Nile State is a complex area that has a long history of conflict and is of key
- [IGAD Regional Women's Land Rights Conference Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/igad-regional-womens-land-rights-conference-report/) - The conference is part of the work envisaged under equal land rights from women and youths. The IGAD Land Governance Unit focuses on strengthening the implementation of land governance in-country, translating regionally developed tools and frameworks into implementable tools by Member States for improved tenure security, reduced conflict, improved food security, and increased economic wellbeing
- [Geographies of unease: Witchcraft and boundary construction in an  African borderland](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/geographies-of-unease-witchcraft-and-boundary-construction-in-an-african-borderland/) - African borderlands – such as those between South Sudan, Uganda and Congo – are often presented by analysts as places of agency and economic opportunity, in contrast to hardened, securitized borders elsewhere. We emphasize, however, that even such relatively porous international borders can nevertheless be the focus of significant unease for borderland communities. Crossing borders
- [Education in South Sudan:   Focusing on Inequality of Provision   and Implications for National Cohesion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-in-south-sudan-focusing-on-inequality-of-provision-and-implications-for-national-cohesion/) - This article examines the provision of basic education services after the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War in 2005, focusing on the condition of the services and its implications for national cohesion during the period after the birth of the South Sudanese state. It argues that the way basic education services were provided after
- [Good Governance as a Means to Peaceful Coexistence in Eastern Equatoria State,  South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/good-governance-as-a-means-to-peaceful-coexistence-in-eastern-equatoria-state-south-sudan/) - This study examined how good governance could be a means to peaceful co-existence in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. The study was anchored on three theories of; good governance, collaborative governance and democratic peace. The key findings of the study were that bad governance and poor leadership hinder peaceful coexistence, participation of citizens in decision
- [South Sudan Humanitarian Fund Annual Report 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-humanitarian-fund-annual-report-2020/) - The humanitarian situation for people in South Sudan remains dire. By the end of the year, the number of people in need reached an all-time high of 8.3 million, compared to 7.2 million and 7.5 million at the same time in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In this regard, the humanitarian context continues to be characterized
- [Violence Against or Obstruction of Health Care in South Sudan in 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-against-or-obstruction-of-health-care-in-south-sudan-in-2020/) - The Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition (SHCC) identified 18 incidents of violence against or obstruction of health care in South Sudan in 2020, compared to three such incidents in 2019. The violence affected mainly health workers working for local and INGO health providers. The increasing number of incidents are claimed to stem from mounting local
- [Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - After years of conflict, there is an opportunity for peace in South Sudan, but an effective economic recovery process must underpin the political settlement. The aim of this work is to inform policy for more productive urban jobs in peacebuilding and recovery in South Sudan and for first steps toward private sector development. To this
- [Is there a youth livelihoods crisis in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/is-there-a-youth-livelihoods-crisis-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is in a state of profound economic transition, heavily influenced by conflict and large-scale population displacement and return. This transition has fundamentally changed the way in which people live, particularly their relationship with work and money. Young people, particularly women, have generally suffered disproportionately as they try to navigate this rapidly changing and
- [Paying 'buckets of blood' for the land: moral debates over economy, war and state in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/paying-buckets-of-blood-for-the-land-moral-debates-over-economy-war-and-state-in-southern-sudan/) - This paper challenges the prevailing focus on ethnic division and conflict in Southern Sudan in recent years, demonstrating that even within ethnically divisive debates over land, there are shared, transethnic levels of moral concern. These concerns centre on the commodification and monetisation of rural and kinship resources, including human life itself, epitomised in ideas of
- [What Happened at Wunlit? An oral history of the 1999 Wunlit Peace Conference](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-happened-at-wunlit-an-oral-history-of-the-1999-wunlit-peace-conference/) - This report is an account of the Wunlit meeting in the words of the original participants, conducted in the light of the continuing state of conflict in South Sudan and the relevance of the history of peace-making to the current political situation. It is produced as part of the South Sudan Customary Authorities Project, funded
- [South Sudan at 10: An MSF record of the consequences of violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-at-10-an-msf-record-of-the-consequences-of-violence/) - This report offers a consolidated account of MSF's experience in South Sudan since 9 July 2011. In so doing, it seeks to serve as a record and reminder of the human toll of violence, since independence, as seen by MSF – through its staff and patients. It is based on interviews with more than 100
- [Clearing the Dimming Vision of the Liberation of South Sudan: Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of Independence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/clearing-the-dimming-vision-of-the-liberation-of-south-sudan-celebrating-the-10th-anniversary-of-independence/) - This review is based on the author's presentation to the Roundtable convened by UNMISS in Juba on the 6-7 July 2021, to Commemorate the 10th Anniversary of South Sudan's independence. The remarks and views reflected in the review are the author's and not to be attributed to UNMISS or the Sudd Institute. Download
- [Examining Women and Girls’ Safe Spaces in Humanitarian Contexts: Research Findings from Northwest Syria and South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/examining-women-and-girls-safe-spaces-in-humanitarian-contexts-research-findings-from-northwest-syria-and-south-sudan/) - In response to the crucial need for evidence around Women and Girls’ Safe Spaces (WGSS) programming globally, CARE USA conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of WGSS in the lives of women and girls in two conflict-affected settings, Northwest Syria and South Sudan. Within each setting, the study utilized a cross-sectional design and compared
- [South Sudan: Youth, Violence and Livelihoods](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-youth-violence-and-livelihoods/) - This report explains the realities of life for South Sudan’s youth population, the majority of whom are living in conditions of extreme economic precarity. Young people face enormous challenges in trying to survive and progress in their lives. This is happening in the context of overarching neglect of the citizenry by the government, corruption, ethnic
- [Institutions and Pastoralist Conflicts in Africa: A Conceptual Framework](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/institutions-and-pastoralist-conflicts-in-africa-a-conceptual-framework/) - Pastoralist conflicts are important global development outcomes, especially in Africa. Analysing relevant literature on this phenomenon, we identify “institutions” as a key but fragmented theme. This blurs a composite understanding of how institutions affect these conflicts and their management. Hence, this article proposes a conceptual framework that brings harmony to this discourse by analysing 172
- [Aid, Peacebuilding, and Human Security: Japan’s Engagement in South Sudan, 2011–2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/aid-peacebuilding-and-human-security-japans-engagement-in-south-sudan-2011-2017/) - The article examines the case of Japan’s peacebuilding in South Sudan from 2011 to 2017 and asks how Japan’s shift towards a more proactive defence posture affects the place of human security in its foreign policy agenda. Using the framework of neoclassical realism, the article argues that human security remains a critical element of Japanese
- [Transactional politics and humanitarian crisis: lessons for policy from the political marketplace framework](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transactional-politics-and-humanitarian-crisis-lessons-for-policy-from-the-political-marketplace-framework/) - This memo summarizes observations and conclusions from the Conflict Research Programme/World Peace Foundation research on the political marketplace framework and humanitarian crises. It draws upon seven country-specific case studies (Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria and Yemen) and on theoretical and cross-cutting analysis. Its primary focus is on food insecurity and
- [Human Security Survey 2020 Annual Summary Report Jonglei State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/human-security-survey-2020-annual-summary-report-jonglei-state-south-sudan/) - This report reflects on the 2020 Human Security Survey (HSS) outcomes of Jonglei State, South Sudan, which took place over the course of three weeks in July and August 2020, as well as a community security dialogue which took place in February 2021 in Jonglei State's capital, Bor. During the three-day dialogue the main survey
- [Failure of States, Fragility of States, and the Prospects of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/failure-of-states-fragility-of-states-and-the-prospects-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This article discusses the concepts of failure of states, fragility of states, and the prospects of peace in South Sudan. The article focuses specifically on judicial structural deformities in South Sudan under the qualitative and normative research methodologies, with structural functionalism as theoretical framework. Where preceding works had concentrated their South Sudanese peace-building recommendations on
- [Timing of transitional justice mechanisms and the implications for the South Sudan peace process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/timing-of-transitional-justice-mechanisms-and-the-implications-for-the-south-sudan-peace-process/) - The South Sudan peace agreement provides for transitional justice mechanisms aimed at fostering justice and reconciliation. They include the Commission for Truth, Reconciliation and Healing (CTRH) and the Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS). Drawing on qualitative data obtained from interviews, document reviews, and archival research conducted between October 2019 and June 2020 in Addis
- [Citizen Perspectives on the National Dialogue in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/citizen-perspectives-on-the-national-dialogue-in-south-sudan/) - This report provides an overview of the National Dialogue in South Sudan with a focus on citizen perceptions of the process. It lays out the current context in which the National Dialogue is situated, the history of past dialogues as well as the initiation and evolution of the current process. The report concludes with a
- [Learning towards a national agenda for reconciliation: Review of key national-level peace and reconciliation initiatives (2012-2020) – recurring patterns and themes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/learning-towards-a-national-agenda-for-reconciliation-review-of-key-national-level-peace-and-reconciliation-initiatives-2012-2020-recurring-patterns-and-themes/) - There is a regular echo of consensus that South Sudan’s agenda for reconciliation needs to be indigenous to the country and based on the particularity of the experience here. Yet, there is no digestable synthesis of the lessons learned or reflection among key actors as to how lessons from the earlier national-level processes could be
- [Learning towards a national agenda for reconciliation: Tensions to manage moving forward](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/learning-towards-a-national-agenda-for-reconciliation-tensions-to-manage-moving-forward/) - The core argument of this paper is that it is possible to engage in meaningful peacebuilding and reconciliation activities in South Sudan, despite the many complexities and tensions. However, serious re-thinking is required to develop and design more strategic and context-sensitive approaches. Consideration of the tensions raised here, and devising methodologies to manage them that
- [What drives the cattle camps? Exploring the dynamics of pastoralist communities in western Lakes State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-drives-the-cattle-camps-exploring-the-dynamics-of-pastoralist-communities-in-western-lakes-state-south-sudan/) - There is a normalisation of violence that permeates the reality of the cattle camps in Lakes State. There is also rich tradition, legacy, community, discipline, organisation and an aspiration for a peaceful and prosperous future. Often the conversation around the cattle camps is anchored around the moment of violence and the ‘problem’ of cattle camp
- [Cultural engagement for change: a case study of the Otuho people](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cultural-engagement-for-change-a-case-study-of-the-otuho-people/) - This case study sets out learning from programmatic engagement from the UK’s Peacebuilding Opportunities Fund (POF) among the Otuho people of Eastern Equatoria State. The programme promoted a cultural engagement process aimed to strengthen women’s peace and security at a time when Otuho society undergoes a 22-year cycle of generational change when leadership structures are
- [The Impact of Logging Activities on Local Communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-impact-of-logging-activities-on-local-communities/) - This research project was commissioned in response to a growing concern among civil society, faith-based organisations, affected communities, and refugees about the negative impact of logging on local communities in South Sudan, particularly in the Equatorian Region and Greater Bahr El Ghazal. It was envisaged that through the initial research and deeper understanding of the
- [Adaptive Peacebuilding in Greater Jonglei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/adaptive-peacebuilding-in-greater-jonglei/) - This ‘Lessons Learned’ Paper combines a narrative section with the peacebuilding principles that the team has identified through the process. The narrative element below deliberately also takes the updates as they were written at the time, rather than re-editing after the fact. Whilst this makes for a less flowing narrative, it allows another angle of
- [What's new in Upper Nile](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/whats-new-in-upper-nile/) - The MAAPSS Update No. 6 provides an overview of the developments taking place in Upper Nile State. The beginning of the year saw the appointment of a Shilluk governor for Upper Nile, Budhok Ayang Kur, and his Padang Dinka deputy, James Tor Monybuny. Their appointments have sent shockwaves through the state, and greatly increased instability
- [Unity State: New appointments and developments](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/unity-state-new-appointments-and-developments/) - The MAAPSS Update No. 5 provides an overview of new appointments and developments in Unity State. Following the establishment of the Ruweng Administrative Area, Unity state is now a mono-ethnic Nuer state, as well as in theory being the well-spring of SPLA-IO support, as well as the birthplace of Riek Machar, the opposition’s leader. In
- [Understanding Humanitarian Access and the Protection of Civilians in an Era of Depoliticized War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-humanitarian-access-and-the-protection-of-civilians-in-an-era-of-depoliticized-war/) - This report is based on fieldwork in Unity, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states from August-December 2020. Due to access issues for research related to Covid-19, some of this research was conducted remotely. The report surveys the humanitarian access issues produced by conflict in 2020 through a series of focused case studies. These case studies are
- [Hybrid governance in South Sudan: the negotiated state in practice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hybrid-governance-in-south-sudan-the-negotiated-state-in-practice/) - This article draws on empirical data collected in Yei River County, South Sudan, to contribute to debates on hybrid governance in Africa. Current literature offers a limited understanding of the practical workings of hybridity, and particularly of whether and under what circumstances hybridity may meet the interests and solve the problems of citizens. This article
- [What lessons could be drawn from the Kenyan High Court judgement on BBI for constitutional consolidation in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-lessons-could-be-drawn-from-the-kenyan-high-court-judgement-on-bbi-for-constitutional-consolidation-in-south-sudan/) - The High Court of Kenya recently handed down a decision that reinforces the role of courts to protect the constitution against executive overreaches. To constitutional lawyers and academics, the decision is a triumph for constitutionalism and the rule of law. In this piece, we discuss lessons that may be drawn from the decision for constitutional
- [The National Dialogue Final Resolutions: What the Presidency should Do](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-national-dialogue-final-resolutions-what-the-presidency-should-do/) - In December 2020, the South Sudan National Dialogue Steering Committee (NDSC) published its concluding report regarding the National Dialogue (ND) process. This final report summarizes the Committee’s main findings and respective recommendations. A vast majority of the views criticizes the SPLM and its leaders for a colossal failure to govern South Sudan. The NDSC asserts
- [Deconstructing borders: Mobility strategies of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/deconstructing-borders-mobility-strategies-of-south-sudanese-refugees-in-northern-uganda/) - Taking the current presence of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda as a case-study, this paper explores how different forms of mobility enable them to better cope with the harsh conditions caused by their displacement. Based on extensive field research, the results of this article show how for South Sudanese refugees, crossing borders can be
- [Tribal Conflict over Natural Resources on the Sudan – South Sudan Border: The Case of the Abyei Territory](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tribal-conflict-over-natural-resources-on-the-sudan-south-sudan-border-the-case-of-the-abyei-territory/) - This paper explores the major causes, processes and consequences of natural resource conflicts between tribes across the Sudan – South Sudan border region, with the main emphasis on the Abyei territory. Data for the study have been gathered from primary and secondary sources. The research revealed that the conflict over ownership of Abyei’s renewable and
- [Curse or Blessing? How cheap oil influences conflict dynamics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/curse-or-blessing-how-cheap-oil-influences-conflict-dynamics/) - This Conflict Series Brief analyses the effects of the recent pandemic-induced oil price shock on three vulnerable, conflict-affected countries. This is done by testing the two competing theories of the resource curse and of the rentier state, each offering a different interpretation of the oil-conflict nexus: The resource curse theory posits that an abundance of
- [The ambiguities of self-determination: IGAD and the secession of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-ambiguities-of-self-determination-igad-and-the-secession-of-south-sudan/) - This paper examines the 1994 Declaration of Principles (DoP) for the resolution of the Sudanese civil war, adopted by the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). This was the only occasion on which an African inter-state organization included separation as an option for resolving a civil war. It was the basis for South Sudan's independence in
- [Land and reparative justice in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-and-reparative-justice-in-south-sudan/) - This report provides a coherent account of the historical, legal and practical realities of land, reparations and transitional justice in South Sudan. The first section describes the methodology and the demographic distribution of the respondents. A detailed statistical account of the respondents is provided in a table format. The nexus between land, reparations and transitional
- [Understanding the Livestock Economy in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-the-livestock-economy-in-south-sudan/) - The overall aim of this study is to generate evidence from South Sudan on the importance of livestock to livelihoods and the wider economy through (1) exploring the importance of livestock to livelihoods and how this has changed over time; (2) examining the state of livestock markets and how they are changing/evolving; and (3) exploring
- [Competing authorities and norms of restraint: governing community-embedded armed groups in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/competing-authorities-and-norms-of-restraint-governing-community-embedded-armed-groups-in-south-sudan/) - International humanitarian actors and academics continue to struggle to understand armed group conduct and how to restrain this conduct when it violates moral, legal and humanitarian norms. Armed groups that lack a visible, explicit formal hierarchical command structure, equivalent to those found in state militaries, have proved a particular puzzle. A growing body of scholarship
- [Guidelines to conflict sensitive research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/guidelines-to-conflict-sensitive-research/) - Doing research in conflict contexts is crucial. But how do you best conduct research – in all disciplines – in conflict-affected contexts? These guidelines are designed for all levels of researchers – from research student to professor – who conduct research in settings that are conflict-affected. These guidelines take you through 9 steps of a research
- [Conflict Sensitivity Tools and Guidance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-tools-and-guidance/) - This guide provides simple tools which can be used to identify these potential effects and to strengthen conflict sensitivity. It can be used alongside existing processes to inform the development of new portfolios, programmes, projects and activities across the range of HMG development, diplomacy, defence, and domestic security engagement and to review current activities for
- [Benefits-Harms Handbook](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/benefits-harms-handbook/) - The purpose of this document is to help relief and development organizations hold themselves responsible for the overall impact of their programs. It offers a set of streamlined tools, designed for flexible use by programmers with different needs, resources, time and experience. The handbook is the output of CARE staff in Sudan, South Sudan, Rwanda,
- [Gender analysis of conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-analysis-of-conflict/) - This toolkit for gender analysis of conflict is intended to help national and international non-governmental organisations and other peacebuilding practitioners to integrate gender perspectives into conflict analysis, providing a foundation for more gender-sensitive peacebuilding programmes. While there are many different ways in which the links between gender and conflict can be analysed, this toolkit focuses
- [Planning projects and actions - a conflict sensitivity checklist](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/planning-projects-and-actions-a-conflict-sensitivity-checklist/) - This tool helps to ensure that in planning or carrying out any project, we are being sensitive to the conflict context at all times. It provides a list of questions for a community to consider as they plan and carry out a project. The questions help a group to think through the intended and unintended
- [The “Do No Harm” Framework for Analyzing the Impact of Assistance on Conflict: A Handbook](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-do-no-harm-framework-for-analyzing-the-impact-of-assistance-on-conflict-a-handbook/) - The DO NO HARM “Analytical Framework” was developed from the programming experience of many assistance workers. It provides a tool for mapping the interactions of assistance and conflict and can be used to plan, monitor and evaluate both humanitarian and development assistance programmes. Download
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding: Programming Guide](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-and-peacebuilding-programming-guide/) - The Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding Programming Guide is a tool for UNICEF field staff and leadership to understand, situate and operationalize conflict sensitivity and peacebuilding through UNICEF’s existing work or new initiatives in different contexts and in partnership with other stakeholders. Download
- [How to guide to conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-to-guide-to-conflict-sensitivity/) - The guide was developed by the Conflict Sensitivity Consortium, a group of 35 humanitarian, development and peacebuilding agencies of which Saferworld is a member. The consortium, a four year initiative funded by UK Aid, was set up to take advantage of members’ collective experience to strengthen their own policy and practice on conflict sensitivity and
- [The War(s) in South Sudan: Local Dimensions of Conflict, Governance, and the Political Marketplace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-wars-in-south-sudan-local-dimensions-of-conflict-governance-and-the-political-marketplace/) - This report explores the dynamics of local conflict and governance through the recent civil war across South Sudan, using five ‘case study’ locations: Gogrial, Malakal, Leer, Nimule, and Abyei. Evident through this research was that, while public authority – both formal and informal – and political marketplace dynamics, varied considerably across the five research sites,
- [Strengthening community resilience in conflict: learnings from the Partners for Resilience programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-community-resilience-in-conflict-learnings-from-the-partners-for-resilience-programme/) - This report describes the main findings and recommendations of research carried out for the Partners for Resilience (PfR) alliance on how the PfR programme is affected by – or may affect – conflict. Although PfR works in different conflict-affected countries and contexts, it does not address conflict or insecurity explicitly. This is potentially problematic for
- [Bridging divisions in a war-torn state: reflections on education and civicness in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bridging-divisions-in-a-war-torn-state-reflections-on-education-and-civicness-in-south-sudan/) - Despite civil war and economic crisis, the educational sector in South Sudan has made tentative gains since 2011. This paper explores the everyday governance of schools in South Sudan, and the struggles of teachers to deliver education amid violence and predation and with scarce resources. The paper presents an analysis of policy data on education
- [Civicness in South Sudan secondary school curriculum](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/civicness-in-south-sudan-secondary-school-curriculum/) - Throughout Sudan’s, and later South Sudan’s history, education has been used by successive governments to shape an official national identity and to promulgate an accepted concept of citizenship. One way education systems do this is through formal curricula, which aim to inculcate particular values and skills into the student body. This paper explores how the
- [The Impact of FDI in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-impact-of-fdi-in-south-sudan/) - The primary goal of this study was to establish the impacts that FDI has had on South Sudan. Based on the ethnography design, this study’s data collection approach involved a review of secondary data. The location-based approach and the institutional FDI fitness theories are the models that underpin the study. The results of the study
- [Women in Mainstreaming Peace and Security in South Sudan: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-in-mainstreaming-peace-and-security-in-south-sudan-lessons-learnt-and-way-forward/) - The paper examined the essence of women in Mainstreaming Peace and Security in South Sudan by exploring lessons Learned and Way forward. The study has assessed some instruments used in support of UN Resolution 1325 to empower women in promoting peace and security within the country. The paper has examined UNSCR 1325 by understanding the
- [“If You Are Born a Girl in This Crisis, You Are Born a Problem”: Patterns and Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict-Affected South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-you-are-born-a-girl-in-this-crisis-you-are-born-a-problem-patterns-and-drivers-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-conflict-affected-south-sudan/) - This article presents the results of a qualitative study on the context and different forms of violence committed against women and girls in South Sudan. The study documents many forms of sexual and physical violence against women and girls in South Sudan, including conflict-related sexual violence, intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual violence, child and forced
- [“If You Are Born a Girl in This Crisis, You Are Born a Problem”: Patterns and Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict-Affected South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-you-are-born-a-girl-in-this-crisis-you-are-born-a-problem-patterns-and-drivers-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-conflict-affected-south-sudan-2/) - This article presents the results of a qualitative study on the context and different forms of violence committed against women and girls in South Sudan. The study documents many forms of sexual and physical violence against women and girls in South Sudan, including conflict-related sexual violence, intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual violence, child and forced
- [Prioritization and Sequencing of Security Council Mandates: The Case of UNMISS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/prioritization-and-sequencing-of-security-council-mandates-the-case-of-unmiss/) - The UN Security Council is expected to renew the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in March 2021. In this context, the International Peace Institute (IPI), the Stimson Center, and Security Council Report organized a virtual workshop on February 10, 2021, to discuss UNMISS’s mandate and political strategy. Similar workshops were
- [On the Status of Implementation of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan/) - This Report on the status of implementation of the activities of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) is prepared pursuant to Chapter VII, Article 7.9 of the R-ARCSS and covers the period 1st October to 31st December 2020. With almost a year into the Transitional
- [Promoting peace and resilience in Unity state, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/promoting-peace-and-resilience-in-unity-state-south-sudan/) - In this brief Saferworld provides a context update about the current situation in the town of Bentiu – the capital of the oil-rich Unity state. Saferworld presents safety and security challenges identified by communities, authorities and civil society such as revenge killings, cattle raiding, gender-based violence, environmental pollution and unemployment in Bentiu town and Protection of Civilian (PoC)
- [No Refuge: South Sudan's Targeting of Refugee HRDs Outside the Country](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-refuge-south-sudans-targeting-of-refugee-hrds-outside-the-country/) - This report focusses on South Sudanese human rights defenders (HRDs) who face threats, intimidation and harassment in neighboring countries. Download
- [South Sudan: The Fractured State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-the-fractured-state/) - In this chapter John Young explores the political history of the state in South Sudan. This chapter is part of the book "The Nation State: A Wrong Model for the Horn of Africa" by John Young, John Markakis and Günther Schlee published in March 2021. Download
- [Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is highly vulnerable to climate change, including flooding, droughts and, most recently, a locust infestation. Long-term climate change, like a gradual increase in temperature, and short-term changes, like increased flooding, have indirect and interlinked implications for peace and security in South Sudan. Download
- [Knowledge Will Not Save Us: Stuck in the mud in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/knowledge-will-not-save-us-stuck-in-the-mud-in-south-sudan/) - A literary essay that tells the story of southern Sudan since 1983, and the emergence of a dominant military class in the country, sustained by international support and the indifference of the diplomatic corps. Link to publication
- [Armed violence involving community-based militias in greater Jonglei (January – August 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/armed-violence-involving-community-based-militias-in-greater-jonglei-january-august-2020/) - GENEVA/JUBA (15 March 2021) – The UN issued a report on Monday calling on the South Sudanese authorities to hold accountable the military and political figures who are supporting community-based militias in the Greater Jonglei region, in order to prevent further violence. Organised and heavily-armed community-based militias from the Dinka, Nuer and Murle communities carried
- [Local Content in Practice: Improving the Participation of South Sudanese in the Petroleum Industry](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-content-in-practice-improving-the-participation-of-south-sudanese-in-the-petroleum-industr/) - Publication Summary Local content requirements promote national capacity, employment, economic diversification, and economic growth (Kazzazi and Nouri 2012, Tordo et al., 2013). Local content develops capacities that link the oil and gas sector to other industries. While over 80% of the oil and gas sector’s workforce is South Sudanese, little is known about their earning
- [South Sudan’s Other War: Resolving the Insurgency in Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-other-war-resolving-the-insurgency-in-equatoria/) - A rebellion in Equatoria, South Sudan’s southernmost region, is undermining the already troubled peace between the main belligerents in its civil war. Mediators should push for a wider compact that accommodates Equatorian grievances and includes the insurgent general in talks about the country’s political future. What’s new? Despite a 2018 deal bringing South Sudan’s main warring
- [Situation in South Sudan - Report of the Secretary-General (S/2021/172)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/situation-in-south-sudan-report-of-the-secretary-general-s-2021-172/) - Introduction The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2514 (2020), by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) to 15 March 2021 and requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the Mission’s mandate every 90 days. The report covers political and security
- [Pragmatic Mobilities and Uncertain Lives: Agency and the Everyday Mobility of South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/pragmatic-mobilities-and-uncertain-lives-agency-and-the-everyday-mobility-of-south-sudanese-refugees-in-uganda/) - Abstract This article investigates the pragmatic, everyday journeys of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda’s Palabek Refugee Settlement through a mobilities-focused analytical lens. Despite the repatriation of vast numbers of refugees, little is known about the diversity of refugees’ later movements. Recognition of this complexity is important. Although many of the South Sudanese interlocutors take
- [“Securitized” UK aid projects in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Nigeria and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/securitized-uk-aid-projects-in-africa-evidence-from-kenya-nigeria-and-south-sudan/) - Abstract Motivation In 2020, the UK merged the Department for International Development (DFID) with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), as the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). This policy move strengthens the trend to securitize development, whereby the provision of aid is motivated by national security concerns. Purpose Many researchers have raised concerns about
- [Transitional Justice in South Sudan: A Case for Sustainable Peace, Accountability, Reconciliation and Healing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transitional-justice-in-south-sudan-a-case-for-sustainable-peace-accountability-reconciliation-and-healing/) - Publication Summary The justice versus peace dichotomy or lack thereof has spawned both legal practice and international law literature for decades. As the debate pertains to the application of transitional justice specifically against the backdrop of mass political violence or civil wars, some jurists, legal practitioners and other scholars suggest that, on the one hand,
- [Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility: Context Update Factsheet (October-December 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-resource-facility-october-december-2020/) - This Context Update Factsheet aims to support a conflict-sensitive approach to decision-making by aid actors and policy makers in South Sudan through an improved understanding of South Sudan’s context, conflict dynamics and how aid actors might interact with this context. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility’s analysis covers the period October-December 2020 and is based on
- [Chiefs’ Courts, Hunger, and Improving Humanitarian Programming in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chiefs-courts-hunger-and-improving-humanitarian-programming-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the important role chiefs' courts play in food security and in addressing hunger in South Sudan by reallocating food to vulnerable community members. Their role is particularly important in view of famine and recurrent extreme food insecurity affecting South Sudan. The authors suggest that chief courts potentially offer useful data for famine
- [Conflict Sensitivity Analysis: United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Protection of Civilian (PoC) Sites Transition: Bentiu, Unity State, and Malakal, Upper Nile State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-analysis-united-nations-mission-in-south-sudan-unmiss-protection-of-civilian-poc-sites-transition-bentiu-unity-state-and-malakal-upper-nile-state-2/) - This Conflict Sensitivity Analysis (CSA) was requested by the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group in October 2020 and examines the conflict sensitivity implications of the transition of UN Protection of Civilian sites in Bentiu, Unity State, and Malakal, Upper Nile State, from sites under the protection of United Nations Mission in South Sudan to camps for internally
- [Exploring resource scarcity and contextual influences on wellbeing among young refugees in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement, Uganda: findings from a qualitative study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/exploring-resource-scarcity-and-contextual-influences-on-wellbeing-among-young-refugees-in-bidi-bidi-refugee-settlement-uganda-findings-from-a-qualitative-study/) - Background Contextual factors including poverty and inequitable gender norms harm refugee adolescent and youths’ wellbeing. Our study focused on Bidi Bidi refugee settlement that hosts more than 230,000 of Uganda’s 1.4 million refugees. We explored contextual factors associated with wellbeing among refugee adolescents and youth aged 16–24 in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement. Conclusions Resource scarcity
- [Sudan and South Sudan: an unamicable political divorce](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-and-south-sudan-an-unamicable-political-divorce/) - South Sudan became a juridical state in July 2011. Its statehood materialised after protracted north-south civil wars were brought to an end by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). The CPA set forth self-rule for an interim period and a referendum on independence for the South Sudanese in January 2011. While the two states split
- [Feed management and utilization guidelines for pastoral and agropastoral areas](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/feed-management-and-utilization-guidelines-for-pastoral-and-agropastoral-areas/) - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) developed these guidelines with the overall objective to protect and improve the productivity of the ruminant livestock species of South Sudan. Focussing on the best use of local feed resources, the guidelines mainly target livestock extension workers promoting livestock feed development good practices to pastoral
- [Housing, Land and Property (HLP) Challenges in South Sudan: January 2021](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/housing-land-and-property-hlp-challenges-in-south-sudan-january-2021/) - There are numerous issues that continue to undermine the full realisation of HLP rights for the people of South Sudan and HLP is recognized as a growing key protection concern across the country. The HLP Technical Working Group (HLP TWG) strives to ensure the integration of HLP rights and concerns in humanitarian responses, and to
- [Is Education a Pathway to Fostering Civicness and a Resilient Social Contract in Africa?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/is-education-a-pathway-to-fostering-civicness-and-a-resilient-social-contract-in-africa/) - This report is part of the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). We attempt in this paper to locate education not only in the peacebuilding debate,
- [Gender equality and civicness in higher education in South Sudan: debates from University of Juba circles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-equality-and-civicness-in-higher-education-in-south-sudan-debates-from-university-of-juba-circles/) - This report is part of the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). If universities are to contribute to political transformation and civicness in conflict settings, they
- [The language policy in South Sudan: implications for educational development](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-language-policy-in-south-sudan-implications-for-educational-development/) - This report is part of the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). South Sudan’s independence in 2011 reopened the debate about the use of indigenous languages
- [Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: An Introduction](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-conflict-and-civicness-in-south-sudan-an-introduction/) - This is the introduction piece to the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The collection of essays is interested in exploring the political significance of unequal
- [Toward a Viable Future for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/toward-a-viable-future-for-south-sudan/) - What’s new? In February 2020, South Sudan’s two main belligerents began forming a unity government pursuant to a peace deal inked a year and a half earlier. But the pact is fragile, smaller conflicts are still ablaze and the threat of return to full-blown civil war remains. Why does it matter? Forthcoming elections could test the peace
- ["These walls have ears": The chilling effect of surveillance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/these-walls-have-ears-the-chilling-effect-of-surveillance-in-south-sudan/) - Executive Summary This report provides new insights into the surveillance capacity of the Government of South Sudan and the impact of how this is abusively deployed without safeguards. Cumulatively, electronic and physical surveillance –both in practice and perception –have created a pervasive climate of fear and self-censorship. While many human rights defenders continue to courageously
- [Sitting on a Time Bomb: Oil Pollution Impacts on Human Health in Melut County, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sitting-on-a-time-bomb-oil-pollution-impacts-on-human-health-in-melut-county-south-sudan/) - While South Sudan is endowed with 3.5 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, the exploitation of this natural wealth is turning into a catastrophe for some local communities, particularly in Melut County. Through focus group discussions, individual interviews, and field observations, the authors found the following: Many households in Paloch, Melut County, are in close
- [The Triumph of Democratic Institutions in the US: Lessons for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-triumph-of-democratic-institutions-in-the-us-lessons-for-south-sudan/) - The inauguration of President Joe Biden on the 20th of January 2021 is a triumph of democracy and democratic institutions in the United States. There were some genuine concerns that peaceful transfer of power might not happen for the first time in American history. President Trump’s refusal to concede the election he had genuinely lost,
- [The ‘Nuer of Dinka money’ and the demands of the dead: contesting the moral limits of monetised politics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-nuer-of-dinka-money-and-the-demands-of-the-dead-contesting-the-moral-limits-of-monetised-politics-in-south-sudan/) - This article critiques explanations of South Sudan’s armed conflicts since 2013 that have relied on over-simplified theories of identity or monetised politics. Instead, this article explores the renegotiation of the meanings of monetary exchanges in politics and the inter-linked remaking of political identities. Warring coalitions in South Sudan have mobilised support using different notions of
- [Contributing to people’s safety and peace in Cueibet, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contributing-to-peoples-safety-and-peace-in-cueibet-south-sudan/) - Cueibet – a county in Lakes state – is the current epicentre of intra-communal violence in the state. Although most people living in the county are from the Gok Dinka sub-tribe, relations among people from various clans within the Gok Dinka have been conflict-ridden, exacerbated by an abundance of small arms and light weapons in
- [Enhancing people’s resilience in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-peoples-resilience-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - This brief provides a context update about the current situation in Northern Bahr el Ghazal –a county in northern South Sudan. The authors present safety and security challenges identified by communities, authorities and civil society such as food insecurity, gender-based violence, land and border disputes, weak justice systems and a lack of security services to turn to. They also provide recommendations for how best to
- [Social Connections and Displacement from South Sudan to Uganda: Towards a Relational Understanding of Survival during Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/social-connections-and-displacement-from-south-sudan-to-uganda-towards-a-relational-understanding-of-survival-during-conflict/) - Abstract South Sudanese fled their communities in large numbers following the outbreak of political violence in 2013, with an estimated 4.5 million forcibly displaced by mid-2018. Of neighbouring countries, Uganda hosts the greatest number of South Sudanese refugees. Based on qualitative data collected in 2018 and 2019 in two refugee settlements in the West Nile
- [Buffering State-making: Geopolitics in the Sudd Marshlands of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/buffering-state-making-geopolitics-in-the-sudd-marshlands-of-south-sudan/) - ABSTRACT This paper explores the history and ongoing transformation of the South Sudanese Sudd marshlands as a buffer zone in a variety of subsequent projects of domination and their sub-version. Its argument will be that the contemporary geopolitics of the Sudd cannot be understood properly without unwinding the historical layers of contestation and conflict around
- [Reappraising the effectiveness of intelligence methods of a violent non-state sovereignty: a case-study of the SPLA insurgency in the Sudan (1983 –2005)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reappraising-the-effectiveness-of-intelligence-methods-of-a-violent-non-state-sovereignty-a-case-study-of-the-spla-insurgency-in-the-sudan-1983-2005/) - ABSTRACT The development of Intelligence Studies has provided new and exciting insights into war, societies, ideologies, institutions, and even cultures and mindsets, even if the geographical reach of these studies has been largely limited to the West. One area that remains under-studied in general is that of insurgent intelligence, thereby underplaying the significance of a
- [Formulative Strategy: Why the African Union-led International Mediation in South Sudan Failed to Prevent Atrocity Crimes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/formulative-strategy-why-the-african-union-led-international-mediation-in-south-sudan-failed-to-prevent-atrocity-crimes/) - Abstract The puzzle of the African Union mediation is that it enjoys regional effectiveness in leading peace processes and yet often fails to prevent atrocity crimes. While existing studies focus on the lack of capacity to explain failures, the author draws on atrocity mediation literature that emphasizes coercive strategies for ripening to explore widely significant
- [Building a Foundation for Justice in South Sudan: An Agenda for the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGONU)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-a-foundation-for-justice-in-south-sudan-an-agenda-for-the-revitalized-transitional-government-of-national-unity-r-tgonu/) - Addressing the legacies of mass human rights violations is a daunting task for any society emerging from conflict. The challenges are all the more complex in South Sudan, where people have struggled with civil wars, state repression, and developmental neglect for generations. With the current conflict, transitional justice – or the range of judicial and
- [South Sudan: Justice Landscape Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-justice-landscape-assessment/) - Introduction This report presents the main findings of a justice landscape assessment that the Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) conducted between June and July 2020. In recent years, progress towards the Hybrid Court for South Sudan, as provided for in the September 2018 peace agreement, has stalled. Protracted delays in implementing the peace agreement, ongoing
- [No Time to Mourn: An anthology by South Sudanese Women](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-time-to-mourn-an-anthology-by-south-sudanese-women/) - No Time to Mourn is a collection of short stories, poems, artwork and photography penned, produced and presented by South Sudanese women. It reflects the lives of the women writers and artists, and at the same time gives voice to the very real lived experiences and lives of every woman of South Sudanese heritage. The
- [Violence, Globalization and the Trade in "ethnographic" Artefacts in nineteenth-century Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-globalization-and-the-trade-in-ethnographic-artefacts-in-nineteenth-century-sudan/) - Abstract This article explores the links between African artefacts in European museum collections and the slave and ivory trade in Sudan in the nineteenth century. It examines how ‘ethnographic’ collections were acquired from southern Sudan and how this process was entangled with the expansion of predatory commerce. Presenting evidence from contemporary travel accounts, museum archives
- [The problem of the missing dead](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-problem-of-the-missing-dead/) - Abstract This article examines what scholars can learn about civilian killings from newswire data in situations of non-random missingness. It contributes to this understanding by offering a unique view of the data-generation process in the South Sudanese civil war. Drawing on 40 hours of interviews with 32 human rights advocates, humanitarian workers, and journalists who
- [Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility: Context Update Factsheet (January-March 2021)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-resource-facility-context-update-factsheet-january-march-2021/) - This Context Update Factsheet aims to support a conflict-sensitive approach to decision-making by aid actors and policy makers in South Sudan through an improved understanding of South Sudan’s context, conflict dynamics and how aid actors might interact with this context. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility’s analysis covers the period January-March 2021 and is based on
- [Enhancing peace, safety and security in Maridi, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-peace-safety-and-security-in-maridi-south-sudan/) - In this brief Saferworld provides a context update about the current situation in Maridi – one of eight counties in Western Equatoria in South Sudan. Saferworld presents safety and security challenges for communities, local government, sub-national and national governments as well as the international community to consider and we provide recommendations for how best to
- [South Sudan: Hussein Abdel Bagi deepens his control of the borderland](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-hussein-abdel-bagi-deepens-his-control-of-the-borderland/) - Key points • Since Salva Kiir appointed Hussein Abdel Abgi as one of his five vice-presidents he has strengthened his control over the borderland region between South Sudan and Sudan, now occupying political space previously filled by Paul Malong (former SPLA Chief of Staff). • Abdel Bagi has deepened his control of the re-formed Northern
- [Violence, Crime and Gender in South Sudan: Reflections from the Field on Militias and Gangs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-crime-and-gender-in-south-sudan-reflections-from-the-field-on-militias-and-gangs/) - Summary This research paper reflects on the myriad ways in which militarised and criminalised forms of authority in South Sudan, specifically militias and gangs interpret norms around gender equality and the prevention of gender-based violence (GBV). It is founded on extended local fieldwork conducted throughout the first half of 2019 across four field locations, including:
- [The Normative Agency of Regional Organizations and Non‐governmental Organizations in International Peace Mediation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-normative-agency-of-regional-organizations-and-non‐governmental-organizations-in-international-peace-mediation/) - Abstract This article analyzes the increasingly prominent role of regional organizations (ROs) and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in promoting norms in mediation processes. In particular, the authors seek to understand the processes by which RO and NGO mediators promote the inclusivity norm to negotiating parties and the outcomes that result. The authors employ the concepts of
- [Women, Peace and Security: Prevention and Resolution of Communal Conflicts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-peace-and-security-prevention-and-resolution-of-communal-conflicts/) - Introduction Communal violence has attracted both research and policy attention in recent years. Global developments, such as climate change and its aggravating effects on farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria, election violence in India and Kenya, or attempts by UN peacekeepers to protect civilians from attacks by communal militias in Mali and South Sudan have brought such
- [MOVEMENT PATTERNS AND HUMANITARIAN NEEDS IN SOUTH SUDAN: SCENARIOS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/movement-patterns-and-humanitarian-needs-in-south-sudan-scenarios/) - Possible developments of movement and settlement patterns and humanitarian needs in the next six months (January - June 2021) after the redesignation of the Protection of Civilians sites. Download
- [South Sudan’s latest peace deal has been lauded as a milestone in the country’s long road to peace and stability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-latest-peace-deal-has-been-lauded-as-a-milestone-in-the-countrys-long-road-to-peace-and-stability/) - Abstract South Sudan’s latest peace deal has been lauded as a milestone in the country’s long road to peace and stability. The Revitalised Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) outlines power-sharing arrangements between rivals President Salva Kiir and main rebel/opposition leader Riek Machar, and provides a blueprint for a sustainable peace
- [“What Crime Was I Paying For?” Abuses by South Sudan’s National Security Service](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-crime-was-i-paying-for-abuses-by-south-sudans-national-security-service/) - Summary South Sudan’s National Security Service (NSS) was established in 2011, after the country gained independence. The 2011 Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, mandates the NSS to collect information, conduct analysis, and advise relevant authorities. But since its establishment, the NSS has gone much further than merely collecting information. Within months of
- [The South Sudan National Dialogue: What Next?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-south-sudan-national-dialogue-what-next/) - Introduction On December 14, 2016, South Sudan’s President, Salva Kiir Mayardit, declared the National Dialogue (ND) process and appointed eminent personalities and civil society representatives to lead it. At the time, the second spell of the civil conflict was raging in parts of Upper Nile, Equatoria, and Bahr el Ghazal regions. Numerous attempts by the
- [Impact Evaluation Report on MFA-NCA Scholarships Programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/impact-evaluation-report-on-mfa-nca-scholarships-programme/) - Brief introduction This Consultancy Report of MFA/NCA Scholarship Programme for young South Sudanese covers the period 2004 to 2019. The evaluation assessed the impact of the MFA/NCA scholarship programme on South Sudan Society since 2004 including the period after independence of South Sudan. The MFA/NCA Scholarships under the evaluation consists of the Women Scholarship Programme
- [The Establishment of the African Union Hybrid Court for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-establishment-of-the-african-union-hybrid-court-for-south-sudan/) - Introduction On August 25, Transitional Justice Working Group of South Sudan, Human Rights Watch, and Institute for Security Studies held a webinar for the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) members and other officials to discuss the urgency for the establishment of the AU Hybrid Court for South Sudan, as a key factor
- [Insights from Surveys on Business and Enterprises in South Sudan: Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/insights-from-surveys-on-business-and-enterprises-in-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - This study assesses jobs in businesses and NGOs in the towns of South Sudan. It is based on a 2019 business survey that includes informal and micro enterprises, as well as a dedicated survey of foreign-owned businesses. The business community is typical of a low-income post-conflict country, but with a particularly weak productive sector and
- [Reviving Markets and Market-Linked Agriculture in South Sudan : Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reviving-markets-and-market-linked-agriculture-in-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - This study assesses the state of markets and of jobs in market-linked agriculture in the towns of South Sudan. It is based on a 2019 market trader survey end extensive qualitative work. Agriculture provides most urban livelihoods, and there is high potential for raising production. However, insecurity has disrupted all elements of agricultural markets, from
- [Job Outcomes in the Towns of South Sudan: Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/job-outcomes-in-the-towns-of-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - This study assesses jobs outcomes in the towns of South Sudan, based on a 2017 household survey and a dedicated 2019 youth jobs survey. It discusses how years of conflict have touched nearly all livelihoods, leaving few productive jobs, and causing high poverty. Most urban households diversify their job activities little, and rely on household
- [South Sudan’s devastating floods: why there is a need for urgent resilience measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-devastating-floods-why-there-is-a-need-for-urgent-resilience-measures/) - This review explores the magnitude of this year’s flood and its impacts in Bor Town. We used a boat to get us around the town surveying the extent of flood water and measuring its depth in the streets and in the residential neighborhoods. We also used the GPS to capture the geographical coordinates submerged under
- [Newly evolving pastoral and post-pastoral rangelands of Eastern Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/newly-evolving-pastoral-and-post-pastoral-rangelands-of-eastern-africa/) - Abstract Over the past two decades, the rangelands of Eastern Africa have experienced sweeping changes associated with growing human populations, shifting land use, expanding livestock marketing and trade, and greater investment by domestic and global capital. These trends have coincided with several large shocks that were turning points for how rangeland inhabitants make a living.
- [Community Engagement in  UN Peacekeeping Operations: A People-Centered Approach to Protecting Civilians](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-engagement-in-un-peacekeeping-operations-a-people-centered-approach-to-protecting-civilians/) - As the practice of the protection of civilians (POC) has evolved in peacekeeping missions, the UN has increasingly focused on “people-centered” approaches. As a result, community engagement has emerged as a core component of POC efforts. By engaging with communities, missions can build trust, gather information, and build a protective environment, ultimately improving their ability
- [Fluid States and Rigid Boundaries on the East Bank of the Nile in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fluid-states-and-rigid-boundaries-on-the-east-bank-of-the-nile-in-south-sudan/) - The R-ARCSS was designed as an all-encompassing package of measures that would help end the civil war in South Sudan. Yet, in reality it does not efficiently address some of the root causes of the conflict. More than addressing those in a manner that connects both bottom-up and top-down drivers of tension, it focuses on
- [Addressing the security needs of adolescent girls in protracted crises: Inclusive, responsive, and effective?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/addressing-the-security-needs-of-adolescent-girls-in-protracted-crises-inclusive-responsive-and-effective/) - ABSTRACT Adolescent girls face significant and often unique forms of insecurity in protracted crises. Yet, their specific needs tend to be overlooked by international agencies, and they are rarely consulted as programs are developed and implemented. Drawing from field research conducted in four crisis contexts—Lake Chad (Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon), South Sudan and Uganda, Lebanon
- [No safe place: Prevalence and correlates of violence against conflict-affected women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-safe-place-prevalence-and-correlates-of-violence-against-conflict-affected-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Abstract Background Conflict and humanitarian crises increase the risk of both intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence against women and girls. The authors measured the prevalence and risk factors of different forms of violence against women and girls in South Sudan, which has suffered decades of conflict, most recently in 2013. Methods A population-based
- [Reformsunder the R-ARCSScould become mere Transitions without Democratic Change](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reformsunder-the-r-arcsscould-become-mere-transitions-without-democratic-change/) - This policy brief rings alarm bells for the parties to the R-ARCSS, its guarantors,and civil society actors that unless certain actions are urgently taken, reforms under the revitalized peace agreement may fail to yield positive change in facilitating South Sudan’s transition to constitutional democracy, peace and national unity. What follows is a summary of main
- [The Macroeconomic Environment for Jobs in South Sudan : Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan - Technical Report II](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-macroeconomic-environment-for-jobs-in-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan-technical-report-ii/) - This study assesses the macro-fiscal framework for jobs in South Sudan, working with the limited macro-fiscal data available on the fiscal years 2019 and 2020. The macroeconomic environment can hardly be more difficult for South Sudanese looking to make a living. For workers, the dramatic contraction of non-oil output since the beginning of the conflict
- [The Triple Nexus in South Sudan: Learning from Local Opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-triple-nexus-in-south-sudan-learning-from-local-opportunities/) - Abstract South Sudan is a poignant case study for understanding the opportunities as well as the more controversial ideas within the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus. The characteristics of the protracted crisis in the country, its root causes and the long-standing experience with a pragmatic, integrated approach on community level make the Triple Nexus for local actors an
- [Sustaining the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda: The Role of UN Peacekeeping in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sustaining-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-the-role-of-un-peacekeeping-in-africa/) - Abstract Peacebuilding is less likely to succeed without the participation and consideration of women. In the last two decades, peace operations deployed on the African continent under the banner of the United Nations and the African Union have included mandates focused on strengthening women’s participation in peace processes, ensuring the protection of women and girls,
- [Lessons in Failure: Peacebuilding in Sudan/South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-in-failure-peacebuilding-in-sudan-south-sudan/) - Abstract Common to most protracted conflicts that relapse into war is a disconnect between elites and local communities, which typically suffer the most when the former undermine peace agreements to further their own narrow interests. The central argument in this chapter, drawing heavily on the recent history of Sudan/South Sudan and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
- [Strengthening community resilience in conflict: learnings from the Partners for Resilience programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-community-resilience-in-conflict-learnings-from-the-partners-for-resilience-programme-2/) - This report describes the main findings and recommendations of research carried out for the Partners for Resilience (PfR) alliance on how the PfR programme is affected by – or may affect – conflict. Although PfR works in different conflict-affected countries and contexts, it does not address conflict or insecurity explicitly. This is potentially problematic for
- [WOMEN LEADING LOCALLY: Exploring women’s leadership in humanitarian action in Bangladesh and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-leading-locallyexploring-womens-leadership-in-humanitarian-action-in-bangladesh-and-south-sudan/) - This report examines women’s leadership in locally led humanitarian action with case studies from Bangladesh and South Sudan. It seeks to understand whether and how local humanitarian leadership (LHL)—with its transfer of resources and power to local and national humanitarian actors (LNHAs)—can promote or constrain women’s leadership. Download
- [Guidance framework for understanding different forms of violence and their implications in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/guidance-framework-for-understanding-different-forms-of-violence-and-their-implications-in-sout/) - This guidance framework is the output of discussions involving representatives from operational aid agencies and groups in South Sudan. The purpose of this guidance framework is: 1. To facilitate more nuanced understanding of organised violence in South Sudan and address potentially misleading use of catch-all terms (e.g. ‘inter-communal violence’ or ‘cattle raiding’) 2. To facilitate
- [Adjusting Terminology for Organised Violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/adjusting-terminology-for-organised-violence-in-south-sudan/) - February 2020 saw the formation of the executive of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU). Since then fighting between the signatories to the Revitalised Agreement on Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (RARCSS) has been significantly reduced, as parties broadly respect the ceasefire. However, although the agreement largely brought an end to
- [Breaking Out of the Borderlands: Understanding migrant pathways in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/breaking-out-of-the-borderlands-understanding-migrant-pathways-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - Breaking Out of the Borderlands is the second report by Dr Nicki Kindersley and Joseph Diing Majok on South Sudan’s changing borderland economy. The first report in the series—Monetized Livelihoods and militarized Labour in South Sudan’s Borderlands—described the protracted state of social and economic crisis that has gripped the borderland region of Northern Bahr el-Ghazal.
- [South Sudan’s demography – Looking to 2050](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-demography-looking-to-2050/) - The population dynamics presented in this paper have serious implications for South Sudan’s human development and political stability. Using census data and UN estimates, this briefing paper highlights South Sudan’s recent demographic patterns and trends, starting in 2008 into 2050. The projections presented are based on an exponential growth regime, and the analysis seeks to
- [Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violenceagainst women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nowhere-to-go-disclosure-and-help-seeking-behaviors-for-survivors-of-violenceagainst-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Abstract Background: Despite high rates of violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and humanitariancontexts, many survivors do not tell anyone about their experience or seek help from support r services (e.g. health, legal, psychosocial support, police). Methods: This paper examines disclosure and help seeking behaviours of survivors of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and
- [Conflict Sensitivity Analysis: Considerations for the Humanitarian Response in Mangalla](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-analysis-considerations-for-the-humanitarian-response-in-mangalla/) - The extensive flooding in South Sudan in 2020 has led to significant displacement across the country. Over the past few months, there has been a large influx of primarily flood-affected Dinka into the Mangalla area, in the northern part of Juba County, Central Equatoria. While many of these Internally Displaced People (IDPs) were displaced by
- [Trading Grains in South Sudan: Stories of opportunities, shocks and changing tastes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trading-grains-in-south-sudan-stories-of-opportunities-shocks-and-changing-tastes/) - Displaced Tastes is a research project run by the Rift Valley Institute in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan under the X-Border Local Research Network. The project examines the changing tastes for food in South Sudan in the context of the country’s economic transition and place in the regional, cross-border economy of grain.
- [Security sector spending and public safety in South Sudan, 2006–2018](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/security-sector-spending-and-public-safety-in-south-sudan-2006-2018/) - Abstract This analysis draws from security and state spending data to measure the human security experience in South Sudan. The results show amore volatile security environment following independence. Defence expenditure and human security, as measured in the number of insecurity episodes, are unrelated. Descriptive evidence indicates that human security and security expenditure tend to vary
- [Dynamics of National and Local Conflicts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dynamics-of-national-and-local-conflicts-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan has experienced an upsurge in armed violence since March 2020. While not yet threatening the newly formed revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity, the new fighting in various parts of the country has the potential to severely hamper the already fragile transitional process the country is currently undertaking. In this policy brief, Christopher
- [Civil Wars in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/civil-wars-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - Definition: This article revisits debates about the root causes of civil wars with the aim of providing a coherent framework for addressing such drivers and building sustainable peace. It is argued in this article that the civil war is better explained by the absence of resilient social contract rather than the dominant theoretical perspectives that
- [Back on their feet: The role of PoCs in South Sudan and the potential for returning ‘home’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/back-on-their-feet-the-role-of-pocs-in-south-sudan-and-the-potential-for-returning-home/) - On the 4 September 2020, the Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG) in South Sudan announced in a press conference that UNMISS had begun to ‘progressively withdraw its troops and police from the Bor and Wau PoCs’, and to redesignate the sites ‘no longer PoC sites but camps for internally displaced people (IDP) under
- [Local Peace Agreement in Abyei: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-peace-agreement-in-abyei-achievements-challenges-and-opportunities/) - Executive Summary Executive SummaryIn February 2016, after a series of meetings between Ngok Dinka and Misseriya chiefs, a peace agreement was signed in Noong (west of Abyei). The local mediation was initiated in 2015 by Chief Nyuon Pagot, after a lack of cooperation between the two communities since the 2011 Abyei conflict. During this period,
- [Fuelling Poverty: The challenges of accessing energy among urban households in Juba, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fuelling-poverty-the-challenges-of-accessing-energy-among-urban-households-in-juba-south-sudan/) - In South Sudan, access to energy is crucial for survival, recovery and resilience in what is an extremely challenging economic and security environment. Fuelling Poverty—a product of the Energy on the Move project—examines the challenges of meeting everyday energy needs for the urban population of Juba. Recent urbanisation, conflict and economic crisis have fundamentally reshaped
- [Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children: Prevention and Response Services in Uganda’s Refugee-Hosting Districts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-based-violence-and-violence-against-children-prevention-and-response-services-in-ugandas-refugee-hosting-districts/) - KAMPALA, October 8, 2020—Displaced communities and those that host large numbers of refugees face high risks of violence, including sexual exploitation and abuse, according to a new World Bank assessment. The recently-launched study, Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children: Prevention and Response Services in Uganda’s Refugee-Hosting Districts shows that identifying negative impacts that could result
- [The Cowardly Man Raises his Children: Refugee Gang Violence and Masculine Norms in Cairo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-cowardly-man-raises-his-children-refugee-gang-violence-and-masculine-norms-in-cairo/) - Sudanese, South Sudanese, and African refugee communities in Cairo, Egypt have raised the issue of gang violence as a major concern for their communities for over a decade. Despite the damaging effects violence has on refugee communities, humanitarian organizations in Cairo have only launched a limited number of interventions to address gang violence due its
- [Synthesis of Evaluations in South Sudan:Lessons Learned for Engagement inFragile and Conflict-Affected States](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/synthesis-of-evaluations-in-south-sudanlessons-learned-for-engagement-infragile-and-conflict-affected-states/) - South Sudan is one the largest recipients of official development assistance. Given the complexity of the operational environment, there is a need to learn from the lessons gained to-date. This article seeks to enable better-informed decision making based on a synthesis from humanitarian and development evaluation reports, which offer insight for engagement in other fragile
- [Population movement baseline report: Movement and displacement in South Sudan, 1983-2019](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/population-movement-baseline-report-movement-and-displacement-in-south-sudan-1983-2019/) - Since the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983, South Sudan has seen significant levels of displacement driven by conflict, resource stress, climate shocks, and disease. Movement, already an endemic feature of life in South Sudan, has enabled many South Sudanese households or household members to escape or mitigate years of shocks, but those deciding to
- [The Political Practice of Peacekeeping: How strategies for Peace Operations are developed and implemented](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-political-practice-of-peacekeeping-how-strategies-for-peace-operations-are-developed-and-implemented/) - The 2018 Action for Peacekeeping Declaration (A4P) commits UN peace operations to pursue political objectives based on integrated strategies and solutions. This emphasis on political solutions echoes the widely-accepted mantra of the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO), which proposed that peace operations undergo a fundamental shift towards the primacy of politics. While there
- [Lost in Translation: The interaction between international humanitarian aid and South Sudanese accountability systems](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lost-in-translation-the-interaction-between-international-humanitarian-aid-and-south-sudanese-accountability-systems/) - This CSRF study explores the disconnect between local, South Sudanese conceptions of accountability and the international, formalised Accountability to Affected Populations (AAP) framework. In South Sudan, ‘accountability’ is based on reciprocity, in which an individual or group provides support to another, in the expectation that the recipient will reciprocate their support at a later date.
- [UN Security Council Briefing on South Sudan by Nyachangkuoth Rambang Tai](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-security-council-briefing-on-south-sudan-by-nyachangkuoth-rambang-tai/) - Nyachangkuoth Rambang Tai, representing the organization Assistance Mission for Africa, was invited to provide a civil society perspective and recommendations when the Security Council met to discuss the situation in South Sudan. The NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security facilitated her statement but she did not speak on behalf of the NGOWG. Download
- [The Politics of Criminal Accountability and Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-criminal-accountability-and-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - Introduction Transitional Justice Mechanisms, including the establishment of a Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS), were incorporated as part of the September 2018 Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS). Chapter Five of the R-ARCSS was a blueprint for the state to deal with its past, address impunity, and to
- [Priorities for Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/priorities-for-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Executive Summary South Sudan’s peace process remains in intensive care, its health dependent on continual attention from its external sponsors, namely neighboring governments and the international community. This is not sustainable. At worst, it provides opportunities for the military and political elite to continue to run the country in pursuit of their own interests. At
- [The Effectiveness of Nutrition Education for Care Takers at Al-Sabah Children Hospital in Patient Therapeutic Feeding Center, Juba South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-effectiveness-of-nutrition-education-for-care-takers-at-al-sabah-children-hospital-in-patient-therapeutic-feeding-center-juba-south-sudan/) - Abstract: Background: A key part of treating and preventing malnutrition is the provision of effective nutrition education to the clients and caretakers so that they can self-manage their nutrition needs even after discharge from the hospital. For effective nutrition education,three factors are paramount; The successful transfer of knowledge and skills, client motivation to act on
- [Diversity and distribution of medicinal plants in the republic of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/diversity-and-distribution-of-medicinal-plants-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan/) - Abstract This review paper focuses on knowledge, skill, practices, benefits, and experiences pertaining to use of plants as medicinal aids to help, prevent or treat physical and mental illnesses in human in African continent especially South Sudan. Attitudes towards traditional medicine vary strongly with the tradition and cultures of the people and this has raised
- [Access to basic needs and services in South Sudan: Scenarios](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/access-to-basic-needs-and-services-in-south-sudan-scenarios/) - Introduction Problem statement South Sudan has witnessed intermittent civil war and widespread communal and localised violence since gaining independence in 2011. 7.5 million people, 64% of the population, are in need of humanitarian assistance. Taking into account a range of variables that affect South Sudanese access to basic needs and services, these scenarios consider developments
- [Rethinking Transitional Justice in South Sudan: Critical Perspectives on Justice and Reconciliation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-transitional-justice-in-south-sudan-critical-perspectives-on-justice-and-reconciliation/) - The horrific violations committed in South Sudan’s civil war led to the establishment of mechanisms ensuring the prosecution of serious crimes and reconciliation within communities shattered by war. Through a peace deal, three mutually supportive but independent institutions of transitional justice were formed: The Commission for Truth, Reconciliation and Healing, The Hybrid Court for South
- [Patchwork States: The Localization of State Territoriality on the South Sudan-Uganda Border, 1914-2014](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/patchwork-states-the-localization-of-state-territoriality-on-the-south-sudan-uganda-border-1914-2014/) - Abstract This paper takes a localized conflict over a non-demarcated stretch of the Uganda–South Sudan boundary in 2014 as a starting point for examining the history of territorial state formation on either side of this border since its colonial creation in 1914. It argues that the conflict was an outcome of the long-term constitution of
- [Pastoralism and Conflict in the Sudano-Sahel: A Review of the Literature](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/pastoralism-and-conflict-in-the-sudano-sahel-a-review-of-the-literature/) - Across the African continent, 268 million people practice pastoralism, both as a way of life and a livelihood strategy, contributing between 10 to 44 percent of the GDP of African countries. In recent years, this adaptive animal production system has faced growing external threats due to issues such as climate change, political instability, agricultural expansion,
- [THE CURRENCY OF CONNECTIONS: Why Do Social Connections Matter for Household Resilience in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-currencyof-connections-why-do-social-connections-matter-for-household-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - In protracted crises where there are weak or nonexistent formal governance structures, people depend heavily on local systems—both social and economic—to get by. Communities themselves are often the first responders in a crisis, reacting long before humanitarian actors arrive. This report examines how social connections during times of crisis enable populations to manage shocks and
- [War and Schooling in South Sudan, 2013-2016](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-and-schooling-in-south-sudan-2013-2016/) - Abstract: South Sudan was embroiled in a civil war from mid-December 2013 to mid-September 2018. Nearly 400,000 people died, and several million were displaced. The economy nearly collapsed as the nation’s output was severely reduced, causing inflation to soar. While prior research on the immediate humanitarian crisis in South Sudan has focused on forced displacement
- [Is development aid to strengthen health systems during protracted conflict a useful investment? The case of South Sudan, 2011–2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/is-development-aid-to-strengthen-health-systems-during-protracted-conflict-a-useful-investment-the-case-of-south-sudan-2011-2015/) - Introduction Is achievement of Sustainable DevelopmentGoal (SDG) 16 (building peaceful societies) a precondition for achieving SDG 3 (health and well-being in allsocieties, including conflict-affected countries)? Do healthsystem investments in conflict-affected countries wasteresources or benefit the public’s health? To answer these questions, we examine the maternal, newborn, child and reproductive health (MNCRH) service provision during protracted
- [Violence against adolescent girls: Trends and lessons for East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-against-adolescent-girls-trends-and-lessons-for-east-africa/) - Adolescence is a crucial and defining stage in a girl’s life. However, girls around the world too often face unique risks of gender discrimination and gender-based violence (GBV), including sexual violence, human trafficking, forced marriage and sexual exploitation and abuse. This is particularly the case in humanitarian settings, where girls’ already-limited access to vital services
- [Trafficking in Persons in South Sudan: Prevalence, Challenges and Responses](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trafficking-in-persons-in-south-sudan-prevalence-challenges-and-responses/) - The report “Trafficking in Persons in South Sudan: Prevalence, Responses and Challenges” analyzes the nature of trafficking in persons in the country, its forms, challenges and the legal gaps in the present legal framework in South Sudan. It provides recommendations that the Technical Taskforce and its partners are set to address. TIP is a heinous
- [Nutrition in Africa’s drylands: a conceptual framework for addressing acute malnutrition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nutrition-in-africas-drylands-a-conceptual-framework-for-addressing-acute-malnutrition/) - The UNICEF conceptual framework of the causes of malnutrition has been widely adopted across both development and humanitarian spheres. However, there are key elements of the framework that require urgent re-emphasis and updating. There are also significant gaps in the framework itself related to the systemic drivers of acute malnutrition. These gaps limit the framework’s
- [The Politics of Numbers On Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005–2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-numbers-on-security-sector-reform-in-south-sudan-2005-2020/) - The Politics of Numbers: On Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005-2020 is the first comprehensive study of what has happened to South Sudan's military forces since the end of the Sudanese second civil war in 2005. Based on extensive fieldwork in the country, the report argues that all of the international community's efforts to create
- [Remediating South Sudan’s War-induced Petroleum Environmental Damage: Environmental baseline Conditions and Current Impacts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/remediating-south-sudans-war-induced-petroleum-environmental-damage-environmental-baseline-conditions-and-current-impacts/) - Publication Summary This paper reviews the existing literature to determine the adequacy of evidence and extent of the environmental impacts in the oil producing areas in South Sudan. The following is revealed: Evidence from previous studies shows that there is a serious environmental and social disaster in the three oil producing areas, even though such evidence does
- [The Future and Implementation of the R-ARCSS in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-future-and-implementation-of-the-r-arcss-in-south-sudan/) - In this selection of articles on the Future and Implementation of the R-ARCSS in South Sudan scholars/experts including Christopher Zambakari, Remember Miamingi, Peter Adwok Nyaba and Jok Madut Jok explore the R-ARCSS and its implementation by focusing on different issues such as the delays in the implementation of the agreement, the security sector reform, and
- [Localization across contexts: Lessons learned from four case studies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/localization-across-contexts-lessons-learned-from-four-case-studies/) - The Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University and Save the Children Denmark conducted research on the localization of humanitarian action in several different contexts—Indonesia following the 2018 earthquake in Sulawesi, and the Horn of Africa, specifically humanitarian situations in Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan. The goal was to
- [Spear masters and mechanisms of conflict resolution/ reconciliation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spear-masters-and-mechanisms-of-conflict-resolution-reconciliation-in-south-sudan/) - The following short sections point at some aspects of spear masters and their role in mechanisms of conflict resolution/reconciliation in South Sudan. The document has a focus on spear masters and Dinka communities. However, important aspects are similar/relevant also in other communities. Link to publication
- [Refugee Livelihoods: A Comparative Analysis of Nairobi and Kakuma Camp in Kenya](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/refugee-livelihoods-a-comparative-analysis-of-nairobi-and-kakuma-camp-in-kenya/) - This open access article on refugee livelihoods also focusses on South Sudanese refugees living in Kenia. Abstract While the literature on refugee livelihoods is growing, there is a lack of comparative studies of their livelihood strategies in relation to their host communities and their living locations. Drawing upon fieldwork in Kakuma camp and Nairobi in
- [Quantifying climate change relevant humanitarian programming and spending across five highly disaster vulnerable countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/quantifying-climate-change-relevant-humanitarian-programming-and-spending-across-five-highly-disaster-vulnerable-countries/) - This open access articles focusses on climate change relevant humanitarian programming in South Sudan and Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia and Syria. Abstract Climate change is increasing the severity and frequency of natural hazards and associated disasters worldwide, yet there is little data tracking how and whether it is being addressed by humanitarian assistance programs. Using publicly
- [Oil, risk, and regional politics in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-risk-and-regional-politics-in-east-africa/) - Abstract Resource nationalism, political disputes between national and local authorities over revenue sharing, and insecurity, are common country level political risks in Africa's oil and gas industries. But the boom decade gave new significance to regional risk. High international oil prices between 2004 and 2014 incentivized exploration and development in frontier countries and led to
- [Transition Without Transformation: The Legacy of Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transition-without-transformation-the-legacy-of-sudans-comprehensive-peace-agreement/) - Abstract In recent years, the transitional justice framework has expanded to include a broader notion of transformative justice, which strives for socio-political reform in addition to legal accountability. Over the course of two civil wars, Sudan has grappled with various attempts at transition and transformation with mixed results. Though the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement brought
- [Severe acute malnutrition treatment delivered by low-literate community health workers in South Sudan: A prospective cohort study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/severe-acute-malnutrition-treatment-delivered-by-low-literate-community-health-workers-in-south-sudan-a-prospective-cohort-study/) - Background Community health worker (CHW)-delivered acute malnutrition treatment programs have been tested previously, but not with low-literate/-numerate cadres who operate in areas with the highest malnutrition burden and under-five mortality rates. The International Rescue Committee developed low-literacy-adapted tools and treatment protocol to enable low-literate/-numerate community-based distributors (CBD, the CHW cadre in South Sudan) to treat
- [South Sudanese Perceptions of Justice: The Terrain Trial](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudanese-perceptions-of-justice-the-terrain-trial/) - During an outbreak of violence in July 2016, a South Sudanese journalist was killed and international aid workers were brutally raped by government soldiers at the Terrain compound in South Sudan. Following intense international pressure, 11 soldiers were found guilty of various crimes by a specially created military court martial in 2018. As the first
- [An assessment of economic and environmental impacts of refugees in Nakivale, Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/an-assessment-of-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-refugees-in-nakivale-uganda/) - Uganda is one of the leading host countries for refugees in the East and Horn of Africa. Uganda’s location among instable neighbouring countries and its open door policy to refugees has seen a big number of refugees flowing into the country from Southern Sudan, Rwanda, Somalia, Burundi, Eritrea, Kenya, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of Congo.
- [Advocating for Inclusive Security in Restricted Civic Spaces in Africa: Lessons learned from Burundi, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Niger, Somalia/Somaliland, and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/advocating-for-inclusive-security-in-restricted-civic-spaces-in-africa-lessons-learned-from-burundi-central-african-republic-ethiopia-niger-somalia-somaliland-and-south-sudan/) - Civil society has a vital role in advocating for inclusive, people-centred security provision which meets the everyday safety and security needs of all. This is especially crucial in fragile and conflict-affected contexts, characterized by high levels of insecurity. Restricted civic space shackles civil society’s ability to engage and influence. Despite this, civil society in Burundi,
- [Bridge Builders: Strengthening the role of local faith actors in humanitarian response in South Sudan: A two-way model for sharing capacity and strengthening a localised response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bridge-builders-strengthening-the-role-of-local-faith-actors-in-humanitarian-response-in-south-sudan-a-two-way-model-for-sharing-capacity-and-strengthening-a-localised-response/) - This report outlines and analyses the implementation of the Bridge Builder Model. This is a two-way, capacity-sharing model aimed at bringing together local faith actors (LFAs) and international humanitarian actors to increase understanding, trust, coordination and collaboration. The model was developed by the Bridging the Gap Consortium (Tearfund UK, Tearfund Belgium, Tearfund in South Sudan,
- [South Sudan and climate change trends – Looking to 2050](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-and-climate-change-trends-looking-to-2050/) - The effects of climate change are expected to be greatest in the Horn of Africa countries, particularly those, such as South Sudan, whose populations are reliant on rain-fed agricultural production to meet their food and income needs. As one of the least developed countries in the world, South Sudan’s population is dependent on climate sensitive
- [The (self) protection of civilians in South Sudan: Popular and community justice practices](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-self-protection-of-civilians-in-south-sudan-popular-and-community-justice-practices/) - Over the past decade, a body of scholarship on civilian self-protection (CSP) has emerged, advancing understandings of civilian agency in war. In this article, the authors argue that CSP has been conceptualized in a narrow manner, reflecting the nascent status of the field. Scholars have focused on responses to threats directly related to the dynamics
- [The new South Sudanese Cabinet:  Ministerial appointments in the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity—SPLM, SPLA-IO, and SSOA](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-new-south-sudanese-cabinet-ministerial-appointments-in-the-revitalized-transitional-government-of-national-unity-splm-spla-io-and-ssoa/) - This briefing provides information about members of the new Cabinet in South Sudan. The Mapping Actors and Alliances Project in South Sudan (MAAPSS) provides current information on over 400 actors, and charts connections among political and military alliances and armed groups. Download
- [Briefing Paper: A Missing Mandate - Casualty Recording in UN Peace Operations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-paper-a-missing-mandate-casualty-recording-in-un-peace-operations/) - This Briefing Paper examines how UN peace operations are using casualty data to enhance the implementation of key elements of their mandates, including the protection of civilians (PoC), the promotion and protection of human rights, and conflict prevention, thereby contributing to achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16.1: ‘Significantly reduce all forms of violence and
- [Lessons for health programme delivery in fragile and conflict-affected states](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-for-health-programme-delivery-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-states/) - This helpdesk report reviews the lessons learned from the delivery of health programmes in a conflict-sensitive way including in South Sudan. Recommendations on conflict sensitivity and health programming identified in this review include: coordination between governments and implementing agencies, training for healthcare staff in conflict sensitivity, health and hygiene promotion for refugees and social cohesion
- [South Sudan's Changing Tastes: Conflict, displacement and food imports](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-changing-tastes-conflict-displacement-and-food-imports/) - Over the past four decades, most South Sudanese people have begun buying staple foods rather than eating self-grown grains and tubers. This is part of a wider move towards markets, closely connected to South Sudan’s first encounters with modernity in the nineteenth century, as well as the conflicts and mass displacements of the past fifty
- [Hollow Promises: The Risks of Military Integration in Western Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hollow-promises-the-risks-of-military-integration-in-western-equatoria/) - The 2018 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) calls for the integration of combatants from South Sudan’s three key warring parties into a new ‘unified’ army. The process, however, has led to new sources of insecurity. This Briefing Paper explores the ways in which the R-ARCSS
- [Disability & Inclusion Survey, Wau PoC AA (Publication 31 October 2019, data collection February 2019)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disability-inclusion-survey-wau-poc-aa-publication-31-october-2019-data-collection-february-2019/) - The International Organization for Migration's Displacement Tracking Matrix (10M DTM) and Humanity & Inclusion (HI) joined efforts to undertake an assessment of the level of access to services and the barriers faced by persons with disabilities within Wau Protection of Civilian Adjacent Area site (PoC AA or PoC site henceforth). The study, based on data
- [Investigating the delivery of health and nutrition interventions for women and children in conflict settings: a collection of case studies from the BRANCH Consortium](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/investigating-the-delivery-of-health-and-nutrition-interventions-for-women-and-children-in-conflict-settings-a-collection-of-case-studies-from-the-branch-consortium/) - Globally, the number of people affected by conflict is the highest in history, and continues to steadily increase. There is currently a pressing need to better understand how to deliver critical health interventions to women and children affected by conflict. The compendium of articles presented in this Conflict and Health Collection brings together a range
- [The Boiling Frustrations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-boiling-frustrations-in-south-sudan/) - The current state of affairs in the country has been long in the making. Since April 2020, following a stalled formation of the Revitalized Government of National Unity (RTGoNU), there has been growing frustration in the country. Citizens had hoped that the political developments in February and March had created sufficient momentum to push the
- [Japan’s Contemporary Approach to Foreign Policy Aligns with Its Strategic ​National Interests: ​A Case Study of United Nations Mission in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/japans-contemporary-approach-to-foreign-policy-aligns-with-its-strategic-​national-interests-​a-case-study-of-united-nations-mission-in-south-sudan/) - This essay assesses UNMISS as a case study of Japan’s foreign policy which is being implemented in order to fulfill its strategic national interests. In order to trace these interests firstly, it analyzes UNMISS as Japan’s tool to attain the international power; secondly, as an economic strategy to secure its access to the oil and
- [Genesis of South Sudan’s Engagement with China: The Dilemma of Non-Interference in the Face of African Agency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/genesis-of-south-sudans-engagement-with-china-the-dilemma-of-non-interference-in-the-face-of-african-agen/) - The relationship between what would become South Sudan and China started with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 between the old Sudan and Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). Oil, a major trigger of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005), continued to fuel the violent conflict, which led to the partition of
- [Lessons for IGAD Mediation Arising from the South Sudan Peace Talks 2013-15](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-for-igad-mediation-arising-from-the-south-sudan-peace-talks-2013-15/) - This report focuses on the IGAD-led mediation process from December 2013 to August 2015 to address the conflict in South Sudan. As per a project initiated, led and owned by IGAD, it identifies lessons from the South Sudan peace talks with the aim to inform future IGAD mediation efforts. These lessons are based on interviews
- [Climate Change-Induced Migration in the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-induced-migration-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - The Horn of Africa including South Sudan has been facing a wide range of interconnected and mutually reinforcing negative conditions for many years. Recently, climate change-induced migration, either voluntary in nature as an adaptation strategy or through displacement, has become a formidable challenge for these countries. Achieving a resilient society – where people can adapt
- [The Politics of Information and Analysis in Famines and Extreme Emergencies: Synthesis of Findings from Six Case Studies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-information-and-analysis-in-famines-and-extreme-emergencies-synthesis-of-findings-from-six-case-studies/) - The ability to predict and analyze famine has improved sharply in the past fifteen years. However, the political influences on data collection and analysis in famine and extreme food security emergencies continue to limit evidence-based prevention and response. In many emergencies, good quality data are not readily available, which makes it easy to undermine analysis
- [Briefing Paper: The Politics of Information and Analysis in Famines and Extreme Emergencies: Synthesis of Findings from Six Case Studies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-paper-the-politics-of-information-and-analysis-in-famines-and-extreme-emergencies-synthesis-of-findings-from-six-case-studies/) - The ability to predict and analyze famine has improved sharply in the past fifteen years. However, the political influences on data collection and analysis in famine and extreme food security emergencies continue to limit evidence-based prevention and response. In many emergencies, good quality data are not readily available, which makes it easy to undermine analysis
- [Building the nation in Southern Sudan: state emblems, symbols and national identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-the-nation-in-southern-sudan-state-emblems-symbols-and-national-identity/) - This article discusses a selection of state emblems, national symbols and national identity in Southern Sudan. The emblems and symbols are used to provide meaning to a nation in the making and serve as pillars for common national identification to guide the formation of national identity. In essence, they represent the top-down process of politically
- [Special Report - 2019 FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CFSAM) to the Republic of South Sudan, 27 May 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/special-report-2019-fao-wfp-crop-and-food-security-assessment-mission-cfsam-to-the-republic-of-south-sudan-27-may-2020/) - An FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CFSAM) visited South Sudan from 15 to 20 December 2019 to estimate the cereal production during 2019 and assess the overall food security situation in the country. The CFSAM reviewed the findings of several Crop Assessment Missions conducted from June to December 2019 at planting and harvest
- [Conflict, Mobility and Markets: Changing food systems in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-mobility-and-markets-changing-food-systems-in-south-sudan/) - The move towards markets and imported foods is taking place through several, linked processes namely: the monetization of exchange; commodification of goods and labour; and new patterns of accumulation and consumption, which have led to the uprooting of people from their land and other resources needed to sustain their own production. These processes, explored in
- [Maternal and child health service delivery in conflict-affected settings: a case study example from Upper Nile and Unity states, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/maternal-and-child-health-service-deliveryin-conflict-affected-settings-a-case-studyexample-from-upper-nile-and-unity-states-south-sudan/) - Background: Decades of war left the Republic of South Sudan with a fragile health system that has remained deprived of resources since the country’s independence. The authors describe the coverage of interventions for women’s and children’s health in Upper Nile and Unity states, and explore factors that affected service provision during aprotracted conflict. Methods: The
- [Oversight mechanisms, regime security, and intelligence service autonomy in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oversight-mechanisms-regime-security-and-intelligence-service-autonomy-in-south-sudan/) - Statutory oversight mechanisms for South Sudan’s intelligence service are weak and ineffective. The weakness of these mechanisms is directly related to the sense of security that the regime experiences. Internal threats facing the regime after South Sudan’s independence have resulted in an increase in the autonomy and influence of the National Security Service to counter
- [Access to Health for Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/access-to-health-for-survivors-of-conflict-related-sexual-violence-in-south-sudan/) - Survivors of conflict-related sexual violence continue to struggle to access adequate medical and mental health care, according to a new report issued by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan and the UN Human Rights Office. “The COVID-19 pandemic has made it clear, if there was ever any doubt, just how important it is for
- [Working to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals Through Enhancing Women’s Access to Land in Post Conflict Context: the Case of Wau State in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/working-to-achieve-sustainable-development-goals-through-enhancing-womens-access-to-land-in-post-conflict-context-the-case-of-wau-state-in-south-sudan/) - Land governance in South Sudan is not only central to nation building, but also a major contributor to conflicts, poverty and under developmentin the post conflict context. To reinforce the crucial role of land rights and the importance of gender equality in access of the rights, the Sustainable Development Goals indicators 1.4.2; 5.a.1 and 5.a.2
- [Coping mechanisms in South Sudan in relation to different types of shock](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/coping-mechanisms-in-south-sudan-in-relation-to-different-types-of-shock/) - This rapid evidence review provides an assessment of negative and positive coping mechanisms of different groups (based on wealth (below the poverty line/elites), gender, age, (dis)abilities, geographies (rural/urban), and ethnicity of people in South Sudan in relation to different types of shock. It draws predominantly on a range of grey literature from multinational and bilateral
- [Comprehensive analysis of South Sudan conflict: determinants and repercussions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/comprehensive-analysis-of-south-sudan-conflict-determinants-and-repercussions/) - South Sudan, which separated from Sudan in 2011 after nearly 40 years of civil war, was embroiled in a new devastating conflict at the end of 2013. This happened when political disputes coupled with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines became brutal. This conflict has mostly targeted civilians and most often, ethnic groups, and warring
- [Orchestrating peace in South Sudan: exploring the effectiveness of the European Union’s mediation support](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/orchestrating-peace-in-south-sudan-exploring-the-effectiveness-of-the-european-unions-mediation-support/) - Previous research has primarily focused on the EU’s high-profile involvement as direct mediator in peace negotiations. Conversely, less attention has been devoted to the EU’s support to third parties’ mediation efforts, which is a significant component of its mediation activities. Addressing this research gap, this article develops a conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of
- [Self-reliance and Social Networks: Explaining Refugees’ Reluctance to Relocate from Kakuma to Kalobeyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/self-reliance-and-social-networks-explaining-refugees-reluctance-to-relocate-from-kakuma-to-kalobeyei/) - In 2016, refugees in the Kakuma camps in Kenya - where also South Sudanese refugees live - were offered the opportunity to relocate to the new Kalobeyei settlement, which ostensibly offered a better set of opportunities. While it was portrayed by the international community as objectively better for refugees’ autonomy and socio-economic prospects, most refugees
- [Advantages and challenges to diaspora transnational civil society activism in the homeland: examples from Iraqi Kurdistan, Somaliland and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/advantages-and-challenges-to-diaspora-transnational-civil-society-activism-in-the-homeland-examples-from-iraqi-kurdistan-somaliland-and-south-sudan/) - Investment in overseas developmental projects is a multifaceted effort which involves a variety of actors. These include donor governments and their departments for international aid, international organisations, recipient governments and the societies in the recipient countries. With relation to the latter, the existence of an active civil society has been identified as crucial for the
- [Child labor, sex and mental health outcomes amongst adolescent refugees](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-labor-sex-and-mental-health-outcomes-amongst-adolescent-refugees/) - Introduction Refugee adolescents living in camps and settlements in low and middle-income countries are a vulnerable population who face protection and psychosocial risks. This study explores prevalence of child labor amongst adolescent refugees from South Sudan in two refugee settlements in Uganda, to understand impacts of child labor on mental health outcomes, and examines the
- [If They Endorse It, I Can't Trust It: How Outgroup Leader Endorsements Undercut Public Support for Civil War Peace Settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-they-endorse-it-i-cant-trust-it-how-outgroup-leader-endorsements-undercut-public-support-for-civil-war-peace-settlements/) - Civil wars are a greater source of violence than any other type of conflict, yet little is known about one of the key determinants of civil war peace settlement success: civilian support. The authors evaluate how a core component of nearly all peace settlements, leader endorsements, affects public support. The authors predict that individuals in
- [Conflict resolution as cultural brokerage: how refugee leaders mediate disputes in Uganda’s refugee settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-resolution-as-cultural-brokerage-how-refugee-leaders-mediate-disputes-in-ugandas-refugee-settlements/) - Looking through the lens of disputes and their resolution, this article examines the efforts undertaken by refugees to guarantee peaceful coexistence within and around settlements in northern Uganda. Based on extensive fieldwork, the authors examine which disputes occur within and around the settlements and which actors intervene to mediate and solve them. They identify a
- [Dealing with uncertainty in famine predictions: How complex events affect food security early warning skill in the Greater Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dealing-with-uncertainty-in-famine-predictions-how-complex-events-affect-food-security-early-warning-skill-in-the-greater-horn-of-africa/) - Early warning systems are essential tool for humanitarian preparedness and response. The diversity of inputs required, ranging from agricultural production estimates to market price variability and weather forecasts, means that interpreting food security signals is not an easy task. Each of these inputs is fraught with uncertainty which analysts need to assess when making projections
- [Quantifying community resilience in South Sudan: The FEED project (Fortifying Equality and Economic Diversification)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/quantifying-community-resilience-in-south-sudan-the-feed-project-fortifying-equality-and-economic-diversification/) - An analysis of community resilience in South Sudan, based on household survey data, is presented in this paper. The data were collected as part of the Fortifying Equality and Economic Diversification (FEED) Project (a consortium project of World Vision, Oxfam, and CARE). The goal of the project was to meet basic food security needs and
- [South Sudan - Village Assessment Survey - Wau, Rubkona and Bor South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-village-assessment-survey-wau-rubkona-and-bor-south/) - Between August and November 2019, IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) conducted Village Assessment Survey (VAS) in Rubkona, Wau and Bor South Counties assessing a total of 63 bomas (13 in Bor South, 11 in Rubkona and 39 in Wau) and carrying key informant interviews at 191 educational facilities and 42 health facilities. In addition to
- [The Role of State in Economic Development: Infant Industry Production in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-state-in-economic-development-infant-industry-production-in-south-sudan/) - In this article the author examines the relevance of infant-industry promotion theory to South Sudan’s economic revitalization efforts. As a newly formed state with jurisdiction over people with varied and often conflicting interests, the South Sudanese government will likely experience difficulty developing institutions and procedures that produce an equitable distribution of economic gains across the
- [Grains As Life: The value of sorghum and millet amongst the Abyei Dinka](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/grains-as-life-the-value-of-sorghum-and-millet-amongst-the-abyei-dinka/) - In this piece, Deng Kuol explains the significance of grains for his pastoralist Ngok Dinka community—more commonly associated with cattle—in the borderland region of Abyei. To illustrate this, Deng describes the efforts made by his mother to preserve access to a socially valued variety of sorghum—ruath—by travelling into military occupied areas of Abyei while her
- [Assessing the utility of risk management theory in the governance of new states: lessons from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assessing-the-utility-of-risk-management-theory-in-the-governance-of-new-states-lessons-from-south-sudan-2/) - South Sudan was born amid great hope for a country that boasted vast natural wealth. Inheriting a virtually lunar political and economic landscape, this hope quickly gave way under kleptocratic governance and corruption, a volatile political environment with recent horrendous violence, and the ensuing loss of oil revenues and cuts in foreign investment and aid.
- [When Ethnic Diversity Becomes a Curse in Africa: The Tale of Two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/when-ethnic-diversity-becomes-a-curse-in-africa-the-tale-of-two-sudans/) - ​This article assesses when diversity becomes a curse in Africa. The review of literature on the causation of civil wars shows gaps, weaknesses and lack of holistic framework of analysis. It is argued in this article that the risk of violent conflict is better explained in Africa by absence of social contract as a manifestation
- [South Sudanese Refugee Survivors of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Torture: Health and Justice Service Responses in Northern Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudanese-refugee-survivors-of-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-and-torture-health-and-justice-service-responses-in-northern-uganda/) - This British Academy/Leverhulme-funded research investigated the health and justice service responses to the needs of South Sudanese refugees living in refugee settlements in Northern Uganda who had been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and torture. It involved the collection and thematic analysis of the narratives of 20 men and 41 women who were
- [China’s Evolving Approach to UN Peacekeeping in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chinas-evolving-approach-to-un-peacekeeping-in-africa/) - China’s new, assertive role in UN peacekeeping, especially in Africa, represents a significant shift in Beijing’s peace and security posture that is not yetfullyreflected in official discourse and rhetoric, but that reflects China’s new confidence with its global power status. Every significant adaptation in its peacekeeping policy has reflected an important shift in the country’spracticalforeign
- ['You Can Now Get Engaged': Meanings of cassava among the Pojulu of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/you-can-now-get-engaged-meanings-of-cassava-among-the-pojulu-of-south-sudan/) - Displaced Tastes is a research project run by the Rift Valley Institute in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan under the X-Border Local Research Network. The project examines the changing tastes for food in South Sudan in the context of the country’s economic transition and place in the regional, cross-border economy of grain.
- [Migrating with Seeds: Women, agricultural knowledge and displacement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/migrating-with-seeds-women-agricultural-knowledge-and-displacement-in-south-sudan/) - Displaced Tastes is a research project run by the Rift Valley Institute in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan under the X-Border Local Research Network. The project examines the changing tastes for food in South Sudan in the context of the country’s economic transition and place in the regional, cross-border economy of grain.
- [“Don’t take this away from us again” Citizen perceptions of peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dont-take-this-away-from-us-again-citizen-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This brief sketches the outcomes of the first phase of a USIP-funded research project investigating public perceptions of peace in South Sudan. The project is implemented from 2019-2021 by Detrco under principal investigator David Deng. In preparation for a large-scale survey, the first stage consisted of stakeholder interviews and focus groups in five locations across
- [Resilient Social Contracts and Peace: Towards a Needed Reconceptualization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/resilient-social-contracts-and-peace-towards-a-needed-reconceptualization/) - This article - South Sudan is one case study - makes the case for rethinking the social contract concept with attention to countries affected by conflict, fragility, and fraught transition. Inspired by related policy efforts and engaging scholarship across multiple disciplines, this piece and the multi-country research represented in this Special Issue aim to build
- [Politics, prophets and armed mobilizations: competition and continuity over registers of authority in South Sudan’s conflicts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/politics-prophets-and-armed-mobilizations-competition-and-continuity-over-registers-of-authority-in-south-sudans-conflicts/) - Spiritual and divine authorities play a prominent role in mobilizing armed violence. This article provides a micro-history of a contemporary Nuer prophetess (guan kuoth) in South Sudan who mobilized hundreds of armed men including in support of current anti-government rebellions. The article grapples with apparent paradoxes in her approach to kume (a broadly defined notion of government)
- [Assistance in chronic conflict areas: evidence from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assistance-in-chronic-conflict-areas-evidence-from-south-sudan/) - People living in contexts prone to or affected by conflict suffer from many forms of deprivation. The international community plays a crucial role in strengthening the wellbeing of affected populations, including their food security. Unfortunately, quite often people exposed to conflict are not reached by national or international assistance because of targeting, accessibility, and marginalization.
- [The Media and International Community Interventions in the Global Refugee Crisis: The Case of Syria and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-media-and-international-community-interventions-in-the-global-refugee-crisis-the-case-of-syria-and-south-sudan/) - As a powerful tool in shaping public opinion, the mainstream press has been a leading agent in influencing general attitudes towards refugees. Besides garnering sympathy for asylum seekers, news coverage also has the power, through misrepresentation and propaganda, to stimulate hostility towards refugees. In light of this, refugees’ ability to establish a new identity and
- [Narrative analysis of Syrians, South Sudanese and Libyans transiting in Egypt: a motivation-opportunity-ability approach](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/narrative-analysis-of-syrians-south-sudanese-and-libyans-transiting-in-egypt-a-motivation-opportunity-ability-approach/) - This study applies the motivation – opportunity – ability (MOA) theoretical framework to study the intention – behaviour gap for asylum seekers and refugees who are currently transiting through Egypt and are intending to leave the country in the short term. Primary data were collected through the narratives of fifteen asylum seekers or refugees, coming
- [Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violence against women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nowhere-to-go-disclosure-and-help-seeking-behaviors-for-survivors-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Despite high rates of violence against women and girls in conflict and humanitarian contexts, many survivors do not tell anyone about their experience or seek help from support services (e.g. health, legal, psychosocial support, police). This paper examines disclosure and help seeking behaviours of survivors of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and intimate partner violence (IPV)
- [“Like the military of the village”. Security, justice and community defence groups in south-east South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/like-the-military-of-the-village-security-justice-and-community-defence-groups-in-south-east-south-sudan/) - Improved security and access to justice are urgent priorities for the people of South Sudan, who have been targeted by government and opposition forces since the beginning of the civil war in December 2013, and affected by violence between and within communities. A variety of groups and institutions aim, or claim, to provide people with
- [“Like the military of the village”: Security, justice and community defence groups in south-east South Sudan (Summary Briefing)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/like-the-military-of-the-village-security-justice-and-community-defence-groups-in-south-east-south-sudan-summary-briefing/) - In much of the world, security and justice are mostly provided not by formal bodies, such as state police services or judiciaries, but by informal, non-state actors. Meanwhile, international donors invest millions of dollars in funding to reform and strengthen security and justice provision in conflict-affected and fragile contexts. To be relevant and effective, such
- [Peacemaking referendums: the use of direct democracy in peace processes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peacemaking-referendums-the-use-of-direct-democracy-in-peace-processes/) - The use of referendums to forge, ratify and enact peace agreements is on the rise. In growing numbers, peacemakers have organized referendums in order to aid peace talks and ameliorate post-settlement peacebuilding. Despite this increasingly common practice, there is little consensus on whether referendums help or hurt peace. Such votes can be uniquely powerful tools
- [The Return to Ten States in South Sudan: Does it Restore Peace?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-return-to-ten-states-in-south-sudan-does-it-restore-peace/) - In this review, SUDD analyzes the recent decision by President Salva Kiir Mayardit to reinstitute the ten states system of governance in South Sudan. They focus their attention on reactions from the stakeholders of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), the public, the region, and international community, surveying the moods of those involved. They also examine the repercussions of, and implications associated with the decision. The main question they examine is whether the decision could potentially restore peace or latently produce additional troubles than is intended, extending instability. The president’s subsequent speech lends hopes for peace, suggesting that the decision could restore peace in the country, depending on how the underlying grievances are handled during the tenure of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGONU). That is, the value of this decision is predicated upon the extent to which the RTGONU handles the fundamental matters of security, governance, service delivery, and justice, an achievement of which could not be attained absent of measured reforms.
- [Accountability to Affected Populations: Community Perceptions of Humanitarian Aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/accountability-to-affected-populations-community-perceptions-of-humanitarian-aid-in-south-sudan/) - Despite the fact that humanitarian agencies have been operating in South Sudan for over thirty years, there has been an absence in understanding how the aid community and the assistance it provides are perceived by affected populations. The lack of nuanced information on community perceptions regarding humanitarian assistance is a global issue and a key driver for the strengthening of Accountability to Affected Populations (AAP) initiatives across the humanitarian response. This failure to capture the attitudes, experiences, perceptions, and opinions of the South Sudanese population in relation to aid poses a collective ethical challenge to the humanitarian community as a whole.
- [‘No one can stay without someone’: Transnational networks amongst the Nuer-speaking peoples of Gambella and South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-one-can-stay-without-someone-transnational-networks-amongst-the-nuer-speaking-peoples-of-gambella-and-south-sudan/) - Over the last 50 years, the various conflicts afflicting South Sudan have caused massive displacements of people. Latest estimates suggest there are more than 1.5 million internally displaced people (IDPs) within the country’s borders, with another 2.2 million refugees displaced outside the country, as a result of the most recent conflicts. Policymakers generally see these populations as highly vulnerable—being less able to provide for themselves and their families away from their original homes—and at risk of involvement in cross-border conflict dynamics. Thus, responses by state actors to these movements tend to focus on managing potential conflict, providing humanitarian assistance for displaced communities, and supporting, facilitating or (in some cases) forcing populations to return to their home areas.
- [Understanding intervention through multiplicity: protection politics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-intervention-through-multiplicity-protection-politics-in-south-sudan/) - The margins of international order remain understudied in International Relations. This article engages with the concept of multiplicity proposed by Justin Rosenberg by tracing the mechanisms of multiplicity in justifications for intervention in South Sudan. First, the author examines the potential of multiplicity and argues for the importance of maintaining an openness to the concept.
- [Enhancing the Educational Outcomes for South Sudanese Refugee Youth: Laying the Groundwork for International Comparative Research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-the-educational-outcomes-for-south-sudanese-refugee-youth-laying-the-groundwork-for-international-comparative-research/) - Education is not only a human right. It is also tool for peacebuilding. In 2019, Reuben Garang conducted a feasibility study with South Sudanese refugee families living in refugee camps in Uganda. This project and report were fueled by Garang’s own personal experiences with periods of interrupted schooling both in refugee camps and in Canada. And it was fueled by the fundamental insight that education can serve as a tool for peacebuilding and mutual understanding between groups that have survived displacement and conflict.
- [Localising humanitarian aid during armed conflict: Learning from the histories and creativity of South Sudanese NGOs (Policy Paper)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/localising-humanitarian-aid-during-armed-conflict-learning-from-the-histories-and-creativity-of-south-sudanese-ngos-policy-paper/) - Along with a research report, the research project “Historical and Political Dynamics of the NGO Sector in South Sudan” has published a short policy paper for humanitarian donors and funders seeking to provide a more enabling environment for South Sudanese NGOs. Exploring the reality of the struggles and strategies of local and national organisations during complex emergencies, the paper outlines recommendations for donors and funders relating to each of the project’s key findings as published in the full report.
- [Rethinking Aid in Borderland Spaces: The Case of Akobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-aid-in-borderland-spaces-the-case-of-akobo/) - Taking the Ethiopia-South Sudan borderlands as a case study, Rethinking Aid in Borderland Spaces: The case of Akobo argues that the traditional modalities of the aid industry are not fit for purpose in a world where transnationalism is a daily reality for communities, even—perhaps even especially—in the most geographically remote locations. The transnational networks that shape much of daily life operate outside of the control of state actors, and understanding and engaging with them therefore requires an approach that does not rely exclusively on the state system. The report argues for an increase in research and focus on these networks to better inform aid interventions, part of the need for which is being addressed through the X-Border Local Research Network.
- [Perceptions of Transitional Justice in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/final-report-perceptions-transitional-justice-south-sudan-intersections-truth-justice-reconciliation-south-sudan-september-2016/) - This report investigates people’s perceptions and experiences of truth, justice and reconciliation in relation to the past and present conflicts in South Sudan. The main data-collection was undertaken by means of a survey, for which 1,912 respondents were interviewed in November and early December 2015 in Juba town, Juba Protection of Civilian site (POC), Wau town and Bentiu POC. Qualitative information was gathered during subsequent interviews and workshops aimed at sharing, fine-tuning and verification of findings.
- [Popular Struggles and Elite Co-optation: The Nuer White Army in South Sudan’s Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/popular-struggles-elite-co-optation-nuer-white-army-south-sudans-civil-war/) - This document reviews the literature on the history, organization, and operation of the white army in the context of the civil war that erupted in December 2013. Based on interviews with white army members, it seeks to understand their motivation, their understanding of the civil war and the peace agreement and what they want for
- [Transitional Justice for Stabilizing South Sudan: Lessons from Global and Local Contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transitional-justice-stabilizing-south-sudan-lessons-global-local-contexts/) - The Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCISS) contains important provisions on transitional justice, including a mandate to put on trials those responsible for masterminding atrocities during the 2013-2015 war. The move has been welcomed by human rights and justice advocates as a victory for the victims, and a
- [A Political Marketplace Analysis of South Sudan’s ‘Peace’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/political-marketplace-analysis-south-sudans-peace/) - This policy briefing provides an analysis of the risks that South Sudan faces given the current convergent economic, security and political crises on the eve of the overdue establishment of the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGoNU).
- [CNHPR Warrap Community Consultations Completed](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/610/) - This is the report of CNHPR conducted Community Consultations in 39 Payams of Warrap State. Seven weeks after the launching of grassroots consultation in Juba on the 19th May 2015, the Committee for National Healing has now conducted 39 Payam Consultations in Warrap State. The grassroots consultations were facilitated by the 55 Peace Mobilizers CNHPR
- [Reconciliation: Actors and Necessary Actions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/585/) - Following the 2013 outbreak of civil war in South Sudan, prospects for reconciliation and repairing of fractures between ethnic groups have been frustrated by the lack of progress at reaching a political deal in the Addis peace process and difficulties in initiating an inclusive dialogue that fosters trust at national and local levels. At this
- [UNICEF PBEA Conflict Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/298-2/) - This analysis summarizes findings from conflict analyses undertaken as part of the UNICEF Peacebuilding, Education and Advocacy (PBEA) Programme, funded by the Government of the Netherlands. The purpose of the report is to create actionable recommendations for the education sector in South Sudan to inform and shape peace consolidation and nation building. The analysis points
- [Policy Framework for Sustainable Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/policy-framework-sustainable-peacebuilding-south-sudan-bhusal-2014/) - The aim of this study is to critically analyse the South Sudanese peace policy framework which has been expressed in its post-independence peace and development policies. The study also aimed at analyzing the nexus between peacebuilding and broader development agenda and at identifying types of discourses, beliefs and ideologies that have been adopted or relinquished
- [South Sudan and the Nation-Building Project: Lessons and Challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-nation-building-project-lessons-challenges/) - This article discussed the development of the New Sudan Framework introduced by the SPLM/A during the past civil war. The author of this article argues that it constitutes an alternative solution to the intractable conflict in Sudan and a model for solving the problems of political violence in Africa. Link to publication
- [Reconciliation Without Regret: National healing and reconciliation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reconciliation-without-regret-sansculotte-greenidge-taban-gogok-2013/) - In 2011, southern Sudan witnessed a successful and peaceful referendum, culminating in its secession from the Republic of Sudan and the birth of an independent Republic of South Sudan on 9 July. Despite the relative peace brought by independence, true peace in South Sudan is threatened by armed groups, rebellions and local conflicts; these have
- [Reconstructing Southern Sudan in the post-war era: challenges and prospects of 'Quick Impact Programmes'](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reconstructing-southern-sudan-post-war-era-abbink-j-2004/) - This brief report gives a personal assessment of the local needs of the Southern Sudanese population in the period of societal reconstruction that is envisaged in the likely event of a meaningful peace agreement being realized between the Southern Sudanese people (via the SPLM/A) and the Government of Sudan (GoS) in 2004.
- [Sudan: The Internal and External Contexts of Conflict and Conflict Resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-internal-external-contexts-conflict-conflict-resolution/) - This study puts into perspective the internal, regional, continental and global dimensions of conflict and conflict resolution in Sudan.
- [Sustaining peace: harnessing the power of South Sudanese women](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sustaining-peace-harnessing-the-power-of-south-sudanese-women/) - South Sudanese women have always participated in peace processes but usually not at the front lines of negotiations. Despite considerable challenges, their bottom-up approach and collective action at grassroots level have led to greater representation in the formal peace processes and the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity. However, to achieve positive peace in South
- [Do local peace deals work? Evidence from South Sudan’s civil war](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/do-local-peace-deals-work-evidence-from-south-sudans-civil-war/) - This paper maps five cases of recent local level peace deals in South Sudan between 2014 and 2018 to identify key criteria that strengthen the prospects of successful implementation and sustainability of local peace agreements. Critically, there are no generic formulas to achieve effective sustainable local peace deals. What works is highly contingent on the
- [South Sudan’s economy in 2050: Better Aid Forum Briefing Paper](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-economy-in-2050-better-aid-forum-briefing-paper/) - Introduction – why the economy matters South Sudan faces three major and interlinked crises: a political crisis which is manifest in part in violent conflict and insecurity; a humanitarian crisis which feeds off the political crisis and; an economic crisis, which is fundamentally about how the resources available to South Sudan are allocated and used.
- [South Sudan’s devastating floods: why they happen and why they need a coherent national policy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-devastating-floods-why-they-happen-and-why-they-need-a-coherent-national-policy/) - This year’s flood is one of the worst in South Sudan’s history. It has affected about one million people from 142,783 households in 8 of the former 10 states, compared to only 344,618 people in 2013. People lost homes, livelihoods, and shelter and got exposed to deadly diseases. Schools, roads, health centers and other useful
- [Money Tree: Teak and Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/money-tree-teak-and-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - Millions of dollars of one of the world’s most sought-after hardwoods is coming from an unlikely source - South Sudan. Originally planted in the 1940’s by British colonists, South Sudan’s teak reserves are among the largest in Africa. Without regulatory protections in place, what could have become a sustainable revenue source for the young nation
- [Returns and Peace in South Sudan: Challenges, opportunities and the way forward](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/returns-and-peace-in-south-sudan-challenges-opportunities-and-the-way-forward/) - As South Sudan moves towards forming a Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGONU) in February 2020, questions around the return and resettlement of over 4.15 million South Sudanese are rising up the political agenda. There is an urgent need to consider lessons from the previous return migration and resettlement processes, and controls on returnees’
- [South Sudan: governance arrangements, war, and peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-governance-arrangements-war-and-peace/) - South Sudan is a prime example of how governance arrangements can either achieve and maintain peace, or become the trigger for civil war. South Sudan's experience shows that the appropriateness of constitutional provisions to a local context remains key, and that the time-tested elements of good governance still matter: devolution and separation of powers, appropriate
- [What works to prevent violence against women and girls in conflict and humanitarian crisis: Synthesis brief](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-works-to-prevent-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-conflict-and-humanitarian-crisis-synthesis-brief/) - Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is an important human rights concern and a pervasive issue affecting women and girls during times of conflict and humanitarian crisis. In 2016, the What Works to Prevent VAWG programme (hereafter What Works) published an evidence brief summarising the existing evidence base on VAWG in these settings including in
- [When the choice is either to kill or be killed’: Rethinking youth and violent conflict in post-conflict South Suda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/when-the-choice-is-either-to-kill-or-be-killed-rethinking-youth-and-violent-conflict-in-post-conflict-south-suda/) - The subject of youth and their role in violent conflict continues to shape African social science research; hence the need to initiate sustainable preventive measures as youth violence permeates every policy discussion in conflict and post-conflict contexts. The research has focused primarily on the role of youth either as perpetrators or as victims of violence.
- [Youth in South Sudan: livelihoods and conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-in-south-sudan-livelihoods-and-conflict/) - This review looks at livelihood issues related to “youth” in South Sudan, focusing on factors influencing decision-making by young men on livelihood options (both violent and non-violent) and trusted avenues of communication. In South Sudan, youth is not a fixed biological category, but a fluid social construct, and broadly refers to young men aged between
- [Twin peaks: the seasonality of acute malnutrition, conflict and environmental factors in Chad, South Sudan and the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/twin-peaks-the-seasonality-of-acute-malnutrition-conflict-and-environmental-factors-in-chad-south-sudan-and-the-sudan/) - This is the first in a series of three briefing papers that form part of the Mind the gap – Bridging the research, practice and policy divide to enhance livelihood resilience in conflict settings project, a collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Feinstein International Center, Friedman School
- [From the Region to the Grassroots: Political Dynamics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-the-region-to-the-grassroots-political-dynamics-in-south-sudan/) - At this writing, the peace process in South Sudan remains at a critical juncture. The transitional government of national unity was due to be formed by the end of the extended pre-transitional period on 12 November 2019. Instead, the signatories to the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) agreed,
- [South Sudan: The Politics of Delay](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-the-politics-of-delay/) - International sponsors of South Sudan’s peace process should respond creatively to the delay in forming the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU). An intemperate response, which might include a new, immovable and near deadline or rapidly imposing sanctions, runs two risks. First, it jeopardizes the ceasefire—the truly substantial achievement of the Revitalized Agreement on the
- [The UN Security Council Visits South Sudan: A Symbolic Act of Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-un-security-council-visits-south-sudan-a-symbolic-act-of-peace/) - Members of the United Nations Security Council, under the co-chairmanship of South Africa and the United States, visited South Sudan last week on the 20th of October 2019. The visit came as the deadline for the formation of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) looms. The Council came to acquaint itself first-hand with
- [Researching violence against women and girls in South Sudan: ethical and safety considerations and strategies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/researching-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan-ethical-and-safety-considerations-and-strategies/) - Globally, it is estimated that at least one out of every three women experiences violence by an intimate partner and/or non-partner throughout their lifetime. Women and girls are at even higher risk of violence in conflict and humanitarian crises. Although effort has expanded to build rigorous evidence and research on violence against women and girls
- [Lost and Found in Upstate New York: Exploring the Motivations of “Lost Boys” Refugees as Founders of International Nonprofit Organizations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lost-and-found-in-upstate-new-york-exploring-the-motivations-of-lost-boys-refugees-as-founders-of-international-nonprofit-organizations/) - This research examines engagement in diaspora philanthropy through the lens of Lost Boys of Sudan and their founding of small international nonprofit service organizations based in the United States. The authors seek to understand refugees’ motivations to take upon themselves leadership roles in their local United States communities and in the provision of goods and
- [Famine Early Warning and Information Systems in Conflict Settings: Challenges for Humanitarian Metrics and Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/famine-early-warning-and-information-systems-in-conflict-settings-challenges-for-humanitarian-metrics-and-response/) - Famine early warning systems began with support from international donors in the aftermath of the Sahelian famine of the 1970s—though in some ways trace their origins back as far as the Indian Famine Codes of the nineteenth century. Attention to the growing number of people caught in crises characterized by extreme and often protracted levels
- [Citizens’ perceptions on transitional justice processes in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/citizens-perceptions-on-transitional-justice-processes-in-south-sudan/) - In 2013, Africa’s newest state, was on the brink of collapse. Internal armed conflict, serious human rights violations and a divided government led to the death or displacement of thousands of people. A 2015 peace agreement ended the conflict and created a range of transitional justice mechanisms to address the country’s past. None of these
- [Youth (Monyomiji) and Conflict Resolution in the South Sudan Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-monyomiji-and-conflict-resolution-in-the-south-sudan-civil-war/) - This paper argues that the Monyomiji age class institution, focused on the youth, is essential in the South Sudan civil war resolution. Local cultures, through which the traditional roles of youth are manifest, should be included at national conflict resolution negotiations to prevent decades of failed national, regional and international interventions. Interventions in South Sudan
- [Education and Armed Conflict in Sudan and South Sudan: The Role of Teachers in Conflict Resolution and Peace Building](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-and-armed-conflict-in-sudan-and-south-sudan-the-role-of-teachers-in-conflict-resolution-and-peace-building/) - This article discusses the relationship between education and armed conflict in Sudan and South Sudan, and particularly the role of teachers in peace and reconciliation efforts. The periods covered are the North-South civil war from 1955 to 2005, the interim period between 2005 and 2011 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the current civil war
- [Returning to Stability? Refugee returns in the Great Lakes region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/returning-to-stability-refugee-returns-in-the-great-lakes-region/) - After decades of conflict and violence, the Great Lakes region of Africa remains one of the areas of the world most affected by forced displacement. Currently, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR), Burundi and South Sudan are among the global top ten countries of origin of refugees, but every country
- [UN Peacekeeping and Forced Displacement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-peacekeeping-and-forced-displacement-in-south-sudan/) - Does UN peacekeeping reduce the number of people forcibly displaced by violence? While previous research has found that the presence and size of peacekeeping deployments can reduce violence, little is known about how peacekeepers affect other aspects of civilian protection. Using original data on sub-national events of forced displacement and the location and size of
- [National Security Versus Basic Liberties: Human Rights Challenges in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-security-versus-basic-liberties-human-rights-challenges-south-sudan/) - This policy brief (2016) examines the current state of human rights situation in South Sudan, and the global and regional contexts that complicate it. It particularly looks at how the government of the young state could be more caring about the lives of citizens and what options the world community has in prevention and punishment
- [Threat of Sanctions against South Sudanese Leaders: What Implications?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/threat-sanctions-south-sudanese-leaders-implications/) - This review weighs the impact of both the government’s approach to the crisis (since Dec. 2013) and the current position taken by the Western countries, who have threatened to impose sanctions, visa restrictions and asset freezes for political actors who are proven to stand in the way of peace.
- [South Sudan: A Politics of Demise or a Vision for Progress?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-politics-demise-vision-progress/) - This review (2013) takes a look at three (recent) dynamics important to South Sudan's process of nation-building: the on-going review of the transitional constitution, national reconciliation effort spearheaded by the Vice President Riek Machar, and the relations with the Republic of Sudan.
- [The Potential of Indigenous Wild Foods](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/potential-indigenous-wild-foods/) - This article contains the proceedings on a regional workshop of wild indigenous foods held in Kenya in 2001 to extend lessons and information on South Sudan while examining similar work in the region. It is an outgrowth of a USAID funded study on indigenous wild food plants in South Sudan to provide better information on
- [South Sudan and the Risks of Unrest](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-risks-unrest/) - This review (2013) discusses recent political developments and causes of societal unrest, such as high inflation, economic inequality and austerity policies.
- [Police Service and Law Enforcement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/police-service-law-enforcement-south-sudan/) - This report (2013), based on field research, investigates the functioning of South Sudan's police service as a provider of security. The report also reviews the public image of the police, investigating what citizens think about the police contribution to or exacerbation of the security situation, as well as what the public suggests as the best
- [South Sudan’s Crisis: Weighing the Cost of the Stalemate in the Peace Process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-crisis-weighing-cost-stalemate-peace-process/) - This analysis (2014) attempts to look at the South Sudanese crisis by weighing the costs of a stalemate peace process in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In doing so, the author specifically looks at conflict in relation to peace dynamics, the nature of the talks, and what and who may help break the stalemate to bring this
- [Sudan Local Governance Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-local-governance-assessment/) - The purpose of this assessment is to inform the development of an integrated, multi-sectoral program to support the CPA by delivering tangible peace dividends. This will be done through building capacity of state and county governments to effectively engage citizens and address their needs. Data for this assessment was gathered through review of official documents,
- [Insecurity and Ethnic Violence in South Sudan: Existential Threats to the State?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/insecurity-ethnic-violence-south-sudan-existential-threats-state/) - This briefing (2012) discusses various sources of insecurity in South Sudan. Persisting insecurity is according to the author threatening the fragile state of political unity, in particular once it adopts ethnic fault lines.
- [Informal Armies: Community Defence Groups in South Sudan's Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/informal-armies-community-defence-groups-south-sudans-civil-war/) - This colllection of articles (2017) outlines how community defence groups have mobilised over the past 30 years (and earlier) to respond to insecurity in the absence of state protection. Download
- [Sudan's Prolonged Second Civil War and The Militarization of Nuer and Dinka Ethnic Identities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudans-prolonged-second-civil-war-militarization-nuer-dinka-ethnic-identities/) - Ever since power struggles within the Sudan People's Liberation Army split the movement into two warring factions in August 1991, rural Nuer and Dinka communities of the South have been grappling with a deepening regional subculture of ethnicized violence. This article (1999) describes political factors that have pro- longed this bitter conflict into the present
- [An Emerging Diplomatic Row between Uganda and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/emerging-diplomatic-row-uganda-south-sudan/) - This briefing discusses the bilateral developments between Uganda and South Sudan, following the increasing tension in 2013.
- [We have lived too long to be deceived: South Sudanese Discuss the Lessons of the Historic Peace Agreements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lived-long-deceived-south-sudanese-discuss-lessons-historic-peace-agreements/) - Series of RVI lectures addressing lessons of South Sudan's historic peace agreements. Critical questions raised were why negotiations succeed or fail, role of civil society, implications of the peace agreements for current situation and when opportunities for peace present themselves.
- [Juba Assessment: Town Planning and Administration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/juba-assessment-town-planning-administraiton/) - This municipal assessment of Juba of 2005 examines greater Juba’s planning priorities, options, and opportunities, conducted an analysis of the current municipal administrative structure and existing records pertaining to land transactions and town planning, and examined existing governmental capacity to manage land, housing, building, and planning in a period of rapid change. Download
- [After the Split: Post-Secession Negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/split-post-secession-negotiations-south-sudan-sudan/) - This report analyses how South Sudan’s newly won sovereignty has affected the two parties’ relative strength and the positioning of external actors involved in or following the negotiations, and how it has changed the parties’ approaches to the outstanding issues, i.e. oil wealth, the delineation of the border, security in the border areas and the
- [Justice in Practice: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/justice-practice-south-sudan/) - This collection of customary court reports and lawyers’ caseload reports provides an insight into the functioning of the justice system in South Sudan. Download
- [The Challenge of Managing State-owned Small Arms and Light Weapons in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenge-managing-state-owned-small-arms-light-weapons-south-sudan/) - This briefing (2011) discusses the distribution of state-owned small arms and light weapons and related trade flows in South Sudan. Download
- [South Sudan USAID - Bellmon Estimation Studies Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-usaid-bellmon-estimation-studies-analysis/) - A study of the current state of agricultural markets in South Sudan to inform USAID food aid programming decisions. Download
- [Land Tenure Issues in Southern Sudan: Key Findings and Recommendations for Southern Sudan Land Policy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-tenure-issues-southern-sudan-key-findings-recommendations-southern-sudan-land-policy/) - This document presents the results of research on land tenure and property rights and and provides recommendations for the land policy. Download
- [Humanitarian Needs Overview 2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-needs-overview/) - This document provides the Humanitarian Country Team’s shared understanding of the crisis, including the most pressing humanitarian need and the estimated number of people who need assistance in 2017. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint strategic response planning. Download
- [Special Report: Attack on Bentiu, Unity State 29 October 2014](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/attack-on-bentiu/) - Report of investigation finding intentional targeting of civilians in the opposition attack on Bentiu in 2014. SPLA/IO forces committed gross human rights abuses that may have amounted to war crimes. There is urgent call for accountability mechanisms to be put into place to end the environment of impunity currently governing South Sudan. Download
- [Conflict in South Sudan: Human Rights Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-south-sudan-human-rights-report/) - This report presents the findings of investigations and documents by the Human Rights Division of UNMISS and suggests that gross human rights violations were committed on a massive scale with civilians being directly targeted along ethnic lines by both parties of the conflict. These conclusions obligate according to the report that the government of South
- [Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-post-conflict-environmental-assessment/) - This report from 2007 assesses several critical environmental issues – such as land degradation, deforestation and the impacts of climate change – that threaten Sudan’s prospects for long-term peace, food security and sustainable development. Download
- [Executive Summary of the Independent Special Investigation into the violence which occurred in Juba in 2016 and UNMISS response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/executive-summary-independent-special-investigation-violence-occurred-juba-2016-unmiss-response/) - This executive summary presents the main findings from the Independent Special Investigation, mandated by the UN to examine two aspects of the outbreak of armed violence in Juba, in July 2016: violence against civilians, including sexual violence, within or in the vicinity of the UNMISS Headquarters, known as “UN House” and its two adjacent “protection
- [South Sudan: Humanitarian Response Plan 2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/united-nations-partners-2008-work-plan-sudan/) - This work plan outlines the planning of the humanitarian response in South Sudan for 2017. Download
- [Annual Needs and Livelihoods Analysis Report 2014-2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/annual-needs-livelihoods-analysis-2011/) - This report provides insights into the food security situation of South Sudan in 2014 and 2015. It also helps to project future trends in food security. Download
- [Systemic Conflict Transformation and Inclusive Governance in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/systemic-conflict-transformation-inclusive-governance-southern-sudan/) - This report aims at assessing options for systemic conflict transformation in Southern Sudan. It was conducted in 2006/2007 by the Berghof Foundation for Peace Support (BFPS) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Download
- [Building a Better Future: Education for an Independent South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-better-future-education-independent-south-sudan/) - This report provides data around education in South Sudan and describes some of the major challenges and opportunities for education sector strategies. Download
- [Everything Changes to Remain the Same? State and Tax Reform in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/everything-changes-remain-state-tax-reform-south-sudan/) - By looking at three case-studies of taxation and private sector regulation reforms, the paper will show how the overlapping and often contradictory regulatory frameworks of the state provide the setting for bricolage strategies by different actors. These actors, and particularly state officials, rely on a variety of institutional resources to implement, resist or remake certain
- [On the State of Business: Trade, Entrepreneurship and Real Economic Governance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/state-business-trade-entrepreneurship-real-economic-governance-south-sudan/) - This PhD thesis analyses how business activity and economic regulation in South(ern) Sudan was governed before and during the 2012 economic austerity period following the political decisiosn to shut down all oil production. The analyses focuses on the modalities of real economic governance, warranting an empirically-grounded ethnographic view of governance from the perspective of everyday
- [Democracy on Hold: Rights Violations in the April 2010 Sudan Elections](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/democracy-hold-rights-violations-april-2010-sudan-elections/) - Based on research that Human Rights Watch carried out in Khartoum and Southern Sudan, this report documents numerous human rights abuses perpetrated before, during, and after April’s elections (2010) by the two main partners in the Government of National Unity (GNU): the ruling National Congress Party (NCP), and the former southern rebel movement, the Sudan’s
- [Conflict, Trade and the Medium-Term Future of Food Security in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-trade-medium-term-future-food-security-sudan/) - This paper (2007) examines the future of food security in Sudan by reviewing, and extrapolating from, recent patterns of trade and conflict. The paper considers important (and ostensibly encouraging) economic data and analyses some of the underlying political and economic processes driving food insecurity in Sudan. Link to publication
- [A Refuge in Flames: The February 17-18 Violence in Malakal POC](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/refuge-flames-february-17-18-violence-malakal-poc/) - This report examines how a United Nations base in Malakal, Upper Nile, in which around 47,000 displaced persons were sheltered, became the site of violence that left at least 30 people dead and much of the camp in ashes. The report describes how the violence unfolded, including the involvement of soldiers from the country’s military
- [Ending the Era of Injustice: Advancing Prosecutions for Serious Crimes Committed in South Sudan’s New War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ending-era-injustice-advancing-prosecutions-serious-crimes-committed-south-sudans-new-war-2/) - Drawing on research conducted by Human Rights Watch staff in Nairobi and Juba, this report focuses on criminal accountability for serious crimes committed during South Sudan’s current conflict.
- [Prospects for Peace and the UN Regional Protection Force in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/prospects-peace-un-regional-protection-force-south-sudan/) - In this briefing, the authors argue that key assumptions underlying the Regional Protection Force mandate and current peace diplomacy do not reflect the political situation on the ground in South Sudan. The authors suggest that the major changes to South Sudan’s political terrain before and after the violence in July 2016 mean that the current
- [Livestock Marketing in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livestock-marketing-southern-sudan/) - This study reviews the cattle marketing system of 2002 with its constraints and potentials, makes proposals for its improvement and investigates possible new market outlets. It also examines the need for training for traders and others.
- [Humanitarian Action, Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding through Education in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-action-conflict-sensitivity-peacebuilding-education-south-sudan/) - This study examines the role education can play and is playing in the conflict-induced humanitarian emergency in South Sudan. The study examines adjustments made by the Peacebuilding Education and Advocacy (PBEA) programme in response to the humanitarian crisis following 15 December 2013. Download
- [Getting to Normal with the Two Sudans: A Report of the Rethinking US Foreign Assistance Program](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/getting-normal-two-sudans-report-rethinking-us-foreign-assistance-program/) - This paper argues that to achieve peace and stability within and between Sudan and South Sudan, the United States must now refocus its diplomatic engagement on the internal governance challenges in both states by moving to more normal diplomatic relations with each. Download
- [Final report of the Panel of Experts on South Sudan established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2206](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/final-report-panel-experts-south-sudan-established-pursuant-security-council-resolution-2206/) - This report from early 2016, composed by the UN Panel of Experts on South Sudan, provides a summary of the Panel's investigations into the command responsibility within the belligerent parties to the war, details of the actions and policies resulting from command decisions and a description of the linkage to the criteria for sanctions designation
- [Administration Of Justice In The (SPLA/M) Liberated Areas: Court Cases In War-Torn Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/administration-justice-splam-liberated-areas-court-cases-war-torn-southern-sudan/) - Exposition of the state of customary laws in the Dinka and Azande communities of Southern Sudan. The case studies are set in the period of the civil war that broke out in 1983, and include cases of the SPLA (Sudan People's Liberation Army) soldiers interacting with the local populations.
- [Holding Armed Opposition Groups Accountable: The Case of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Sudan People's Liberation Army](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/holding-armed-opposition-groups-accountable-case-sudan-peoples-liberation-movement-sudan-peoples-liberation-army/) - This document discusses the history, composition and activities of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army at a Human Rights meeting in Geneva in 1999. Download
- [South Sudan: International State-Building and its Limits](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-international-state-building-limits/) - This paper discusses some of the challenges faced by state-building attempts in South-Sudan. Doing this the paper focusses on the role and limits of donors. Download
- [China & the Contradictions of 'Non-interference' in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/china-contradictions-non-interference-sudan/) - This article considers why the Chinese government’s enduring principle of noninterference has come under increasing and more visible strain in recent years in Sudan. In so doing, it is particularly concerned with the changing nature of China’s role in Sudan. Link to publication
- [China’s Sudan Engagement: Changing Northern and Southern Political Trajectories in Peace and War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chinas-sudan-engagement-changing-northern-southern-political-trajectories-peace-war/) - This article considers how China’s involvement in and relation to Sudanese politics has developed over the past two decades, by examining two important and inter-related manifestations of China’s changing engagement with Northern and Southern Sudan amidst the coexistence of ongoing conflict in Darfur and a formal North–South peace. Link to publication
- [China and the Changing Context of Development in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/china-changing-context-development-sudan/) - This article looks at China's relationship with Sudan. The author suggest that by far the most significant and consequential area where China has and will continue to impact on Sudan is oil. Link to publication
- [Riding the Sudanese Storm: China, India, Russia, Brazil and the Two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/riding-sudanese-storm-china-india-russia-brazil-two-sudans/) - This paper gives a thematic analysis of the Chinese, Indian, Russian and Brazilian engagements in Sudan after 2005, with particular interest in the changing nature and trajectory of these relationships after the establishment of South Sudan in 2011. Download
- [Stabilising Sudan: Domestic, Sub-Regional and Extra-Regional Challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/stabilising-sudan-domestic-sub-regional-extra-regional-challenges/) - This briefing reports from a two-day policy advisory group seminar on 23 and 24 August 2010, discussing Sudan's multiple, interconnected challenges as the country fast approaches a historic transition including the South Sudan and Abyei referenda. Download
- [South Sudan's Capability Trap: Building a State with Disruptive Innovation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-capability-traphttpswww-wider-unu-edusitesdefaultfileswp2013-120-pdf-building-state-disruptive-innovation/) - This paper explores the possibilities for South Sudan of applying the "Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation" approach , a recent innovation to build state capability. Download
- [Binding pipelines? Oil, armed conflicts, and economic rationales for peace in the two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/binding-pipelines-oil-armed-conflicts-economic-rationales-peace-two-sudans/) - This article points at the challenging political geography of oil in the two Sudans and the tensions undermining economic logics of ‘mutual interests’ and ‘peace dividends’ between, and within, these two countries. Link to publication
- [Gender and Conflict Note South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-conflict-note-south-sudan/) - This background note (2012) is intended to inform the World Bank’s Interim Strategy Note for South Sudan to ensure gender considerations are incorporated into any operational and analytical priorities identified. The aim of this analysis is to provide a brief delineation of gender disparities in South Sudan through a review of existing literature and interviews
- [Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/following-thread-arms-ammunition-tracing-sudan-south-sudan/) - This report provides an overview of the Small Arms Survey's Human Security Baseline Assessment findings with regard to the types of weapons observed in Sudan and South Sudan, their country of manufacture, and patterns of holdings among different actors that are indicative of common supply sources. Download
- [Northern Bahr-el Ghazal State, South Sudan - Conflict Sensitivity Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/northern-bahr-el-ghazal-state-south-sudan-conflict-sensitivity-assessment/) - This report presents a conflict sensitivity assessment (CSA) in South Sudan’s Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State (NBeG) where the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) implemented a water program and contributes to partners’ activities in the food security and livelihood domain.
- [Youth-Led Participatory Action Research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-led-participatory-action-research/) - This document reports from a two-month Youth-Led Participatory Action Research project, which brought together the voices and agency of 23 local young people who undertook exploratory research around youth and conflict in their communities. This resulted in concrete community recommendations on how youth inclusion in conflict resolution can be increased. Download
- [Liberation or capture: youth in between 'hakuma' and 'home' during civil war and its aftermath in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/liberation-capture-youth-hakuma-home-civil-war-aftermath-southern-sudan/) - This article examines a structural opposition between the sphere of military/government (the ‘hakuma’) and the sphere of ‘home’. It argues that to be a ‘youth’ in Southern Sudan means to inhabit the tensions of the space between these spheres. While attempting to resist capture by either sphere, youth have used their recruitment by the military
- [Violence, sacrifices and chiefship in Central Equatoria, Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-sacrifices-chiefship-central-equatoria-southern-sudan/) - This article explores specific oral histories and chiefship debates in the aftermath of the SPLA war in two Southern Sudanese chiefdoms. It argues that these local histories reveal much about the historical relationship between state and society – and in particular the mediation with external violence – which is central to understanding the legitimacy of
- [Local Justice in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-justice-southern-sudan/) - This report based on empirical data analyzes the current dynamics of justice at the local level, identifying priorities for reform according to the expressed needs and perceptions of local litigants.
- [Dividing Communities in South Sudan and Northern Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dividing-communities-south-sudan-northern-uganda/) - This report explores the underlying factors of land disputes and boundary conflicts; by shifting away from the national legislation and policy, it looks at changing land values, patterns of decentralisation and local hybrid ssystems of land governance as explaining factors.
- [How the Use of Targeted Sanctions can Undermine Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/use-targeted-sanctions-can-undermine-peace-south-sudan/) - This article argues that the use of targeted sanctions in the case of South Sudan's current internal conflict (2013-2015) does not support but rather purport or, at worst, present a threat to sustainable peace. Download
- [Southern Sudan At The Crossroads: Citizen Expectations, Aspirations and Concerns about the Referendum and Beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-crossroads-citizen-expectations-aspirations-concerns-referendum-beyond/) - Based on focus group interviews, this report examines attitudes and concerns of Southern Sudanese citizens about the referendum planned for 2011, as well as the April 2010 elections. As with all NDI public opinion studies, participants were also asked about their views on government performance, development, security, corruption, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and related
- [Skirting the Law: Sudan’s Post-CPA Arms Flows](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/skirting-law-sudans-post-cpa-arms-flows/) - This paper seeks to understand the structure, mechanics, and agency of arms flows to and within Sudan from 2006 to 2009, thereby focusing attention on the scope of arms flows both to the Khartoum regime and to Southern Sudan. Download
- [Southern Sudan Case Study: Customary Justice and Legal Pluralism in Post-Conflict and Fragile Societies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-case-study-customary-justice-legal-pluralism-post-conflict-fragile-societies/) - This collection of articles discusses legal pluralism in Southern Sudan and other conflict affected contexts. Download
- [Police reform in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/police-reform-southern-sudan/) - This report (2009) shares the findings and considers the policy implications of the first evidence-based survey of community perceptions on policing in Southern Sudan. The survey data provide a snapshot of security issues across the still fragile social and political landscape of Southern Sudan.
- [Armed and Insecure](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/armed-and-insecure/) - This report presents an overview of arms transfers and armed violence in the Horn of Africa including South Sudan, thereby showing how armed conflict and arms trade are interrelated. Download
- ["Our Sisters from Stable Countries": War, Globalization, and Accountability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sisters-stable-countries-war-globalization-accountability/) - This article (2003) explores linkages between the transnational activities of a Canadian oil company operating in Sudan and the human rights and humanitarian violations committed by the government of Sudan against the people of Southern Sudan in the course of the past civil war. Link to publication
- [South Sudan: The Cost of War. An Estimation of the Economic and Financial Costs of Ongoing Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-cost-war-estimation-economic-financial-costs-ongoing-conflict/) - This report looks forward from January 2015 to quantify the economic costs that would be incurred by South Sudan, other countries in the neighbouring region, and the wider international community, should the conflict continue. Download
- [Return and Reintegration of Refugees and IDPs in Post Conflict Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/return-reintegration-refugees-idps-post-conflict-sudan/) - This report (2006) refers to a meeting on Return and Reintegration of Refugees and IDPs in Post Conflict Sudan. With the end of the civil war in 2005 many Sudanese IDPs and refugees moved back to what was then Southern Sudan. The conference aimed at discussing livelihoods, access to services, protection and development for returnees.
- [Socio-Cultural Determinants of Food Sharing in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/socio-cultural-determinants-food-sharing-southern-sudan/) - This briefing explores the socio-cultural determinants of food sharing amongst the Dinka in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal and the implications for humanitarian programming. Link to publication
- [The comfort of Denial: External assistance in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/comfort-denial-external-assistance-southern-sudan/) - Drawing on research from Southern Sudan, this article (2006) explores how aid organizations construct an official version of events that fabricates clarity whilst maintaining a degree of tactical confusion. This establishes a political morality, a seemingly ethical position that has political and psychological returns. Link to publication
- [Gender, Violence and Survival in Juba, Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-violence-survival-juba-southern-sudan/) - This Policy Brief draws on the findings of field research carried out as part of a larger project on the social, economic and political consequences of urbanisation in four cities in Sudan, Juba, Nyala, Port Sudan and Khartoum. This document presents findings from Juba.
- [Sanctuary in the city? Urban displacement and vulnerability in Yei, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sanctuary-city-urban-displacement-vulnerability-yei-south-sudan/) - This report provides insights into displacement and urbanisation in Yei in South Sudan.
- [From Crisis to Catastrophe: South Sudan's Man-Made Crisis - and how the world must act now to prevent catastrophe in 2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crisis-catastrophe-south-sudans-man-made-crisis-world-must-act-now-prevent-catastrophe-2015/) - This joint agency note presents some main findings on food security and the response of the international community since December 2013. Download
- [The Southern Sudan under British rule 1898-1924: the Constraints Reassessed](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-british-rule-1898-1924-constraints-reassessed/) - This PhD thesis examines to what extent the disparity between North and South can be explained in terms of the early Anglo-Egyptian Condominium' legacy. Download
- [Targeting in complex emergencies: South Sudan country case study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/targeting-complex-emergencies-south-sudan-country-case-study/) - This is one case study in a research project commissioned by the World Food Programme to investigate the participation of recipient communities in the targeting and management of humanitarian food assistance in complex emergencies. Download
- [Looking back to look ahead? Reviewing key lessons from Operation Lifeline Sudan and past humanitarian operations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/looking-back-look-ahead-reviewing-key-lessons-operation-lifeline-sudan-past-humanitarian-operations-south-sudan/) - This report revisits the Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) and breaks down the major criticism it received, thereby attempting to distil key ideas for current and future humanitarian responses.
- [Trajectories of International Engagement with State and Local Actors: Evidence from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trajectories-international-engagement-state-local-actors-evidence-south-sudan-2/) - External actors have been engaged in what is now South Sudan from the colonial era through to the present day, providing humanitarian and development assistance and exerting political pressure during and since the second civil war that has helped to protect people, legitimize the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), broker the peace agreements leading to
- [Livelihoods, Access to Services and Pereptions of Governances: An Analysis of Uror and Nyirol Counties, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livelihoods-access-services-pereptions-governances-analysis-uror-nyirol-counties-south-sudan/) - This qualitative study explores livelihoods, access to social services and people’s perceptions of participation and governance in northern Jonglei state.
- [Questions and Challenges Raised by a Large-Scale Humanitarian Operation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/questions-challenges-raised-large-scale-humanitarian-operation-south-sudan/) - This paper (2015) attempts to address the looming question of the unintended consequences of – and questions raised by – a renewed large-scale humanitarian operations in South Sudan.
- [Complexities of service delivery and state-building](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/complexities-service-delivery-state-building/) - This briefing describes the findings from research carried out in several areas of South Sudan in the context of armed conflict and raiding. The findings show that despite state-building efforts, service delivery remained inadequate in remote areas and that the interface between service delivery and people’s perceptions of the state is complex. The authors recommend
- [Livelihoods and conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livelihoods-conflict-south-sudan/) - This briefing paper recommends a rethink in the way that aid actors approach questions of recovery and livelihood. Rather than a simplistic either/ or approach, what is needed is a much more localised and deeper analysis of conflict, inter-communal grievances and inter-communal relations.
- [Key lessons learned on international engagement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-lessons-learned-international-engagement/) - This briefing paper (2016) summarises shifts in international engagement in South Sudan from humanitarian aid to development and institution-building, and then back again to crisis response. This paper analyses why current aid frameworks have been mostly unsuccessful in their efforts to promote sustainable institutions and peace in South Sudan. The central argument is that aid
- [From post-conflict recovery and state building to a renewed humanitarian emergency: a brief reflection on South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/post-conflict-recovery-state-building-renewed-humanitarian-emergency-brief-reflection-south-sudan/) - This paper (2014) is a brief reflection on the situation in South Sudan at that time, based on meetings with the Government of the Republic of South Sudan, donors, humanitarian agencies, and members of South Sudanese civil society during a two-week mission by SLRC members in mid- to late June 2014. It outlines a few
- [Review of WFP Food Assistance Programming Practices in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/review-wfp-food-assistance-programming-practices-southern-sudan/) - The World Food Programme has been providing humanitarian food assistance to vulnerable communities and groups in Southern Sudan for over twenty years, but circumstances have changed following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005. The Feinstein International Center undertook this review of programs in Southern Sudan in 2006 to help WFP
- [‘Recycling Oil Money': Procurement Politics and (Un)productive Entrepreneurship in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/recycling-oil-money-procurement-politics-unproductive-entrepreneurship-south-sudan/) - This article explores the way rents are allocated and utilized through government procurement regimes in the new Republic of South Sudan. Link to publication
- [Understanding the Emergence of South Sudan’s Current Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-emergence-south-sudans-current-violence/) - This review attempts to analyze political, social, and institutional causes of the unrest shortly after its start in December 2013.
- [The 2015 National Census and Elections: An Analysis of President Kiir’s Announcements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2015-national-census-elections-analysis-president-kiirs-announcements/) - This policy brief discusses the national census, implications of the current (2014) violence, and the long-term implications of empty political assurances. Download
- [Simplifying the Arusha Intra-SPLM Reunification Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/simplifying-arusha-intra-splm-reunification-agreement/) - This analysis (2015) reviews the Arusha Reunification Agreement and attempts to spur public debate on a newly instituted effort towards a genuine search for peace in South Sudan. This review also summarizes the main points of the Agreement, assesses public response, and sketchily provides some pointers for practice.
- [Proliferating Rebellion in South Sudan: Its Explanations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/proliferating-rebellion-south-sudan-explanations/) - This briefing discusses the increase of armed groups in South Sudan and its implications of violence.
- [Why Celebrating Tragedy Should End](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/celebrating-tragedy-end/) - This review (2015) argues that military victory by any side is unrealistic as are celebrations of military victories futile. It sees a negotiated settlement as the only exit to disaster. In the meantime, the toll on civilians and future generations mounts.
- [Uncertain Future: Armed Violence in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/uncertain-future-armed-violence-southern-sudan/) - This paper analyses the security situation and underlying causes of violence, medio 2009. Download
- [National Elections and Political Accommodation in the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-elections-political-accommodation-sudan/) - This briefing paper (2009) discusses the capacity of elections to achieve effective political accommodation and thereby help to achieve peace in Sudan.
- [Strife and Secession in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strife-secession-sudan/) - This article (2011) investigates the prospects of a future secession in Sudan and some complicating issues, most noatbly the oil fields located along the North-South divide. Download
- [Promoting the Peace: Ensuring Conflict-sensitive Development in Northern Bahr el Ghazal State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/promoting-peace-ensuring-conflict-sensitive-development-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-state/) - This paper reports research commissioned by the Danish Refugee Council's human security unit, Danish Demining Group in Northern Bahr el Ghazal State, through the middle of 2011. The paper is designed to highlight potential sources of conflict in the state, especially those associated with rapid socio-economic change. it is intended to help development actors to
- [Adopting Restorative Justice Principles To Reform Customary Courts In Dealing With Gender Based Violence in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/adopting-restorative-justice-principles-reform-customary-courts-dealing-gender-based-violence-southern-sudan/) - This report (2008) summarizes the approach, methodology, results, and recommendations of a restorative justice project in dealing with gender-based violence.
- [Combatting Gender-Based Violence in the customary Courts of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/combatting-gender-based-violence-customary-courts-south-sudan/) - This report (2011) summarizes the approach, methodology, results and recommendations of a recent study on the administration of justice for GBV cases in the customary courts of South Sudan. The study is not an attempt to document customary laws or an anthropological study on culture, but instead captures actual results and punishments for GBV, documents
- [Reformed Rebels? Democratization, Global Norms, and the Sudan People's Liberation Army](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reformed-rebels-democratization-global-norms-sudan-peoples-liberation-army/) - This article from 2004 reflects on the political transformation of the SPLM/A and argues, the SPLA will not achieve its state-building objective because of the effects of international norms on the movement’s intentions and pursuits of its interests. Link to publication
- [The Southern Sudan Today](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-today/) - In the early 1960s there was a growing movement among the people of the Southern Sudan to break away from the Sudan Republic, caused by their oppression and exploitation at the hands of the Government. To understand what was happening, this article (1963) provides a short account of the historical background, and of the political
- [Politics, History & Problems of Humanitarian Assistance in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/politics-history-problems-humanitarian-assistance-sudan/) - This article (2007) argues that any intervention is necessarily a political event and it supports this contention with an examination of assistance in Sudan in general and Darfur in particular. In describing the way in which donating states concentrated on the settlement between Khartoum and South Sudan to the detriment of intervention in Darfur in
- [CSOs/CBOs and Faith-Based Organizations-led Peace and Reconciliation Efforts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csoscbos-faith-based-organizations-led-peace-reconciliation-efforts/) - This paper from 2015 focuses on the role of the CSOs (civil society organizations) and faith-based organizations in the settlement of major and local conflicts that have thus far afflicted South(ern) Sudan.
- [Interethnic Relations in Exile: The Politics of Ethnicity among Sudanese Refugees in Uganda and Egypt](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/interethnic-relations-exile-politics-ethnicity-among-sudanese-refugees-uganda-egypt/) - This paper from 2004 examines the consequences of ethnic factionalism in Sudan's conflict, memories of domination and victimization prior to and during last civil war, and circumstances for interethnic relations among Sudanes refugees in Adjumani and Cairo. Link to publication
- [Scrutiny of South Sudan's Oil Industry](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/scrutiny-south-sudans-oil-industry/) - The studies in this report from 2014 are the result of a research project designed to inform Government measures to improve petroleum sector practice, and with that, reduce tension between the oil companies and the local communities. Download
- [Markets in Crises: South Sudan Case Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/markets-crises-south-sudan-case-study/) - This study from 2015 aims at understanding how crises (and external interventions in response to crises) affect markets and market relations, in order to better understand livelihoods and humanitarian (and, in the longer term, developmental) outcomes.
- [Improving WASH Service Delivery in Protracted Crises: The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/improving-wash-service-delivery-protracted-crises-case-south-sudan/) - This report from 2016 analyses humanitarian and development water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) approaches in South Sudan, and considers how and why siloes have arisen between the two. To improve complementarity, it identifies a need for common principles for WASH in protracted crises. These common principles comprise a short set of pragmatic, mutually agreeable ways
- [Southern Sudan livelihoods profiles: a guide for humanitarian and development planning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-livelihoods-profiles-guide-humanitarian-development-planning/) - This report from 2007 was designed to consolidate existing livelihood baseline information. The report portrays livelihood challenges and opportunities faced by people in various livelihood zones at that point in time. Download
- [Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in South Sudan: The Limits of Conventional Peace and Security Templates](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disarmament-demobilization-reintegration-south-sudan-limits-conventional-peace-security-templates/) - This report of 2013 explores the DDR programme in South Sudan; in particular how it has evolved, what the major challenges have been to its implementation and, finally, what can realistically be expected from renewed efforts to disarm and reintegrate fighters vis-à-vis security imperatives on the ground. Download
- [The Collapse of the State in South Sudan After the Addis Ababa Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/collapse-state-south-sudan-addis-ababa-agreement/) - This paper discusses the institutional and organizational characteristics of the state administration in Southern Sudan and its relationship with the foreign non-governmental aid organisations in the period between the Addis Ababa peace agreement in 1972 and the collapse of the administrative structure in the middle of the 1980s. It focuses on two different but interrelated
- [Invisible Labour: the Political Economy of Reintegration in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/invisible-labour-political-economy-reintegration-south-sudan/) - This article considers the 2005–12 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programme in South Sudan. Current DDR practice centres on ex-combatants’ reintegration through encouraging entrepreneurship and selfemployment and thereby their willingness to take risks and responsibility. However, South Sudan’s DDR programme invisibilizes and obscures the excombatants’ endogenous capacity to adapt and generate an income. Based on
- [Aiding The Peace: A Multi-donor Evaluation Of Support To Conflict Prevention And Peacebuilding Activities In Southern Sudan 2005-2010](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/aiding-peace-multi-donor-evaluation-support-conflict-prevention-peacebuilding-activities-southern-sudan-2005-2010/) - This report examines the international community’s efforts to support conflict mitigation and peacebuilding from 2005 to 1010. The evaluation throws light on the ways in which donors’ policies, funding strategies, and structures have been motivated and shaped by the challenges posed by the political and operational environment in Southern Sudan. Download
- [South Sudanese Local Organisation's Data Analysis Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudanes-local-organisations-data-analysis-report/) - This report from 2012 aims at providing insight into the realities of local organizations’ existence and operation in South Sudan as well as giving a basic analysis of the influencing factors in South Sudan that steer local organization’s decisions and actions. Download
- [Mid-Term Evaluation Of The Joint Donor Team in Juba, Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/mid-term-evaluation-joint-donor-team-juba-sudan/) - Mid-term evaluation (2009) of the Joint Donor Team's efforts according to criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and impact. Download
- [From one Sudan to two Sudan: from war to peace?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/one-sudan-two-sudan-war-peace/) - This paper from 2011 discusses some of the state-building challenges faced by the newly found state of South Sudan. Download
- [Sudan: the North-South Forgotten Crisis and Africa’s Next (Failed) State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-north-south-forgotten-crisis-africas-next-failed-state/) - This policy brief from 2009 discussess some of the possible consequences of South Sudan's secession. Download
- [South Sudan: Finding a Way Forward After the July 2016 Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-finding-way-forward-july-2016-crisis/) - This paper presents views and recommendations by the core team of the Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) on the proposed arms embargo and the regional protection force. The aim of the paper is to provide policy and decision-makers with insights by South Sudanese civil society actors and contribute to shaping responses that have the best
- [Discrimination in the Name of Religious Freedom: The Rights of Women and Non-Muslims after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/discrimination-name-religious-freedom-rights-women-non-muslims-comprehensive-peace-agreement-sudan/) - This study outlines Islamic actors’ perception of non-Muslims’ rights after the comprehensive peace agreement (2005), including the rights of apostates. Also, the study elaborates how non-Muslims themselves perceive their rights within the frame of Islam. Download
- [National Baseline Household Survey 2009](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-baseline-household-survey-2009/) - This report brings together available information from the National Baseline Household Survey 2009. The survey covered a broad range of subjects including population and household characteristics, education, housing conditions, economic livelihoods, consumption. Download
- [Assembling land control after displacement: some reflections from rural Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assembling-land-control-displacement-reflections-rural-southern-sudan/) - This article recounts how, in the years prior to independence in 2011, returnees successfully assembled land for inhabitation and productive use through autochthonous modes of governance, legitimation and inscription. Link to publication
- [The Politics of Women’s Representation in Sudan: Debating Women’s Rights in Islam from the Elites to the Grassroots](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/politics-womens-representation-sudan-debating-womens-rights-islam-elites-grassroots/) - This report explores Sudanese elite women's perceptions of gender equality and to what extent they represent grassroots women's priorities and attitudes. Download
- [Gendered Citizenship in Sudan: Competing Perceptions of Women’s Civil Rights within the Family Laws among Northern and Southern Elites in Khartoum](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gendered-citizenship-sudan-competing-perceptions-womens-civil-rights-within-family-laws-among-northern-southern-elites-khartoum/) - In Sudan, family laws are formed and applied by the religious communities - Islamic, Christian and traditional African beliefs -creating a gendered citizenship that has led to the absence of 'equality before the law' not only between men and women in general but also between Sudanese women across religious and tribal affiliations. In contrast to
- [Structure, Conduct and Performance of Commodity Markets in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/structure-conduct-performance-commodity-markets-south-sudan/) - This report from 2008 explores Commodity Markets and in relation to that food security in Southern Sudan during the interim period (2005-2008). Download
- [The Flaws in Kate Almquist Knopf's Call for Trusteeship in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/flaws-kate-almquist-knopfs-call-trusteeship-south-sudan/) - Reflection on Kate Almquist Knopf's Call for Trusteeship in South Sudan from the Sudd Institute.
- [Internally Displaced, Refugees and Returnees from and in the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/internally-displaced-refugees-returnees-sudan/) - This document from 2000 reviews the literature on internally displaced, refugees and returnees from and in the Sudan. Download
- [South Sudan’s National Security Bill: Merits and Public Reactions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-national-security-bill-merits-public-reactions/) - This review provides an in-depth analysis into the new National Security Bill, focusing primarily on resultant public opinion and what the new law constitutes for the South Sudanese general constituency as it complements and cements the existing operational culture of the National Security Service (NSS).
- [Local government and decentralisation in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-government-decentralisation-sudan/) - This article from 1983 summarizes the experience leading up to the 1981 Local Government Act, and examines the extent to which the new legislation offers an effective structure. The finance of local government, a recurrent problem in the Sudan, emerges as a critical issue, together with the future role of the Provincial Commissioner. Link to
- [The Creation of 28 South Sudanese States: Is It Economically and Legally Viable?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/creation-28-south-sudanese-states-economically-legally-viable/) - In this weekly review, the Sudd Institute attempts to shed light on the expansion of states in South Sudan. The analysis looks at the driving factors behind the decisions, implications in the context of economic viability, constitutionality, and timing of the decision. The authors believe that, although there are plausible merits to the creation of
- [Exploring the Linkages between Education Sector Governance, Inequity, Conflict, and Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/exploring-linkages-education-sector-governance-inequity-conflict-peacebuilding-south-sudan/) - This study from 2016 explores the relationship between education sector management, inequality, conflict and peacebuilding in South Sudan. It examines the linkages between inequities in education, broader political economy dynamics which contribute to conflict pressures, and how education sector governance could support sustainable peace and development processes. Download
- [Participation by the Affected Population in Relief Operations: A Review of the Experience of DEC Agencies During the Response to the 1998 Famine in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/participation-affected-population-relief-operations-review-experience-dec-agencies-response-1998-famine-south-sudan/) - This study from 1999 attempts to identify empirically, types of participation by beneficiaries of food aid and their communities over a geographically and socially limited area. (i.e. Southern Sudan). This is achieved through a description of the experience of some of the 12 UK based NGOs covered by the Disasters' Emergency Committee (DEC) evaluation of
- [South Sudanese in Utah are a Sign of Hope and Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudanese-utah-sign-hope-peace-south-sudan/) - This review discusses the resettlement of South Sudanes refugees over a decade ago in the state of Utah (USA) and what it signifies for restoring peace in South Sudan.
- [Study on Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation of Land and Property Disputes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/study-arbitration-mediation-conciliation-land-property-disputes/) - This study from 2004, carried out through a partnership between FAO, UNHCR and NRC investigated existing agreements, statutes and customs, international documents and research on land dispute resolution mechanisms and propose recommendations for the immediate, short, medium and long term use of arbitration, mediation and conciliation and of the traditional equivalents of these legal tools.
- [Report on the Trade Consultancy Conducted in Northern Bahr el Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/report-trade-consultancy-conducted-northern-bahr-el-ghazal/) - This study from 2002, commissioned by Save the Children UK, investigated whether or not there was justification for aid agencies operating in Bahr el Ghazal to continue providing free aid inputs, considering changes in the political situation. Found in the Sudan Open Archive.
- [Restructuring the South Sudanese Federal Government: Political or Human Factor?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/restructuring-south-sudanese-federal-government-political-human-factor/) - This review responds mainly to the presidential decree on the restructuring of the national executive of July 2013, focusing primarily on the nature of the decision, the meaning of the reduced size of the government, and the political implications of the second decree.
- [A Fallacy of Failed States Index: The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fallacy-failed-states-index-case-south-sudan/) - This article comments on the Failed State Index evaluation of South Sudan, arguing the report neglects how South Sudan's failed state is largely a legacy of its history with Sudan.
- [Assessing Anti-Corruption, Accountability, and Transparency Measures in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assessing-anti-corruption-accountability-transparency-measures-south-sudan/) - This analysis of 2015 assesses the effectiveness of anti-corruption, accountability, and transparency measures in South Sudan. It finds that, despite a gamut of initiatives, both legal and administrative, corruption in the country remains pervasive, presumably owing to incredibly ineffective accountability and transparency measures.
- [Shots in the Dark: The 2008 South Sudan Civilian Disarmament Campaign](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/shots-dark-2008-south-sudan-civilian-disarmament-campaign/) - This paper from 2009 reviews the implementation of the 2008 civilian disarmament campaign, with a special focus on three states: Lakes, Western Equatoria, and Unity. Each of these states presented a different set of security concerns and dynamics. Download
- [A Search for Lasting Peace: Ending South Sudan’s Devastating Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/search-lasting-peace-ending-south-sudans-devastating-conflict/) - This article focusses on key aspects of the Addis Ababa peace process and includes a review and analysis of common conflict resolution tools for informed application in the peace process, as well as a summary of recommendations.
- [Responding to Violence in Ikotos: Government and Local Efforts to Restore Order](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/responding-violence-ikotos-government-local-efforts-restore-order/) - This report details the toll, causes and challenges of dealing with gun violence. It discusses the positive role played by churches and women in prompting positive change and it places gun control and disarmament at the center of reducing violence. Download
- [Understanding the Enforcement of Environmental Provisions of Petroleum Act, 2012 and Why Environmental Ruin Continues](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-enforcement-environmental-provisions-petroleum-act-2012-environmental-ruin-continues/) - This paper evaluates the extent to which the environmental provisions of the South Sudanese Petroleum Act (2012) have been enforced, and attempts to identify the gaps and challenges facing the implementation. To determine the level of enforcement, the Sudd Institute conducted structured interviews with key officials from the ministries of Environment and Petroleum and Mining
- [Food Aid in Complex Emergencies: Lessons from Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-aid-complex-emergencies-lessons-sudan/) - This article from 2002 reviews the nature of “complex emergencies”, and briefly examines the motives for humanitarian aid responses in such conditions. It is written out of the authors’ experiences of living and working in Sudan and for aid agencies working in Sudan and in other countries experiencing complex emergencies. In particular, it draws on
- [Untangling the Deal Breakers in the Partially Signed South Sudanese Peace Agreement and the Options on the Table](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/untangling-deal-breakers-partially-signed-south-sudanese-peace-agreement-options-table/) - This weekly review highlights and analyses the contentious issues in the partially signed peace agreement (2015) and suggests a number of options.
- [On the Causes of Famine: Drought, Desertification and Market Failure in the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/causes-famine-drought-desertification-market-failure-sudan/) - This article analyzes the main causes of famine, drought, desertification, the food market, with examples from the 1984/85 famine in the Sudan. The food security situation is scrutinized from both a natural and a societal point of view. The close connection between climatic variations and food production and the myth of desertification are demonstrated. Link
- [Climate Change and Inter-community Conflict Over Natural Resources in Jonglei State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-inter-community-conflict-natural-resources-jonglei-state/) - In this briefing, the impact of climate change on conflict dynamics between ethnic communities in Jonglei State is analysed. The researchers looked in particular at how community representatives perceived changes in climactic patterns in recent years, and resulting changes to migratory movements by pastoralist groups. Download
- [Against the Gathering Storm: Securing Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gathering-storm-securing-sudans-comprehensive-peace-agreement/) - This report takes stock of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) four years after it was signed, calling urgently for the implementation of outstanding issues in the 30 months that remain in this interim period. It asserts that the flaws of the CPA, despite its huge potential for change in in the region, are that it
- [Gendered (In)security in South Sudan: Masculinities and Hybrid Governance in Imatong State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gendered-insecurity-south-sudan-masculinities-hybrid-governance-imatong-state/) - Based on a study carried out in 2013, prior to the country’s relapse into large-scale violence, this article discusses gendered insecurity and agency among the Latuko in Imatong state. In response to their sense of insecurity, the Latuko have developed security arrangements that represent forms of hybrid security governance. Using a notion of masculinity, the
- [The Kafia Kingi Enclave: People, Politics and History in the North-South Boundary Zone of Western Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/kafia-kingi-enclave-people-politics-history-north-south-boundary-zone-western-sudan/) - When South Sudan became a separate state in 2011, its northern boundary with the Republic of Sudan became an international border, the longest and most contentious in the region. At the westernmost extremity of Sudan, Kafia Kingi is a key meeting point between the two countries. This mineral-rich area is currently under the administration of
- [An Assessment of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation and Fragility Situations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assessment-illicit-small-arms-light-weapons-proliferation-fragility-situations/) - This research from 2012 investigates the relationship between proliferation of illicit SALW and fragile situations in South Sudan, and their impacts on development and livelihoods. Download
- [Sudan's 2010 Elections - Victories, Boycotts and the Future of a Peace Deal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudans-2010-elections-victories-boycotts-future-peace-deal/) - This article discusses the 2010 elections in Sudan including Southern Sudan. Link to publication
- [South Sudan: Donor Response to the Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-donor-response-crisis/) - This briefing provides data on humanitarian assistance before and since the outbreak of the armed conflict in December 2013. Download
- [Decisions and Deadlines: A Critical Year for Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/decisions-deadlines-critical-year-sudan/) - Sudan will hold potentially transformative elections in April 2010 and its complex peace processes require the organisation of three referendums in the coming year, including one in which Southern Sudanese voters will decide on unity or independence. Sudan is therefore entering a crucial period in its history and the country's powerful elites are under pressure
- [Land Governance, Local Authorities and Unrepresentative Representation in Rural South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-governance-local-authorities-unrepresentative-representation-rural-south-sudan/) - This paper is based on a preliminary exploration of local representation in the Bor County Land Authority (CLA) in South Sudan. CLAs were set up with the mandate to represent rural communities and incorporate local concerns in land matters. The study explored the means of CLA authorization, communicative interactions, and the extent of downward accountability.
- [The Land Question: Sudan's Peace Nemesis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-question-sudans-peace-nemesis/) - This paper from 2007 looks at competition for land and natural resources in Sudan and its implications for the promotion of peace throughout the country. First offering a background to the issues this paper then outlines key scenarios and risks, plus main recommendations.
- [The Long Road Home: Opportunities and Obstacles to the Reintegration of IDPs and Refugees Returning to Southern Sudan and the Three Areas. Report of Phase II](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/long-road-home-opportunities-obstacles-reintegration-idps-refugees-returning-southern-sudan-three-areas-report-phase-ii/) - This study from 2008 presents the findings from the second phase of an in-depth research project on the reintegration of IDPs and refugees returning to Southern Sudan and the Three Areas. Phase II builds on the findings of the initial phase and further explores the key determinants of sustainable reintegration.
- [City Limits: Urbanisation and Vulnerability in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/city-limits-urbanisation-vulnerability-sudan/) - This report from 2011 analyses the drivers and consequences of urbanisation, as well as assessing its implications in terms of the vulnerability of urban populations to future hazards and shocks.
- [South Sudan at a Crossroads](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-crossroads/) - This collection of the Humanitarian Policy Group from 2013 focuses on the humanitarian situation in South Sudan, exploring food security, conflict resolution, state-building.
- ["We Are Bought Like Clothes": The War over Polygyny and Levirate Marriage in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bought-like-clothes-war-polygyny-levirate-marriage-south-sudan/) - This article (2001) discusses the changing nature of South Sudanese gender relations by investaging the topic of polygyny. Link to publication
- [The Civil War in Southern Sudan and its Effect on Youth and Children](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/civil-war-southern-sudan-effect-youth-children/) - This article (2003) summarizes the effects of the Civil War on the Sudanese society, in general, and on youth and children, in particular. Download
- [Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead ](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-south-sudan-challenges-ahead/) - This desk research (2016) evaluates the ongoing armed conflict in terms of its humanitarian impact, human rights violations, the international response, and the future challenges (from a US perspective). Download
- [Governance Conditions, Roles and Capacity-Building Needs in the Rebel-Held Areas of Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/governance-conditions-roles-capacity-building-needs-rebel-held-areas-southern-sudan/) - This article presents institutions of governance that are in the process of being established in the rebel-held areas of Southern Sudan. The development roles of the main governance actors—government, civil society and the private sector—are examined and capacity-building needs are described. Link to publication
- [Children in and out of schools](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/children-in-and-out-of-schools/) - This report (2010) presents a base line assessment of 37 primary schools in Aweil East County in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan. Download
- [Back to turmoil: Refugee and IDP return to and within South Sudan ](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/back-turmoil-refugee-idp-return-within-south-sudan/) - This document investigates the challenges South Sudanese returnees and displaced persons face from their own perspective. Building on field research in the autumn and winter of 2015, it analyses the patterns of return and coping strategies of returnees, as well as any assistance that aid agencies can provide. Download
- [Government of Southern Sudan - Strategic Capacity Building Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/government-southern-sudan-strategic-capacity-building-study/) - This report (2010) makes a capacity analysis of the Government of South Sudan based on reviewing several capacity building providers, including universities and implementers and based on a literature review and interviews with GoSS officials. Download
- [Local Peace Processes in Sudan: A Baseline Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-peace-processes-sudan-baseline-study/) - This report is a review of the literature on local peace processes in Sudan, from the 1980s to 2006. It presents such processes by a series of case studies of particularly significant local peace processes.
- [Winning the War, But Losing The Peace? The Dilemma of SPLM/A Civil Administration and the Tasks Ahead](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/winning-war-losing-peace-dilemma-splma-civil-administration-tasks-ahead/) - This article (2005) explores local government structure and practices in SPLM/A held areas in Southern Sudan. Doing this it refers to the challenges of distributing land and foreign aid. The article focusses on the Equatoria region and on ethnic politics in Central Equatoria during the past civil war. Link to publication
- [Sudanese Migrants in the Khartoum Area: Fighting for Educational Space](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudanese-migrants-khartoum-area-fighting-educational-space/) - This article examines the situation of the internally displaced persons from Southern Sudan living in and around the capital and their experience with the dominant Islamic discourse, and particularly the educational discourse of the ruling National Congress (NC). Link to publication
- [“Anyone who can carry a gun can go” - The role of the White Army in the current conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/anyone-can-carry-gun-can-go-role-white-army-current-conflict-south-sudan/) - This paper focuses on Nuer civilians who are fighting on the side of the SPLM/A-in-Opposition in the current civil war, popularly known as the White Army. Doing this the report challenges some prevalent misconceptions about the White Army. Download
- [Challenges to Protection of Civilians in South Sudan: A Warning from Jonglei State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenges-protection-civilians-south-sudan-warning-jonglei-state/) - This report focuses on how protection issues are conceptualized and operationalized among international takeholders in Bor, the state capital of Jonglei state in South Sudan, and analyses key challenges to the implementation and impact of protection initiatives on the ground. Download
- [Put Out To Pasture: War, Oil and the Decline of Misseriyya Pastoralism in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/put-pasture-war-oil-decline-misseriyya-pastoralism-sudan/) - This report from 2009 presents the findings of a study into the current evolution of Misseriyya livelihoods commissioned by the UK Department for International Development upon request from UNMIS and UNRCSO Abyei.
- [South Sudan Urban Development Strategy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-urban-development-strategy/) - The purpose of this paper from 2008 is to present the development of a sustainable, affordable and realistic urban development strategy that can respond to the immediate needs of GOSS, to minimize the lack of an urban structure capable of supporting a comprehensive economic development effort, to provide shelter for IDPs, RRs and rural migrants,
- [Crude Days Ahead? Oil and the Resource Curse in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crude-days-ahead-oil-resource-curse-sudan/) - This analysis of the political economy of oil in Sudan since 2005 finds that governance at national, regional, and local levels has largely failed to manage the damaging political and economic effects of the resource curse. Uncertainty surrounding Khartoum’s oil transfers to the South, negligence and corruption among the Southern elite, and the lack of
- [Displaced Persons' Perceptions of Human Rights in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/displaced-persons-perceptions-human-rights-southern-sudan/) - This article from 2009 describes an ethnographic research study on IDPs' perceptions of Human Rights conducted in Southern Sudan. The specific aim of the research was to gather local voices and deepen understanding about the social context that influences gender relationships prior to planning community initiatives that address violence against women and advance women's health
- [Public Private Cooperation in Fragile States: Country report: Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/public-private-cooperation-fragile-states-country-report-southern-sudan/) - The primary objective of this case study from 2009 is to identify key areas, local sectors, local needs and (im)possibilities where (Dutch) public-private cooperation can best or most efficiently contribute to pro-poor, just and sustainable economic growth. Download
- [Rule of Law Reform Without Cultural Imperialism? Reinforcing Customary Justice Through Collateral Review in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rule-law-reform-without-cultural-imperialism-reinforcing-customary-justice-collateral-review-southern-sudan/) - This article explorse the concept of collateral review as an instrument to unite customary law with minimum standars of justice and human rights. Link to publication
- [General Ibrahim Abboud’s Military Administration in the Sudan, 1958–1964: Implementation of the Programs of Islamization and Arabization in the Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/general-ibrahim-abbouds-military-administration-sudan-1958-1964-implementation-programs-islamization-arabization-southern-sudan/) - This article examines the history and effects of programes of Islamization and Arabization in the Southern Sudan, implemented by general Ibrahaim Abboud (1958-1964). Link to publication
- [Modern Governments and Traditional Structures: An open consultation on present challenges in the South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/modern-governments-traditional-structures-open-consultation-present-challenges-south-sudan/) - This document reports from a workshop on the establishment of a traditional leaders' forum. Found in the Sudan Open Archive.
- [Land tenure reform for food security in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-tenure-reform-food-security-south-sudan/) - This briefing paper from 2013 demonstrates the different challenges that land access, use, and management systems present to food security throughout the country. Although ongoing food insecurity is driven by a number of interdependent factors, interventions in agricultural production and dispute resolution at the policy and project levels have largely ignored the fundamental challenges posed
- [In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/need-review-spla-transformation-2006-10-beyond/) - This paper from 2010 reviews the successes and shortcomings of the SPLA’s defence transformation process from 2006 to 2010. It takes into account decisions, events, processes, programmes, and doctrine relating to SPLA transformation and development from 2006 onward. In so doing, it identifies a transformation gap that has become evident between SPLA requirements and defence
- [Peace and Reconciliation in South Sudan: A Conversation for Justice and Stability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peace-reconciliation-south-sudan-conversation-justice-stability/) - In mid-2013 – after different reconciliation projects had emerged in South Sudan – Sudd Institute wrote this report on reconciliation. The Sudd Institute suggests that popular sentiment in South Sudan appears to favor a reconciliation process, but questions remain regarding what issues such a process would tackle, how it might be conducted, and who should
- [Rapid Shelter Sector Assessment: Fact Sheet 2 - Tongping Site, Juba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rapid-shelter-sector-assessment-fact-sheet-2-tongping-site-juba/) - This factsheet from 2014 presents findings from a shelter sector assessment conducted by REACH, with information on the places of origin, the types of housing and the level of damage to the homes of IDPs, as well as their intentions in terms of return Download
- [South Sudan’s Crisis: Its Drivers, Key Players, and Post-conflict Prospects](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-crisis-drivers-key-players-post-conflict-prospects/) - This analysis argues that although the crisis was triggered by power struggle within the SPLM, historical issues that remained unresolved after the CPA significantly compounded it. As well, other factors such as illiteracy, maladministration and undemocratic nature in the SPLM, lack of employment, and weak institutions all contributed to this unconscionable state of affairs.
- [Peace and Conflict Assessment of South Sudan 2012](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peace-conflict-assessment-south-sudan-2012/) - This report from 2012 analyses how local, national and international dynamics around independence in July 2011 and the end of the six-and-a-half-year formal Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) process with Sudan have impacted on peace and conflict in 2011–2012 and how they are likely to influence peace and development over the next decade. Download
- [South Sudan Statistical Yearbook 2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/statistical-yearbook-southern-sudan-2010/) - Statistical information on a range of topics for the year 2015. Download
- [The Sudan Rebel Perspective: Complex Operations in Weak and Failing States](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-rebel-perspective-complex-operations-weak-failing-states/) - This article from 2010 focuses on how the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), and its political wing, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), have incorporated complex operations of foreigners into their strategies for fighting wars and gaining political power. Download
- [Citizens' Dialogues on the Constitution Conducted in the Ten States of the Republic of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/citizens-dialogues-constitution-conducted-ten-states-republic-south-sudan/) - This document reports from citizens’ dialogues on the constitution review process in all ten states of South Sudan in 2013. In addition to the constitutional dialogues, marginalised groups were also supported to organise discussions to analyse the Transitional Constitution and put forward recommendations and amendments towards a future constitution that is sensitive to, and promotes
- [Famine Politics and the Cycle of Relief Failure in Sudan’s Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/famine-politics-cycle-relief-failure-sudans-civil-war/) - This paper from 2002 attempts to survey the corrigendum present within the underlying OLS relief structure using both specific insights into the mistakes made in the 1998 Bahr el- Ghazal relief operation as well as a broader analysis of the inherent weaknesses within the triangular network of: relief agencies, donor governments, and political influences within
- [Learning from Sudan’s 2011 Referendum](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/learning-sudans-2011-referendum/) - This report is based on research conducted in Khartoum, Juba, Washington, and elsewhere in the aftermath of Sudan’s 2011 referendum. It seeks to answer a simple question: Why was the 2011 referendum on the secession of southern Sudan largely peaceful despite predictions for renewed civil war? The report examines possible answers and attempts to formulate
- [Uprooted by Conflict: South Sudan's Displacement Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/uprooted-conflict-south-sudans-displacement-crisis-2/) - This report (2014) focuses on the needs of the 1.4 million people who had been displaced by violence inside South Sudan and the more than 455,000 refugees who had fled South Sudan for neighboring countries towards the end of 2014. It also examines the special problems confronting host communities in South Sudan and in neighboring
- [Who is Ruling in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ruling-south-sudan/) - This paper from 2001 examines the role of NGOs in rebuilding socio-political order in Southern Sudan during the past civil war. The paper suggests that if INGOs and international agencies function predominately as public service providers (a classic function of a state), they might also develop a strong social position to behave as regulatory agencies
- [No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan's Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-hills-ahead-sudans-tortuous-ascent-heights-peace/) - This paper provides a thorough narrative and analysis of the Sudan peace process, from the failed peace attempts of the early 1990s to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005. Download
- [A quick fix? A retrospective analysis of the Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/quick-fix-retrospective-analysis-sudan-comprehensive-peace-agreement/) - Through a chronological analysis of the peace process between 2000 and 2005, this article demonstrates that the scope for compromise was limited and that a significantly ‘better’ deal was unlikely. The article’s ambition is to present a concise and empirically grounded analysis of the CPA peace process and to lay foundations for further investigation of
- [Another civil war in South Sudan: the failure of Guerrilla Government?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/another-civil-war-south-sudan-failure-guerrilla-government/) - Popular explanations for the outbreak of a new civil war in South Sudan have centred on ethnic factors and leadership personalities. This article demonstrates that the conflict is rooted in deep cleavages within the ruling political party, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM). When internal tensions came to a head in late 2013, a combination
- [Land, Security and Peace Building in the Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-security-peace-building-southern-sudan/) - This report discussess different aspects of violence and insecurity in Southern Sudan, focusing on local violence and current measures to address these challenges. In addition it presents some issues related to land and natural resource management and suggests some linkages between these issues and the growing local insecurity. Download
- [Missed Out: The Role of Local Actors in the Humanitarian Response in the South Sudan Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/missed-role-local-actors-humanitarian-response-south-sudan-conflict/) - This study seeks to understand the strengths and challenges of working with national and local nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) in South Sudan’s conflict-driven humanitarian emergency following the escalation of conflict on 15 December 2013, and reviews how the broader humanitarian system facilitates or prevents their involvement. Download
- [From Guerrilla Movement to Political Party: The Restructuring of Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in Three Southern States](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/guerrilla-movement-political-party-restructuring-sudan-peoples-liberation-movement-three-southern-states/) - This study analyzes SPLM's transition from a rebel movement to a political party. It presents the findings on SPLM structures, capacity and processes of decision making in three states. Download
- [The Nile: Is It a Cure or a Blessing?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nile-cure-blessing/) - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the water policies of the Nile riparian states and their attendant consequences, including economic, environmental and social crises. From a holistic theoretical standpoint, the paper explores the distribution, redistribution and utilisation of Nile water by Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan, and discusses their policies and strategies for further
- [Guerrilla Governent: Political Changes in the Southern Sudan during the 1990s](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/guerrilla-governent-political-changes-southern-sudan-1990s/) - This study is an analysis of continuity and change in Southern Sudanese politics in the period 1990–2000. One event – the 1994 National Convention of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) – is the focal point of the study. Download
- [Mission Not Yet Accomplished/ Managing Water Resources in the Nile River Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/mission-not-yet-accomplished-managing-water-resources-nile-river-basin/) - The aim of this paper is to suggest policy measures that riparian countries could adopt to reduce tension over scarce water resources and facilitate effective, sustainable cooperation in the Nile basin for peace, development and benefit sharing. Link to publication
- [The Unresolved Crisis in Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/unresolved-crisis-abyei/) - This briefing document from early 2011 provides an assessment and recommendations regarding the situation in the Abyei region. Download
- [Participation on Paper but not in Practice? The South Sudan Constitutional Review Process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/participation-paper-not-practice-south-sudan-constitutional-review-process/) - This report looks at one of the most important yet contested political processes in South Sudan: the process of drafting a permanent constitution. It takes a social science perspective and focuses, in particular, on the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in the constitution-making process. The report argues that temporary constitutions negotiated in closed settings can
- [New Approaches To Foreign Aid in Conflict-Affected Countries and Fragile Situations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/new-approaches-foreign-aid-conflict-affected-countries-fragile-situations/) - This report deals with recent trends in the ways in which international development aid is used to facilitate development and to prevent or transform violent conflict in areas of limited or contested statehood, based on a number of cases. South Sudan is one of the cases. Download
- [Mapping Conflict Motives: the Sudan - South Sudan border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/mapping-conflict-motives-sudan-south-sudan-border/) - This report analyses the conflict dynamics in the wider border area between Sudan and South Sudan. The analysis specifically looks into the motivations and interests of the parties involved in the interstate, intrastate and local conflicts. The main questions this report will cover are: Where are conflict parties focussing their efforts? Which strategic interests do
- [Why Is Violence Escalating in Southern Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-escalating-southern-sudan/) - This briefing looks at the underlying drivers of the increased insecurity in Southern Sudan during 2009. It also suggests a number of measurements to counter them. Download
- [Small and Far Between: Peacekeeping Economies in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/small-far-peacekeeping-economies-south-sudan/) - This article presents an investigation of the stunted peacekeeping economy in South Sudan in the period 2005–12, corresponding to the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) (2005–11) and the first years of its successor, the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The article explores ways in which UNMIS and UNMISS have interacted with the national and
- [Sudan and South Sudan: Accounting for Their Intractable Conflicts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-south-sudan-accounting-intractable-conflicts/) - This paper examines the persistence of violent conflicts in the two Sudans. It examines standard macro-approaches to conflict resolution—democracy, inclusiveness, intervention, secession, as well as the more radical “let-them-fight” thesis—to demonstrate the limitations on the ability of outsiders to manage the conflicts. Link to publication
- [A Critical Analysis of Cultural Explanations for the Violence in Jonglei State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/critical-analysis-cultural-explanations-violence-jonglei-state-south-sudan/) - This article is a critical examination of four often-cited explanations for local violence in Jonglei, South Sudan. Download
- [Sudan’s Wars and Peace Agreements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudans-wars-peace-agreements/) - Originating from the 2008 27th annual conference of the Sudan Studies Association (SSA) of the same title, these essays document and analyze Sudan’s chronic history of armed conflict since independence in 1956 as well as its own and international efforts to bring an end to these conflicts. Link to publication
- [What is Youth Violence in Jonglei?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-violence-jonglei/) - Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 the state of Jonglei in South Sudan has experienced widespread local violence and insecurity. A generation of “youth in crisis” is perceived to be at the heart of the problem. Based on insights garnered from nearly 150 interviews in Jonglei, this PRIO Paper demonstrates that
- [A Year of South Sudan's Third Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/year-south-sudans-third-civil-war/) - The article surveys the first year of the civil war that began in December 2013. It outlines the course of military engagements, the consequences of the civil war for the people of South Sudan and the ways in which a peaceful settlement has been sought. Download
- [Southern Sudan: Local Governance in Complex Environments](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-local-governance-complex-environments/) - The findings presented in this report from 2010 are the result of an assessment that was conducted by an independent consultant on two DGTTF (Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund) funded projects in Southern Sudan in 2005 and 2008. The projects were part of UNDP’s broad efforts to support the development of decentralized democratic governance through
- [Drifting Apart? The Impact of Secession and Armed Violence on Border Areas in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/drifting-apart-impact-secession-armed-violence-border-areas-south-sudan/) - This policy report focuses on the perspectives and interests of the Sudan/South Sudan borderland people, and how these have been affected by the session of South Sudan. Download
- [Administrative Decentralisation and Economic Development: The Sudan's Experiment with Devolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/administrative-decentralisation-economic-development-sudans-experiment-devolution/) - This article from 1981 provides a historical account of decentralisation policies in Sudan. Link to publication
- [Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-oil-human-rights/) - This report from 2003 is about the human cost of the oil—and corporate complicity in the Sudanese government’s human rights abuses, including its policy of sponsored ethnic conflict and forced displacement to clear tens of thousands of southern Sudanese from their homes atop the oilfields.
- [Southern Sudan Anti-Corruption Strategy, 2010-2014](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-anti-corruption-strategy-2010-2014/) - This anti-corruption strategy is derived from the analysis of stakeholder consultations over a period of two years and is hinged on twelve guiding principles that describe multiple policy goals of the GoSS. The strategy is meant to be a tool for implementing standard practices and procedures in both public and private sectors to improve service
- [South Sudan Country Evaluation Brief](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-country-evaluation-brief/) - The purpose of this Country Evaluation Brief is to present relevant knowledge about donors’ development efforts in South Sudan. The brief systematises relevant findings from existing evaluations of development interventions in the country. Download
- [Famine in Sudan: The Human Rights Causes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/famine-sudan-human-rights-causes/) - This report investigates the 1998 food crisis in Sudan and reveals how the fault lies primarily with Sudanese government and militias and opposition forces that precipitated the famine and deliberately diverted or looted food from the starving or blocked relief deliveries. Download
- [Peacebuilding in Post-War Situations: Lessons for Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peacebuilding-post-war-situations-lessons-sudan/) - This report from 2004 examines lessons from peacebuilding efforts during the 1990s. “Peacebuilding” commonly refers to a set of transitional activities to implement peace agreements after civil wars. Activities normally include managing the transition from relief to economic recovery and longer term development; return of refugees and displaced persons; security sector reform; (re)constructing social and
- [Reforming the SPLM: A requisite for peace and nation building](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reforming-splm-requisite-peace-nation-building/) - Discusses the importance of SPLM's transformation for a sustainable conflict-solution. Download
- [Dowry and Division: Youth and State Building in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dowry-division-youth-state-building-south-sudan/) - This is one in a series of United States Institute of Peace special reports on state-building in the Republic of South Sudan following its creation on July 9, 2011. Each report analyzes an aspect of the state-building challenge and recommends priorities for the government of South Sudan. This report assesses the situation, priorities, and expectations
- [Beyond ARCISS: New fault lines in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-arciss-new-fault-lines-south-sudan/) - This report looks beyond the Agreement for the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ACRISS) to issues that will need to be tackled to conduct peacemaking in a broader and more sustainable manner. Download
- [Knowledge Deficit in Sudan: Memorandum re World Bank Sudan Conflict Analysis Workshop](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/knowledge-deficit-sudan-memorandum-re-world-bank-sudan-conflict-analysis-workshop/) - This memorandum addresses a cross-cutting theme from the World Bank Sudan workshop: the information environment in Sudan. It outlines the need for an improved base of economic and socio-political knowledge, one that would be available to donors and implementing agencies, to governing authorities in north and south Sudan and to the Sudanese public. Download
- [Modern Governments and Traditional Structures in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/modern-governments-traditional-structures-south-sudan/) - Draft transcript of presentation by John Ryle held in Neuchatel, Switzerland, April 14-16, 2005.
- [The Sudan Handbook](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-sudan-handbook/) - This collection of essays - of the Rift Valley Institute Sudan and South Sudan Course - provides a critical guide to current knowledge on key aspects of South Sudan and Sudan, written from a range of disciplinary points of view.
- [Islands of Education: Schooling, Civil War and The Southern Sudanese](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/islands-education-schooling-civil-war-southern-sudanese/) - Victims of warfare, famine, slavery, and isolation, the Southern Sudanese are one of the most undereducated populations in the world. Since the inception of formal education in southern Sudan a century ago, schooling has largely consisted of island-like entities surrounded by oceans of educational emptiness. Islands of Education is the first book to comprehensively examine
- [Challenges Facing Sudan After Referendum Day 2011](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenges-facing-sudan-referendum-day-2011/) - This report from 2010 provides a contextual background and discusses some of the challenges of the post-referendum period. Download
- [Partnerships for Peace and Development: South Sudan and China](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/partnerships-peace-development-south-sudan-china/) - Report of a seminar and workshop to bring together Chinese and South Sudanese stakeholders on how China's economic cooperation in the development, infrastructure, and extractive sectors could be more conflict-sensitive. Download
- [Transitional policing in South Sudan's peace agreement: joint integrated police](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transitional-policing-south-sudans-peace-agreement-joint-integrated-police/) - This briefing outlines some of the potential difficulties associated with the joint integrated police and some of the challenges the unit is likely to face in delivering security for communities. It is intended to inform those planning to support the joint integrated police and the security sector reform process in South Sudan going forward. Download
- [A Paramilitary Revolution: The Popular Defence Forces](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/paramilitary-revolution-popular-defence-forces/) - This working paper from 2009 identifies the the Popular Defence Forces (PDF) as a potential threat to the CPA's stability. Download
- [A Culture of Protection? Perceptions of the Protection of Civilians from Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/culture-protection-perceptions-protection-civilians-sudan/) - This paper explores the PoC concept and the culture of protection in the context of Sudan. It addresses the protection discourse as perceived by various actors in the field, and approaches the discourse in the nexus of PoC and culture of protection. The present paper demonstrates that whereas a narrow definition of PoC runs the
- [Civilian Disarmament in South Sudan: A Legacy of Struggle](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/civilian-disarmament-south-sudan-legacy-struggle/) - This report from early 2012 reviews civilian possession of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in South Sudan and processes to control this possession, including civilian disarmament. It begins with an overview of the history of South Sudan, followed by an analysis of the factors that have contributed to SALW proliferation and ultimately a ‘gun
- [South Sudan, between Conflict and Statebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-conflict-statebuilding/) - This swisspeace publication attempts to explain why the international community has been unable to prevent the armed conflict (since December 2013) and what its responsibilities are.
- [Teaching the Violent Past in Secondary Schools in Newly Independent South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/teaching-violent-past-secondary-schools-newly-independent-south-sudan/) - This article analyses the teaching and learning of South Sudan history from 1955–2005 in secondary schools in South Sudan with a specific focus on national unity. The article argues that the national narrative of South Sudan is still closely tied to enemy images of the former enemy of Sudan in the north, while internal ethnic
- [Violent Legacies: Insecurity in Sudan’s Central and Eastern Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violent-legacies-insecurity-sudans-central-eastern-equatoria/) - This paper outlines the background and context to the insecurity in Eastern Equatoria State (EES) and Central Equatoria State (CES) in the years after 2005, focusing on why they have been so politically contested, and why they have such potential for large-scale violent conflict in addition to the low-level insecurities that have been a part
- [Addis Ababa Agreement: Was it Destined to Fail and Are There Lessons for the Current Sudan Peace Process?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/addis-ababa-agreement-destined-fail-lessons-current-sudan-peace-process/) - This article reviews the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement of 1972 and its implementation and considers the reasons why it failed. Based on the experience of the Addis Ababa Agreement, it tries to make a prognosis for successful implementation of a future comprehensive agreement. Download
- [Considering the State: Perspectives on South Sudan's Subdivision and Federalism Debate](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/considering-state-perspectives-south-sudans-subdivision-federalism-debate/) - This report reviews the myriad challenes and opportunities that arise from South Sudan's subdivision debate and practices. It touches on the connection between authority, rights and territory. Download
- [Southern Sudan at odds with itself: dynamics of conflict and predicaments of peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-odds-dynamics-conflict-predicaments-peace/) - This report offers a comprehensive account of the situation in then Southern Sudan in 2011, based on 300 interviews in various states. Identifies key issues that are likely to be as relevant for conflict dynamics today as they were in 2011. Download
- [Scenarios for Sudan: Avoiding Political Violence Through 2011](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/scenarios-sudan-avoiding-political-violence-2011/) - This report from 2009 summarizes three workshops designed to explore opportunities to avoid political violence in Sudan through the end of 2011 thus after the referendum in then Southern Sudan. Sponsored by the United States Institute of Peace, these workshops took place during April and May 2009 with assistance from Policy Futures, LLC. Twenty Sudan
- [The Sudan Peoples' Liberation Movement (SPLM) and Liberation Army (SPLA)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-peoples-liberation-movement-splm-liberation-army-spla/) - This article reviews the formation and emergence of the SPLA/SPLM, as well its organizational structure and political developments. Link to publication
- [Decentralization in the Post-Conflict African Environment: Sierra Leone and Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/decentralization-post-conflict-african-environment-sierra-leone-southern-sudan/) - This article looks at the processes of trying to decentralize government since the wars in Sierra Leone and Southern Sudan stopped, and points to significant differences in the results thus far. It asks why the differences exist and what lessons can be learnt by the International community on how best to assist nations wishing to
- [Introduction: Peace and constitution making in emerging South Sudan on and beyond the negotiation tables](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/introduction-peace-constitution-making-emerging-south-sudan-beyond-negotiation-tables/) - The introduction to this special issue of the Journal of Eastern African Studies on Emerging South Sudan: Negotiating Statehood explores whether the ‘emerging’ state South Sudan needs a ‘permanent’ constitution given the negotiated nature of statehood. Download
- [Crisis Briefing: Humanitarian funding analysis: South Sudan Displacement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crisis-briefing-humanitarian-funding-analysis-south-sudan-displacement/) - This briefing presents key figures on humanitarian assistance and donor involvement in July 2016. Download
- [Post-War Development and the Land Question in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/post-war-development-land-question-south-sudan/) - This paper from 2008 looks at the "Land Question" and some aspects of the policy and institutional challenges with reference to emerging land issues in South Sudan. The paper provides a brief overview of the background to the past civil war with reference to its natural resource dimension before discussing the post-CPA situation regarding the
- [Crude Calculations: The Continued Lack of Transparency Over Oil in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crude-calculations-continued-lack-transparency-oil-sudan/) - This report examines the explanations of the oil production discrepancies provided by the Sudanese government and CNPC in more detail to see if they stand up to scrutiny, and also examines the transparency commitments made by the Sudanese government to see the extent to which they have been implemented. Download
- [Renewing the pledge: re-engaging the Sudanese comprehensive peace agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/renewing-pledge-re-engaging-sudanese-comprehensive-peace-agreement/) - Renewing the pledge is a publication by a coalition of 26 NGOs including Global Witness from Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the US. The report calls for urgent action from the African heads of state who met shortly after publishing this document at a major summit of the African Union in Uganda from 19-27
- [The UN Mission and Local Churches in South Sudan: Opportunities for Partnerships in Local Peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/us-mission-local-churches-south-sudan-opportunities-partnerships-local-peacebuilding/) - This document (2011) argues that the new UN mission would benefit from partnering with local churches to improve the impact of local peacebuilding initiatives in South Sudan. It looks for comparative advantages of both UNMIS and local churches. Download
- [What Went Wrong in South Sudan in December 2013](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/went-wrong-south-sudan-december-2013/) - This briefing paper examines the underlying triggers of the mid- December 2013 conflict. It provides policy suggestions for sustainable peace in South Sudan, which include accountability for the crimes committed and monitoring of the proposed transitional power-sharing arrangement. Link to publication
- ["Will They Protect Us For The Next 10 Years?" Challenges Faced by the UN Peacekeeping Mission in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/will-protect-us-next-10-years-challenges-faced-un-peacekeeping-mission-south-sudan/) - This report examines the mounting challenges that the UN faces in South Sudan in the context of the civil war. It focuses on the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan, UNMISS, which remains one of the international community’s principal interventions in the country and has the critical capability to protect at least some of the
- [Making Sense of Turbelent Contexts Final Report: The Republic of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-sense-turbelent-contexts-final-report-republic-south-sudan/) - Reports from the "Making Sense of Turbulent Contexts" workshop, Making Sense of Turbulent Contexts is a World Vision developed set of tools to assist participants from across a national community to conduct a macro level analysis of their own context. South Sudan is one case study. Download
- [Unrealistic Expectations: Current Challenges to Reintegration in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/unrealistic-expectations-current-challenges-reintegration-southern-sudan/) - This report takes a critical look at the first, ongoing phase of the DDR process in Southern Sudan, and specifically at the reintegration component. It also looks at the feasibility of social and economic reintegration, considering both the socio-economic context and the specific social composition of the first group of ex-combatants to be reintegrated. Download
- [Progress to Universal Primary Education in Southern Sudan: A Short Country Case Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/progress-universal-primary-education-southern-sudan-short-country-case-study/) - This paper was commissioned by the Education for All Global Monitoring Report and reports on the access to, and quality of, primary education, with special attention to gender equality. Download
- [CPA - New Sudan, Old Sudan or Two Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cpa-new-sudan-old-sudan-two-sudan/) - This article (2007) reviews the implementation of the CPA and the contextual factors that influenced the implementation. Download
- [The Road to Peace: The Role of the Southern Sudanese Church in Communal Stabilization and National Resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/road-peace-role-southern-sudanese-church-communal-stabilization-national-resolution/) - This thesis demonstrates the leadership role of Southern Sudanese churches in communal stabilization at a grassroots level, in local peace processes and the process leading to the CPA. Download
- [Building Social Capital in South Sudan: How local churches worked to unite a nation in the lead up to the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-social-capital-south-sudan-local-churches-worked-unite-nation-lead-2005-comprehensive-peace-agreement/) - This master thesis examines the role local churches played in building cohesion in advance of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Download
- [The Nexus of Corruption and Conflict in South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nexus-corruption-conflict-south-sudan/) - This report maps out the corruption and the conflict-financing system in South Sudan and describes the likely channeling of illicit money flows. The primary goal of this report is to focus on the mechanics of the system, rather than specific individuals or their networks of facilitators and enablers. Download
- [Opportunities for Gender Justice and Reconciliation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/opportunities-gender-justice-reconciliation-south-sudan/) - This Policy Brief explores the nexus of gender justice and reconciliation in South Sudan. It addresses women’s historical engagement in reconciliation processes in South Sudan at the grassroots and national levels and highlights their achievements to date. It then discusses the challenges to inclusion South Sudanese women face, as well as current opportunities to achieve
- [Development and Cultural Genocide in the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/development-cultural-genocide-sudan/) - This article (1991) argues that the al-Bashir government in Khartoum is characterised by political hegemony, economic disarray, cultural bias, and explicit racism, and that it has been carrying out a policy of genocide against the Nilotic-speaking peoples of the Southern Sudan, known to the external world as the Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer, and Atuot. link to
- [Freedom from Fear: Promoting Human Security for the Return and Reintegration of Displaced Persons in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/freedom-fear-promoting-human-security-return-reintegration-displaced-persons-sudan/) - This report from 2004 focusses on security and on protection challenges related to the then ongoing preparations for the return and reintegration of millions of displaced in the North-South war. In a response to the explicit request by the humanitarian community and donors to map out the protection challenges connected therewith, this report was consigned
- [Ethnicity on the Hoof: On the Economics of Nuer Identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ethnicity-hoof-economics-nuer-identity/) - This article (1981) is concerned with the reinterpretation of Nuer ethnicity and challenges static ethnic designations. Link to publication
- [Pastoral Land Tenure and Agricultural Expansion: Sudan and the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/pastoral-land-tenure-agricultural-expansion-sudan-horn-africa/) - This paper sheds light on the extent to which land use policy has contributed to the vulnerability of otherwise better-off sections of rural people in the Horn, viz. the pastoralists. The report refers to Sudan including then Southern Sudan. Download
- [Migration in Sudan: A Country Profile](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/migration-sudan-country-profile/) - This Migration Profile Report (2011) of Sudan (including Southern Sudan) presents migration and demographic related data. Download
- [Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity, and Race](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/arab-identity-ideology-sudan-politics-language-ethnicity-race/) - In what is now Sudan there occurred over the centuries a process of ta'rib, or Arabization, entailing the gradual spread of both Arab identity and the Arabic language among northern peoples. This article considers the historical diffusion of Sudanese Arabic-language culture and Arab identity, contrasts this with the post-colonial policy of Arabization, and analyses the
- [Violence and Victimization after Civilian Disarmament: The Case of Jonglei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-victimization-civilian-disarmament-case-jonglei/) - This paper reports findings of a victimization survey undertaken in Jonglei State, South Sudan, where both coercive and ‘voluntary’ disarmament occurred. It finds that violent victimization remains prevalent since the CPA. Download
- [Violent Victimisation in South Sudan: Lakes State in the Post CPA period](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violent-victimisation-south-sudan-lakes-state-post-cpa-period/) - After the passage of 2 years of the post CPA period that ended the North-South Conflict, safety and security remain a challenge. Yet, there is inadequate assessment of the impact of safety and security including on the CPA. This baseline survey reveals that though the CPA has succeeded in some respects violence victimisation--orchestrated by small
- [Within and Beyond the Gates: Protection of Civilians by the UN Mission in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/within-beyond-gates-protection-civilians-un-mission-south-sudan/) - This report stresses that the UN Mission in South Sudan has saved life but also refers to major challenges and provides recommendations enhance the protection of civilians. Download
- [Peace-building in South Sudan through the Design and Implementation of Coherent and Integrated Youth Development Policy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peace-building-south-sudan-design-implementation-coherent-integrated-youth-development-policy/) - Calls for further development and implementation of a youth development policy in South Sudan. Highlights strategies used and factors leading to the failure to implement a youth development policy.
- [Why a minority rights approach to conflict? The case of Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/minority-rights-approach-conflict-case-southern-sudan/) - The aim of this briefing is to illustrate how the minority rights approach can be useful to the work of humanitarian actors in any conflict situation –whether it be aid distribution in a refugee camp, a reformed police force, or a new national education curriculum. For this purpose, the briefing examines the specific case of
- [Food And Power In Sudan: A Critique of Humanitarianism](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-power-sudan-critique-humanitarianism/) - The purpose of this book is to document some of the famine crimes committed in Sudan, as well as to evaluate relief programmes and to identify political conditions that create famine or make its prevention possible.
- [This Convention is Sovereign': Opening and Closing Speeches by Dr. Garang de Mabior to the First SPLM SPLA National Convention](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/convention-sovereign-opening-closing-speeches-dr-garang-de-mabior-first-splm-spla-national-convention/) - The opening and closing speeches of Dr. John Garang at the first SPLM Convention in 1994 presents and discusses different models for statehood. Found in the Sudan Open Archive.
- [The scorched earth: Oil and War in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/scorched-earth-oil-war-sudan/) - This report (2001) argues that the presence of international oil companies has 'fuelled the war'. It investigates human rights violations by government forces and government supported militias that were done to support and develop the oil industry. Download
- [The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/real-politics-horn-africa-money-war-business-power/) - The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa delves into the business of politics in the turbulent, war-torn countries of north-east Africa. It is a contemporary history of how politicians, generals and insurgents bargain over money and power, and use of war to achieve their goals. Drawing on a thirty-year career in Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea
- [Making Borders and Identities in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-borders-identities-south-sudan/) - This article investigates the role of demarcation, delineation and the protection of its territorial boundaries in shaping and defining South Sudan's national identity. Link to publication
- [Sudan: What Kind of State? What Kind of Crisis?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-kind-state-kind-crisis/) - This paper presents the ethnic and ideological factors in the Sudan crisis as products of other processes, notably the strategies adopted by successive governments for managing the peripheries and the militarisation of society. It differs from many scholarly analyses in its emphasis on the importance of failed consolidation at the centre of power. The implication
- [When Kleptocracy Becomes Insolvent: Brute Causes of the Civil War in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/kleptocracy-becomes-insolvent-brute-causes-civil-war-south-sudan/) - South Sudan obtained independence in July 2011 as a kleptocracy - a militarized, corrupt neo-patrimonial system of governance. By the time of independence, the South Sudanese “political marketplace” was so expensive that the country’s comparatively copious revenue was consumed by the military-political patronage system, with almost nothing left for public services, development or institution building.
- [Community Perspectives on the Lou Nuer / Murle Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-perspectives-lou-nuer-murle-conflict-south-sudan/) - This report looks at recent conflicts in Jonglei to gain insights into the factors contributing to inter-ethnic tension in South Sudan, as well as its tragic results. The subsequent peace process, led by the Sudan Council of Churches, points to methods of resolution, and its inherent challenges. Download
- [The Search for Common Ground: Civil-Military Coordination and the Protection of Civilians in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/search-common-ground-civil-military-coordination-protection-civilians-south-sudan/) - This desk-based study assesses the contribution of humanitarian–military coordination to the protection of civilians (PoC) in South Sudan, with a particular focus on the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).
- [The Price of South Sudan’s Independence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/price-south-sudans-independence/) - This article explains political events in South Sudan since 2011 through the lens of a political marketplace. Link to publication
- [Humanitarian Exchange: The Crisis in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-exchange-crisis-south-sudan/) - This collection of articles, brought together by the Humanitarian Practice Network at the Overseas Development Institute, shares information from field workers, managers and policymakers in the humanitarian sector in South Sudan.
- [Breakdown in South Sudan: What Went Wrong - and How to Fix It](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/breakdown-south-sudan-went-wrong-fix/) - This article identifies conflict drivers of the political/humanitarian crisis in South Sudan. Link to publication
- [Mining in South Sudan: Opportunities and Risks for Local Communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/mining-south-sudan-opportunities-risks-local-communities/) - This report presents a baseline assessment of small-scale and artisanal cold mining in Central and Eastern Equatoria States. Download
- [Comparative Perspectives on the Rehabilitation of Ex-Slaves and Former Child Soldiers with Special Reference to Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/comparative-perspectives-rehabilitation-ex-slaves-former-child-soldiers-special-reference-sudan/) - This article tabulates the successes and failures of governmental and non-governmental programs rehabilitating former slaves, many of whom were or are children, and child soldiers, many of whom are now adults. It compares activities in Sudan to programs in other parts of Africa (Angola, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and Uganda) and beyond (Afghanistan,
- [Barriers to Higher Education for Women in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/barriers-higher-education-women-southern-sudan/) - This report summarises the findings from a qualitative study of the situation of higher education in Southern Sudan, and takes a bottom up perspective on barriers women face in access to higher education and possible constraints they meet while undertaking higher education. Download
- [Torture by Cieng: Ethical Theory Meets Social Practice among the Dinka Agaar of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/torture-cieng-ethical-theory-meets-social-practice-among-dinka-agaar-south-sudan/) - This article discusses a specific Dinka Agaar practice alongside existing discourses on the social aspects of violence, thereby arguing how it cannot be judged against any universal human rights standard, devoid of local context or of an overarching meta-narrative. These events highlight conflicting subjectivities, ethical norms, and the painful difficulties inherent to advocacy in areas
- [South Sudan Country Report: Key findings from field research on acceptance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-country-report-key-findings-field-research-acceptance-south-sudan/) - This report is based on field research on acceptance as an approach to NGO security management in South Sudan. The research team explored three areas of an acceptance approach to security management: (1) how organizations gain and maintain acceptance, (2) how organizations assess and monitor the presence and degree of acceptance, and (3) how organizations
- [Countering Rupture: Young Nuer in New Religious Movements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/countering-rupture-young-nuer-new-religious-movements/) - This article draw attention to the young Nuer generation during the second phase of the civil war in Sudan (1983 – 2005) and their reinvention of themselves in religious movements as a response to the post-1991 shattering of southern political and military unity. Link to publication
- [The Political Economy of Livestock and Pastoralism in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/political-economy-livestock-pastoralism-south-sudan/) - This paper seeks to understand how the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development’s Livestock Policy Initiative (IGAD LPI), a project jointly managed by IGAD and the Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative of FAO (PPLPI), can assist the poor livestock producers in the greater Horn of Africa to improve their livelihoods through strategic policy or institutional interventions. Download
- [Sudan's Oil Industry: On the Eve of the Referendum](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudans-oil-industry-eve-referendum/) - This report presents an overview of facts and trends in Sudan’s petroleum industry and highlights key challenges for the coming period after the independence of South Sudan. The aim is to make vital information about the industry publicly available, and to contribute towards a constructive dialogue between the country’s national and international stakeholders. Download
- [Participation Under Fire: Dilemmas of Reintegrating Child Soldiers Involved in South Sudan's Armed Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/participation-fire-dilemmas-reintegrating-child-soldiers-involved-south-sudans-armed-conflict/) - Inspired by the new paradigm of social studies and the theory of legal pluralism, this article presents the findings of a study of participation rights as they apply to child soldiers. Using the child-focused DDR initiatives currently being implemented in South Sudan as a main case study, the author combines insights derived from an examination
- [An Investigation of the Roles of Traditional Leadership in the Liberation Struggle in Southern Sudan from 1983-2004](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/investigation-roles-traditional-leadership-liberation-struggle-southern-sudan-1983-2004/) - This study examines the role of traditional leadership during the upsurge of civil war in Southern Sudan. Download
- [Youth culture, refugee (re)integration, and diasporic identities in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/5511/) - Based on fieldwork conducted among young South Sudanese refugees in Egypt and Uganda and returnees in South Sudan, this essay examines the various identities and cultural orientations imported and reconstructed by returnee youth now living in Juba, the capital of South Sudan, after years of exile. Download
- [Self-Reckoning: Challenges of Socio-Cultural Reconstruction and Unity in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/self-reckoning-challenges-socio-cultural-reconstruction-unity-southern-sudan/) - The analysis in this paper contributes to understanding root casues of conflict in Southern Sudan as a means of preventing and even transforming them during and after the envisioned interim period. Download
- [Challenges of Accountability: An Assessment of Dispute Resolution Processes in Rural South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenges-accountability-assessment-dispute-resolution-processes-rural-south-sudan/) - This report presents findings from an assessment that the South Sudan Law Society (SSLS) conducted on the accessibility of local justice systems across six rural counties of South Sudan. The assessment included a comprehensive household survey that examined the legal needs of populations residing in the six counties and the legal services that are available
- [Who Wants to Return Home? A Survey of Sudanese Refugees in Kakuma, Kenya](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/wants-return-home-survey-sudanese-refugees-kakuma-kenya/) - This article reports from surveys that were administered to 235 South Sudanese refugees living in the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, with the goal of better understanding some of the psychological factors related to refugees’ desire to return home. Download
- [A Strategy for Achieving Gender Equality in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strategy-achieving-gender-equality-south-sudan/) - This study seeks to examine how structural factors, customary laws and traditional practices, and economic hardships shape women’s status and hinder their effective participation in leadership positions in South Sudan. By doing so, the study identifies some of the socio-cultural, economic, legal, educational and political conditions, which lead to gender inequality in South Sudan. It
- [Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa. Country Report: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-land-investment-deals-africa-country-report-south-sudan/) - This report is part of the Oakland Institute’s (OI) seven-country case study project to document and examine land investment deals in Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia) in order to determine social, economic, and environmental implications of land acquisitions in the developing world. This report is the product of research undertaken
- [Sudan: Unintended Consequences of Humanitarian Assistance: Field Evaluation Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-unintended-consequences-humanitarian-assistance-field-evaluation-study/) - This research deals with the wide range of (unintended) consequences of humanitarian aid in Sudan during the Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). It investigates, among other things, the relationship between humanitarian aid and displacement. Found in the Sudan Open Archive. Visit here.
- [Risk Management and the Bunkering of the Aid Industry](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/risk-management-bunkering-aid-industry/) - Critical examination of fortified aid compounds, such as in Juba. Download
- [Memory, Healing and Transformation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/memory-healing-transformation-south-sudan/) - This paper is the second in a series of working papers developed by the South Sudan Law Society (SSLS) to stimulate thought on issues of truth, justice and reconciliation in South Sudan’s peace process. The paper explores options for the creation of public memorials to stand as a testament to the shared suffering and resilience
- [Aid and complicity: the case of war-displaced Southerners in the Northern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/aid-complicity-case-war-displaced-southerners-northern-sudan/) - The paper is concerned with the unintended consequences of aid as a relation of governance: in this case, the failure of aid agencies to improve the lot of displaced Southerners living in North Sudan during the past civil war. Given the ongoing displacement of South Sudanese to Sudan some aspects of this article might again
- [Special Court for Serious Crimes (SCSC): A Proposal for Justice and Accountability in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/special-court-serious-crimes-scsc-proposal-justice-accountability-south-sudan/) - This paper is the first in a series of working papers developed by the South Sudan Law Society (SSLS) to stimulate thought on issues of truth, justice and reconciliation in South Sudan’s peace process. This paper proposes the establishment of a hybrid court, called the Special Court for Serious Crimes (SCSC), to prosecute individuals responsible
- [Truth and Dignity Commission: A Proposal to Reconcile the Many Truths of South Sudan from 1972 to the Present](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/truth-dignity-commission-proposal-reconcile-many-truths-south-sudan-1972-present/) - This paper is the third in a series of working papers developed by the South Sudan Law Society (SSLS) to stimulate thought on issues of truth, justice and reconciliation in South Sudan’s peace process. The paper proposes the establishment of a truth commission, called the Truth and Dignity Commission, to investigate and report on patterns
- [War and Women in the Sudan: Role Change and Adjustment to New Responsibilities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-women-sudan-role-change-adjustment-new-responsibilities/) - This study examines Sudanese women's perceptions of how land or cattle ownership, family relations, household social structures, and other social realities may stimulate women's opportunities to obtain better resources in the Sudan. Link to publication
- [New Frontier: a Baseline Survey of Large-Scale Land Based Investment in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/new-frontier-baseline-survey-large-scale-land-based-investment-south-sudan/) - This report is part of a baseline survey of large-scale land-based investment in Southern Sudan prepared for Norwegian People's Aid (NPA). It presents data on 28 foreign and domestic investments planned or underway across the ten states of Southern Sudan. In just four years, between the start of 2007 and the end of 2010, foreign
- [Establishing a Mining Sector in Postwar South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/establishing-mining-sector-postwar-south-sudan/) - This report is based on research conducted in Juba, Torit, and Kapoeta during August and September 2012. The research provides an initial examination on the underdocumented issue of mining in South Sudan and seeks to provide the government of South Sudan with evidence-based recommendations that can help it to develop a regulatory framework that will
- [A War Within: Perceptions of Truth, Justice, Reconciliation and Healing in Malakal POC](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-within-perceptions-truth-justice-reconciliation-healing-malakal-poc/) - This report presents the findings of a survey on perceptions of truth, justice, reconciliation and healing carried out in the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) protection of civilians (POC) site in Malakal, Upper Nile State. The primary goal of the survey was to determine what people in the POC think should be done
- [The Challenge of Cultural, Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Peacebuilding and Constitution-Making in Post-Conflict Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenge-cultural-ethnic-religious-diversity-peacebuilding-constitution-making-post-conflict-sudan/) - The purpose of this article is to highlight the critical role of ethnic, cultural and religious diversity in peacebuilding and constitution-making in post-conflict Sudan. Link to publication
- [Social Capital and Civil War: the Dinka Communities in Sudan's Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/social-capital-civil-war-dinka-communities-sudans-civil-war/) - This article challenges the commonly assumed negative relationship between civil war and social capital, and attempts to develop a more nuanced understanding of the status of social capital in the context of Sudan’s civil war. The empirical findings clearly question any simplistic assumption that conflict erodes social capital. While it is true that certain types
- [Expanding the Reach of Justice and Accountability in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/expanding-reach-justice-accountability-south-sudan/) - This policy brief explores various options to consider in expanding the reach of justice and accountability processes as part of any post-conflict transition in South Sudan. Download
- [Livelihood diversification and civil war: Dinka communities in Sudan's civil war](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livelihood-diversification-civil-war-dinka-communities-sudans-civil-war/) - This article is an attempt to gain a nuanced understanding of the status of livelihood diversification in the context of civil war. The empirical findings of this article indicate that diversification is not always the best livelihood strategy option in the context of the past civil war. Link to publication
- [Observations on the Mandate of South Sudan’s Commission on Truth, Reconciliation and Healing (CTRH)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/observations-mandate-south-sudans-commission-truth-reconciliation-healing-ctrh/) - This brief assesses options for the framing of the mandate of South Sudan’s Commission for Truth, Reconciliation and Healing (CTRH), with a particular focus on the temporal scope of the CTRH’s inquiries. Download
- [Confronting civil war: a comprehensive study of household assets management in southern sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/confronting-civil-war-comprehensive-study-household-assets-management-southern-sudan/) - This paper examines the assets management strategies adopted by households exposed to prolonged civil war. The paper is based on fieldwork conducted in Bahr el Ghazal region. The paper reviews and critiques risk management approaches in the context of the past civil war. Download
- [Are non-poor households always less vulnerable? The case of households exposed to protracted civil war in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/non-poor-households-always-less-vulnerable-case-households-exposed-protracted-civil-war-southern-sudan/) - This paper is an attempt to gain a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics of vulnerability during protracted civil war. It shows that during civil war the non-poor are not necessarily less vulnerable than poor households Link to publication
- [Sudan at the Crossroads](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-at-the-crossroads/) - This briefing explores the roots of Sudan's national identity crisis and addresses its stratifying implications. Download
- [The Cow and the Thing Called "What": Dinka Cultural Perspectives on Wealth and Poverty](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cow-thing-called-dinka-cultural-perspectives-wealth-poverty/) - This paper aims to explore the gap between the "objective" global concept of poverty and the subjective perception of wealth in Dinka communities. Link to Publication
- [Not Just Mediation: The United Nations Security Council’s Role in Supporting Peace in the Two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/not-just-mediation-united-nations-security-councils-role-supporting-peace-two-sudans/) - This is the second in a series of Policy Briefs focusing on the international community’s opportunity to help support peace within Sudan and between the two Sudans. Download
- [Peace by Committee: The 17 Committees and Commissions Responsible for Making Peace between the Two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peace-committee-17-committees-commissions-responsible-making-peace-two-sudans/) - The enclosed chart provides a snapshot of the committees and commissions that were established in September 2012 to address contentious outstanding issues between Sudan and South Sudan and implement the September 2012 agreements. Download
- [From conflict prevention to conflict resolution: China in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-prevention-conflict-resolution-china-south-sudan/) - This briefing looks at the evolution of China’s relationship with Sudan and then South Sudan after independence, with a particular focus on the potential for the transition of Chinese engagement from reactive, short-term conflict resolution to longer-term conflict prevention. The briefing goes on to suggest potential entry points for cooperation between China and the UK
- [From Liberation Movement to Government: Past Legacies and the Challenge of Transition in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/liberation-movement-government-past-legacies-challenge-transition-africa/) - This discussion paper analyses some of the challenges faced by African rebel groups including the SPLM/A in their transition from liberation movements to political parties governing functioning state structures. Download
- [Fools Rush in Where Angels Fear To Tread: Challenges for South Sudan and the International Community](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fools-rush-angels-fear-tread/) - This briefing examines some of the security and identity challenges associated with state-building attempts in South Sudan. Download
- [Soil and Oil: Dirty Business in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/soil-oil-dirty-business-sudan/) - This report (2006) examines the overlap between commercial activity (focussing on the oil and agriculture sectors) and human rights abuses in Sudan, thereby focusing on the NIF government's economic activities. Download
- [Africans, Arabs, and Islamists: From the Conference Tables to the Battlefields in the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/africans-arabs-islamists-conference-tables-battlefields-sudan/) - This article traces the military and diplomatic stalemate in the Sudan from 1955 to the 1990s, with special attention directed to events of the 1980s. Link to publication
- [Health Sector Recovery in Early Post-Conflict Environments: Experience from Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/health-sector-recovery-early-post-conflict-environments-experience-southern-sudan/) - Against the background of the health sector policy processes unfolding after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in early 2005 (GoS and SPLM, 2005), this article (2010) assesses the issues at stake and the challenges that have emerged in southern Sudan. Its intention is to contribute to a deeper understanding of postconflict reconstruction processes
- [Crossing the Line: Transhumance in Transition Along the sudan-South Sudan Border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crossing-line-transhumance-transition-along-sudan-south-sudan-border/) - This report aims to document the process of nomadic pastoralism across the Sudan-South Sudan border through the dry season 2011-2012 and identify some key factors that affected the nature of this migration. Download
- [More Than a Line: Sudan's North-South Border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/line-sudans-north-south-border/) - This report examines drivers of conflict in the North- South border areas of Sudan and current initiatives aimed at managing them. Download
- [A Place To Call Their Own](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-place-to-call-their-own/) - This report presents findings from focus groups discussions that aimed to understand the attitudes, opinions and experiences of participants of self-governance in Southern Sudan in 2007. Download
- [Inter-Governmental Relations in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/inter-governmental-relations-southern-sudan/) - This report documents findings from interviews with government officials and legislators at the GoSS and state levels. Doing this the report presents views, experiences and expectations of inter-governmental relations. Download
- [Lost in the Middle of Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lost-middle-peace/) - This document reports findings from focus group discussions with citizens living in the Three Areas on the implementation of the CPA. Download
- [Searching for a Path to Peace: Reaction to the Death of John Garang and One Year of the CPA](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/searching-path-peace-reaction-death-john-garang-one-year-cpa/) - As the one-year anniversary of the CPA approached, NDI and the SSCCSE undertook this research to better understand the response of ordinary men and women to the events they have witnessed over the past year. This report is based on a series of 32 focus groups conducted in 14 locations across Southern Sudan and the
- [A Foundation for Peace: Citizen Thoughts on the Southern Sudan Constitution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/foundation-peace-citizen-thoughts-southern-sudan-constitution/) - This report explores the opinions of the people of Southern Sudan on the Southern Sudan Constitution and is based on a series of 23 focus groups conducted in ten locations across Southern Sudan in 2005. Download
- [On the Threshold of Peace: Perspectives from the People of New Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/threshold-peace-perspectives-people-new-sudan/) - This report is based on a series of 32 focus groups, aimed to give concrete expression to the views of ordinary men and women about the future of New Sudan. Download
- [From a Transitional to a Permanent Constitution: Views of Men and Women in South Sudan on Constitution-Making](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transitional-permanent-constitution-views-men-women-south-sudan-constitution-making/) - This report presents the findings from focus group discussions on the topic of governance, citizenship, justice and constitution-making in relation to the permanent constitution in South Sudan in 2013. Download
- [Imagining the Election: A Look at What Citizens Know and Expect of Sudan's 2010 Vote](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/imagining-election-look-citizens-know-expect-sudans-2010-vote/) - Based on 78 focus groups conducted from October 20, 2008-February 6, 2009 with 964 participants, this report seeks to understand the mind-set of participants living in Southern Sudan and the Three Areas as they approach the national election scheduled for April 2010. Download
- [Dancing in the Dark: Divergent Approaches to Improving Security and Justice in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dancing-dark-divergent-approaches-improving-security-justice-south-sudan/) - This report discusses the shortfalls in the concepts, practices and programming approaches upon which the international community based its support for the development of the security and justice sector in South Sudan between 1983 and 2013. It is based on the author’s work on justice- and security-related programming in South Sudan from 2010 until 2013 and
- [Borders are Galaxies: Interpreting Contestations over Local Administrative Boundaries in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/borders-galaxies-interpreting-contestations-local-administrative-boundaries-south-sudan/) - This article argues, drawing on research in a Dinka-speaking part of South Sudan, that conflicts over local boundaries are rooted in the existence of different border paradigms and in subsequent attempts to resolve, sometimes violently, competing moral claims on the landscape. Link to publication
- [An Introduction to the Food Economies of Southern Sudan (Volume 1)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/introduction-food-economies-southern-sudan-volume-1/) - This document from 1998 describes the six main food economy areas of southern Sudan and summarizes information on food security. Found in the Sudan Open Archive.
- [Counting a Divided Nation: On the Sudanese Census](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/counting-divided-nation-sudanese-census/) - This article comments on the execution and effects of the 2008 census, mandated as part of the 2005 CPA. Link to the publication
- [Dividing Lines: Grazing and Conflict along the Sudan–South Sudan Border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dividing-lines-grazing-conflict-along-sudan-south-sudan-border/) - This paper explores how the emergence of a national border has affected the communities in the region, based on five case studies primarily through the lens of the 2011-2012 grazing season, the first since South Sudan's independence. Download
- [Contested Borders: Continuing Tensions over the Sudan–South Sudan Border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contested-borders-continuing-tensions-sudan-south-sudan-border/) - This report focuses on recent developments in the border zone of Sudan and South Sudan. Download
- [A State of Disunity: Conflict Dynamics in Unity State, South Sudan 2013-15](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/state-disunity-conflict-dynamics-unity-state-south-sudan-2013-15/) - This report explores the first two years of the South Sudanese civil war in Unity and analyses its underlying conflict dynamics. Download
- [Strengthen In Numbers: A Review of NGO Coordination In The Field](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthen-numbers-review-ngo-coordination-field/) - Case-study of the NGO cooperative efforts in Sudan, in particular after the CPA. Download
- [Energy Politics and the South Sudan Referendum: Anatomy of a Resource Curse](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/energy-politics-south-sudan-referendum-anatomy-resource-curse/) - This analysis illuminates the complexity and changing dynamics of energy politics in the Sudan and the need to develop a nuanced understanding of its external dimension. Although, historically, there have been several layers to the North- South dispute, this paper focuses on energy politics subsequent to the South’s opt-out. Link to publication
- [Friends in Needs are Friends indeed: Triangular co-operation and twinning for capacity development in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/friends-needs-friends-indeed-triangular-co-operation-twinning-capacity-development-south-sudan/) - This paper investigates the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)'s initiative to provide 199 civil service support officers (CSSOs) to South Sudan, where they are twinned with counterparts across many ministries and sectors to develop core government capacity in a coaching and mentoring scheme. Download
- [Disarmament, Demobilization Rehabilitation and Reintegration (DDRR): A Case Study of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disarmament-demobilization-rehabilitation-reintegration-ddrr-case-study-liberia-sierra-leone-south-sudan/) - Investigates civilian disarmament campaigns. Download
- [Customary and Indigenous Law in Transitional Post-Conflict States: A South Sudanes Case Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/customary-indigenous-law-transitional-post-conflict-states-south-sudanes-case-study/) - This article examines the interfaces in South Sudan between local customary legal systems, nascent statutory regimes and internationally promoted human rights standards. Link to publication
- [Contracting Out Core Government Functions and Services in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contracting-core-government-functions-services-southern-sudan/) - This discussion paper has been prepared for the joint AfDB/PDG Conference on Contracting Out Core Government Functions and Services in Post-Conflict and Fragile Situations, held in Tunis 8-9 June 2009. Download
- [Key IPC Findings: June-July 2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-ipc-findings-january-july-2017/) - This briefing document of the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification outlines the key findings on the food security situation in South Sudan. It projects that it continues to deteriorate with 6 million (50% of the population) estimated to be severely food insecure (IPC Phases 3, 4, and 5), in June and July 2017. This is
- [Livelihoods, access to services and perceptions of governance: An analysis of Pibor county, South Sudan from the perspective of displaced people](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livelihoods-access-services-perceptions-governance-analysis-pibor-county-south-sudan-perspective-displaced-people/) - This paper from 2014 analyses the perceptions of Murle IDPs in Juba of their former livelihoods, access to basic services and governance in Pibor County prior to the escalation of violence across South Sudan. Download
- [Traditional Authorities, Local Justice and Local Conflict Resolution Mechanisms in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/traditional-authorities-local-justice-local-conflict-resolution-mechanisms-south-sudan/) - This book chapter explores local justice and conflict resolution mechanisms in South Sudan. It illustrates that chiefs play a significant role in local justice as well as in conflict resolution. In addition, the chapter exemplifies that ‘local level’, ‘grassroots’ conflict resolution mechanisms are multi-layered and frequently involve regional and national government institutions as well as
- [Chiefs, State-Building and Development in Independent South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chiefs-state-building-development-independent-south-sudan/) - This policy brief argues that chiefs play an important role in governance and community life in South Sudan. They provide an array of vital services, from mobilising people for community projects to adjudicating disputes and administering customary law. Sometimes criticised as being an unelected group of old men, they will nevertheless play a vital role
- [Between Community and Government: Traditional Authorities in Post-Conflict Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-government-traditional-authorities-post-conflict-southern-sudan/) - This paper explores the role of traditional authorities – who play a key role in local governance – in post-2005 state-building processes in South Sudan. It argues that after 2005 administrative structures are not installed in a vacuum of power but rather, a variety of actors and strategic groups negotiate and compete for public authority,
- [Briefing: Counting ‘New Sudan’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-counting-new-sudan/) - Between 22 April and 6 May 2008, Sudan's fifth population and housing census was conducted in both North and South Sudan. Because it was assumed to have a decisive impact on future power and wealth sharing in Sudan, the census has been highly contested, and its outcome was controversial. This briefing argues that the hotly
- [The Impact of Conflict on the Livestock Sector in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/impact-conflict-livestock-sector-south-sudan/) - The crisis erupted at the end of 2013 engulfed nearly all states and community groups resulting in the proliferation of conflict actors. While the crisis has impacted all economic sectors, livestock was specifically affected because of the targeting for cattle raiding by the warring parties. Added to this was the restriction on seasonal movements without
- [Operation Lifeline Sudan: A Review 1/6](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/operation-lifeline-sudan-review-16/) - This report reviews Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), with a particular focus on the relationship between OLS's creation of humanitarian space, and the flow of assistance to war-affected populations. It sets out to assess and analyse the effectiveness of the OLS modus operandi in meeting the needs of war-affected civilians. Download
- [If We Leave We Are Killed: Lessons Learned from South Sudan Protection of Civilian Sites 2013-2016](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/leave-killed-lessons-learned-south-sudan-protection-civilian-sites-2013-2016/) - This report distils lessons learned from the PoCs experiences of the last few years in South Sudan. Download
- [Policing in South Sudan: Transformation Challenges and Priorities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/policing-south-sudan-transformation-challenges-priorities/) - Based on extensive in-depth interviews with the police leadership, rank-and-file SSNPS, donors, legal and security experts, and civil society groups, this Issue Brief reviews the state of the police in South Sudan in order to draw attention to shortcomings that may be addressed as part of ongoing donor engagement with the SSNPS. Download
- [The Local Government Act](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-government-act/) - The Local Government Act
- [The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/interim-constitution-southern-sudan/) - The interm constitution of Southern Sudan Download
- [South Sudan Fragility Assessment 2012](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-fragility-assessment-2012/) - South Sudan's fragility assessment aims to provide a first, and still limited, overview of progress, challenges and priority actions to help the country advance towards resilience. It should be understood as a qualitative rather than quantitative exercise, intended to contribute to an improved understanding of fragility Download
- [Relief and Rehabilitation Commission Act](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/relief-rehabilitation-commission-act/) - South-Sudanes law concerned with relief and rehabilitation activities, defining the legal boundaries of the "Relief and Habilitation Commission". Download
- [Non-Governmental Organizations Act](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/non-governmental-organizations-act/) - South-Sudanes law concerned with NGO activities. Download
- [Negotiating Justice: Courts as Local Civil Authority During the Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-justice-courts-local-civil-authority-conflict-south-sudan/) - This paper is based on findings from more than 600 observations of customary and statutory courts by twenty South Sudanese researchers for the Justice and Security Research Programme (JSRP) from July 2015-July 2016. It identifies key issues for further deliberation based on research in the towns of Nimule, Torit, Rumbek, Yambio, Yei, Wau, and surrounding
- [Governing Unclear Lines: Local Boundaries as a (Re)source of Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/governing-unclear-lines-local-boundaries-resource-conflict-south-sudan/) - South Sudan’s administrative boundaries stem from the colonial period. Since it gained independence in 2011, subsequent rounds of reshuffling of the political system, internal borders, and power relations have been a source of confusion, elite manipulation, and conflict throughout the country. This paper explores the impact of this confusion by focusing on multiple shifting linkages
- [The Economic Impact of Peacekeeping: Evidence from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/economic-impact-peacekeeping-evidence-south-sudan/) - This paper investigates the effect of the deployment of United Nations Blue Helmets on economic activity in South Sudan with a special focus on agricultural production. Since UN troops are predicted to improve security, in particular, we expect a positive relationship between deployment of UN blue Helmets and cereal production. We test our hypothesis using
- [Defining the Nature and Limits of Presidential Powers in the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan: A Politically Contentious Matter for the New Nation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/defining-nature-limits-presidential-powers-transitional-constitution-south-sudan-politically-contentious-matter-new-nation/) - This article reflects on the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan and the political tumult in which it has landed the country. In particular, it looks at the contentious provisions of article 101(r) and (s) of the constitution, which give the president powers to remove an elected state governor and appoint a new governor, upon the
- [The Spectacle of Death: Visibility and Concealment at an Unfinished Memorial in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spectacle-death-visibility-concealment-unfinished-memorial-south-sudan/) - This article examines an attempt to build a memorial to local victims of civil war in South Sudan. The memorial commemorates the mass execution of civilians in 1964, close to the town of Gogrial in a rural part of South Sudan. During this massacre, local people were killed and their bodies piled up into a
- [Lost Boys, Found Church: Dinka Refugees and Religious Change in Sudan's Second Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lost-boys-found-church-dinka-refugees-religious-change-sudans-second-civil-war/) - The experience of young male Dinka refugees during Sudan's second civil war (1983–2005) illustrates the connections between religious change, violence and displacement. Many of the ‘unaccompanied minors’ who fled to camps in Ethiopia and then Kenya moved decisively towards Christianity in the years during which they were displaced. Key variables were the connection between education
- [Neutrality in Foreign Aid: Shifting Contexts, Shifting Meanings - Examples from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/neutrality-foreign-aid-shifting-contexts-shifting-meanings-examples-south-sudan/) - Since the late 1990s, researchers have been predicting that the era of neutrality in aid politics is coming to an end and that foreign organizations will have to take a more engaged stance. Yet while the boundaries between humanitarianism and development are fading, in some cases the neutrality norm is actually expanding rather than giving
- [Contesting the Militarization of the Places Where They Met: the Landscapes of the Western Nuer and Dinka (South Sudan)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contesting-militarization-places-met-landscapes-western-nuer-dinka-south-sudan/) - Decades of militarized, violent conflict and elite wealth acquisition have created a common rupture in shared landscapes between communities of the western Dinka and Nuer (South Sudan). Through the remaking of these landscapes, governments and their wars have indirectly reshaped political identities and relationships. Networks of complex relationships have used this space for migration, marriage,
- [“This Old Man Can Feed Us, You Will Marry Him”: Child and Forced Marriage in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/old-man-can-feed-us-will-marry-child-forced-marriage-south-sudan/) - This report examines child and forced marriage in South Sudan. The report suggests that child marriage has a significant negative impact on women and girl’s realization of key human rights, including their rights to health and education, physical integrity and the right to marry only when they are able and willing to give their free
- [My Mother Will Not Come to Juba: South Sudanese debate the constitution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/mother-will-not-come-juba-south-sudanese-debate-constitution/) - In South Sudan delays in the making of the national constitution have led to public concern. My Mother Will Not Come to Juba: South Sudanese debate the constitution is the record of three evenings of public lectures at the University of Juba.
- [Race Against Time: The countdown to the referenda in Southern Sudan and Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/race-time-countdown-referenda-southern-sudan-abyei/) - Published on the eve of voter registration for the referendum in South Sudan, Race Against Time analyses the unresolved procedural problems, technical difficulties, and disputes threatening the self-determination process. The report includes timelines, a guide to electoral bodies, comparisons with referenda elsewhere and a bibliography of legislative and other documents.
- [Electoral Designs: Proportionality, representation and constituency boundaries in Sudan's 2010 elections](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/electoral-designs-proportionality-representation-constituency-boundaries-sudans-2010-elections/) - A guide to Sudan's electoral system – one of the most complex in the world – and its effects on the distribution of power. The report analyses government documents to reveal errors and ambiguities in the demarcation of electoral districts, and warns of the challenge these pose to the conduct of elections in April 2010.
- [2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2016-article-iv-consultation-press-release-staff-report-statement-executive-director-south-sudan/) - This IMF Staff Country Report, including a press release; staff report; and statement by the Executive Director for South Sudan, discusses the macroeconomic conditions and developments of South Sudan, as well as fiscal and monetary policies to respond to them. Download
- [Doing Business 2017 : Equal Opportunity For All - South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/business-2017-equal-opportunity-south-sudan/) - This economy profile presents the World Bank Doing Business indicators for South Sudan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2017 is the 14th in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies
- [Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Reflections from Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peacemaking-peacekeeping-reflections-abyei/) - Abyei was one of the most contested areas of Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of January 2005. Drawing on direct experience, the article examines the agreement and the experience of trying to support its implementation. It analyses the relationship between this and the overall problems of the CPA, and of peacekeeping in the newly independent
- [Public Expenditures in South Sudan : Are They Delivering?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/public-expenditures-south-sudan-delivering/) - Budget expenditures have been on the rise in South Sudan since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), reaching levels that are quite in excess of those of its East African neighbors. This note examines to what extent the oil resources that finance most public expenditure are productively used to address the huge development challenges of South
- [Market Integration and Poverty : Evidence from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/market-integration-poverty-evidence-south-sudan/) - This paper examines the effects of market integration on household consumption using data on seven food and two energy markets across South Sudan. The analysis reveals that markets in South Sudan are highly segmented. Price differences for narrowly defined products, across cities exceed in some cases 100 percent. In addition, price volatility increased substantially following
- [South Sudan - Systematic Country Diagnostic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-systematic-country-diagnostic/) - The combination of South Sudan’s historical and geographical isolation, extreme fragility to conflict, oil dependence, and extremely low socio-economic conditions represents a formidable and almost unique development challenge. The Republic of South Sudan emerged from decades of conflict in 2011 as the world’s newest independent country. In an extremely fragile country like South Sudan, reducing
- [Deals and Dealings: Inconclusive Peace and Treacherous Trade along the South Sudan–Uganda Border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/deals-dealings-inconclusive-peace-treacherous-trade-along-south-sudan-uganda-border/) - Since Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was signed, its border with Uganda has become a hub of activity. Contrasting developments on the Ugandan side of the border with those on the South Sudanese side, the paper draws on empirical fieldwork to argue that the CPA has created new centres of power in the margins of
- [Why South Sudan conflict is Proving Intractable](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-conflict-proving-intractable/) - This paper explores the role of the Ugandan Forces and International Commitment in the ongoing armed conflict in South Sudan. Download
- [Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/special-report-faowfp-crop-food-security-assessment-mission-south-sudan/) - An FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CFSAM) visited South Sudan from 30 November to 12 December 2016 to estimate cereal production during 2016 and assess the overall food security situation. The CFSAM reviewed the findings of several crop assessment missions conducted at planting and harvest time in the different agro - ecological zones
- [South Sudan - Western Trade Corridor in Hyperinflation Times: Rapid Market Assessment in Northern Bahr El Ghazal and Warrap](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-western-trade-corridor-hyperinflation-times-rapid-market-assessment-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-warrap/) - The civil conflict in South Sudan is now entering in its fourth year. Exacerbated by a severe economic crisis, it has resulted in the worst humanitarian situation since independence. The South Sudan Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) technical working group has estimated that at the height of the 2017 lean season almost 5.5 million
- [Exchange Rate Reform in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/exchange-rate-reform-south-sudan/) - This paper considers the role of the exchange rate in the economy and its importance as a macroeconomic instrument, and outlines the policy choices that are available to governments in general, and the government of South Sudan in particular. We discuss the drivers of exchange rate developments in South Sudan, before reviewing the available options
- [Special Working Paper on Devaluation of South Sudan Pound: Short-term Food Security Implications](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/special-working-paper-devaluation-south-sudan-pound-short-term-food-s-ecurity-mplications/) - With a view to restore order and boost confidence in the money markets, the Bank of South Sudan (BoSS) on 15th December 2015 dropped the fixed exchange rate regime in favor of the floating system in which the value of the South Sudanese Pound against USD is determined by the prevailing market forces. This effectively
- [Remote-control Breakdown: Sudanese Paramilitary Forces and Pro-government Militias](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/remote-control-breakdown-sudanese-paramilitary-forces-pro-government-militias/) - This Issue Brief examines the history of Sudan’s militia strategy and the role of militias in the country’s armed conflicts, notably in Darfur and the Two Areas of South Kordofan and Blue Nile. It discusses the use of para-military forces and militias in Sudan from the 1980s until the present day, including their alleged roles
- [Instruments of Pain (II): Conflict and Famine in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/instruments-pain-ii-conflict-famine-south-sudan/) - War in South Sudan led the UN to declare 100,000 people are suffering famine, with a further 5.5 million at risk. This special briefing urges the country to work harder to establish parameters for a ceasefire. At the same time, humanitarian corridors from Sudan should be kept open and donors must fully fund the UN
- [Spreading fallout: The collapse of the ARCSS and new conflict along the Equatorias-DRC border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spreading-fallout-collapse-arcss-new-conflict-along-equatorias-drc-border/) - This Issue Brief examines the failed peace efforts to end the three-year civil war in South Sudan and the subsequent spillover of the conflict across its borders into the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
- [Now We Are Zero: South Sudanese chiefs and elders discuss their roles in peace and conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/now-zero-south-sudanese-chiefs-elders-discuss-roles-peace-conflict/) - In April 2016, seventeen chiefs from different parts of South Sudan gathered in Kuron Holy Trinity Peace Village, in Eastern Equatoria, to discuss the role of customary authority in governance—past and present—and their own contribution to peacemaking and a future political transition. The Chiefs’ meeting at Kuron was the first time that traditional leaders from
- [Oil and State Building in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-state-building-south-sudan/) - This report from 2011 sets out the key immediate opportunities and challenges for the new Republic of South Sudan in managing its oil sector and using its oil wealth to bridge the gap between its informal and formal economies, consistent with South Sudan’s objective to “strengthen the management of petroleum resources in a way that
- [Policy brief: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Unity State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/policy-brief-sexual-gender-based-violence-unity-state-south-sudan/) - This policy brief is produced in cooperation between University for Peace (UPEACE) Centre The Hague, the South Sudan Law Society (SSLS) and PAX. It examines sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Unity State, South Sudan, and offers a number of policy options to help reduce the use of SGBV as a weapon of war in
- [Ending the conflict in South Sudan: The way forward, Peter Biar Ajak, May 2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ending-conflict-south-sudan-way-forward-peter-biar-ajak-may-2017/) - In April 2017, I was part of a delegation of South Sudanese experts, activists and a religious leader that travelled to Addis Ababa to meet with policymakers at the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), African Union (AU), United Nations (UN), Ethiopian government and other African and Western governmental organizations. While in Addis, the delegation delivered
- [The Disarmament of the Gel-Weng of Bahr El Ghazal and the Consolidation of the Dinka Nuer Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disarmament-gel-weng-bahr-el-ghazal-consolidation-dinka-nuer-peace-agreement/) - This study, commissioned by New Sudan Council of Churches and Pax Christi, was undertaken with the objectives to examine the causes of the community violence and conflict; whether or not the disarmament was comprehensive, and impartial and its impact on community harmony and peace; Whether or not there were any resistance to the exercise; to
- [Emerging North–South Tensions and Prospects for a Return to War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/emerging-north-south-tensions-prospects-return-war/) - During celebrations commemorating the second anniversary of the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), Government of South Sudan (GoSS) President and Vice-President of the Republic Salva Kiir made clear that the agreement was facing a crisis and there was a growing risk of a return to war. In particular, he blamed Khartoum’s continuing support
- [How the Federal System of Government is Misunderstood in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/federal-system-government-misunderstood-south-sudan/) - This weekly review comments on current public debates on federalism in South Sudan, primarily clarifying some of the issues that appear blurred in the catechism of and demand for political transformation in the country. The paper suggests that the ongoing demands for federalism as a system of governance in the country, not the implementation of

## Covids

- [Impact of COVID-19 Program Adaptations on Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) Programs in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/8-impact-of-covid-19-program-adaptations-on-costs-and-cost-effectiveness-of-community-based-management-of-acute-malnutrition-cmam-programs-in-south-sudan/) - Focusing on South Sudan, this this report assesses the implication of the COVID-19 pandemic and related adaptive measures on the effectiveness of community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) interventions. The report finds that economies of scale are a key driver for cost-effectiveness in CMAM programs. Finally, it share some insights on how strategies to increase
- [How are the Girls? A Study on the Rights of Girls during the COVID-19 Pandemic in six countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/7-how-are-the-girls-a-study-on-the-rights-of-girls-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-six-countries/) - Focusing on six countries, including South Sudan, this study explores the impact of school closure due to COVID-19 on the human rights of girls. The report finds challenges that girls faced following the school closure, such as heavy domestic chores, lack of virtual class’ infrastructure and network, trauma and hunger, among others, contributing to child
- [COVID-19 and Peace in Conflict-Affected Areas](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/settings-order-article-reprints-open-accessentry-covid-19-and-peace-in-conflict-affected-areas/) - The relationship between COVID-19 and peace has been considered from a variety of perspectives. In addition, different empirical studies on the link between the pandemic and peace in conflict-affected areas exist. However, little work has been performed on examining these studies to highlight key findings on the theme of COVID-19 and peace in conflict-affected areas.
- [Protecting South Sudan from the Ebola Virus Disease: Policy Implications](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protecting-south-sudan-from-the-ebola-virus-disease-policy-implications/) - In the aftermath of the EVD outbreak in the Republic of Uganda, the threat of cross-border spread to the neighboring countries, such as South Sudan, has been elevated from “high” to “very high.” As a result, South Sudan has been re-classified as a priority country for the EVD prevention and preparedness. South Sudan faces an
- [Successful implementation of community-based health services in conflict- Lessons from the Central African Republic and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/successful-implementation-of-community-based-health-services-in-conflict-lessons-from-the-central-african-republic-and-south-sudan/) - The delivery of quality healthcare for women and children in conflict-affected settings remains a challenge that cannot be mitigated unless global health policymakers and implementers find an effective modality in these contexts. CRC and ICRC used an integrated public health approach to pilot a program for delivering community-based health services in the Central African Republic
- [Role of the community pharmacy in the control of pandemics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/role-of-the-community-pharmacy-in-the-control-of-pandemics-in-south-sudan/) - Recently, special attention has been given to the community pharmacy and how ready it is to meet the growing demand for health care at times of pandemics. Several studies have discussed the roles and contributions of the community pharmacy amid COVID-19. An online assessment among pharmacy personnel in South Sudan showed that 57.5% of respondents
- [Women leading local humanitarian response during the Covid-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/women-leading-local-humanitarian-response-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - This study explores the hypothesis that not only are women’s rights organisations (WROs) working in crisis settings already active in providing humanitarian assistance, but also continued failure to support them in this capacity risks further marginalising and harming their constituencies, entrenching inequalities and undermining efforts towards gender justice. They have demonstrated their deep knowledge and
- [Operational challenges and considerations for COVID-19 research in humanitarian settings: A qualitative study of a project in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/operational-challenges-and-considerations-for-covid-19-research-in-humanitarian-settings-a-qualitative-study-of-a-project-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-south-sudan/) - Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, much research has been conducted globally, but relatively few studies have been carried out in complex emergency settings that pose numerous operational challenges. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the barriers and enablers of a COVID-19 cohort study conducted in South Sudan and Eastern Democratic Republic of
- [South Sudan COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan June 2022 to May 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudan-covid-19-strategic-preparedness-readiness-and-response-plan-june-2022-to-may-2023/) - An intra-action review (IAR) was conducted on 23-24 May 2022 to share lessons learned and best practices of South Sudan’s COVID-19 response between 1 June 2021 and 31 May 2022 as outlined in the second National COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP). The outcomes of the IAR will be incorporated in this updated, third
- [COVID-19 and Violent Actors in the Global South: An Inter- and Cross-Regional Comparison](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-violent-actors-in-the-global-south-an-inter-and-cross-regional-comparison/) - This Working Paper examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on state and non-state violent actors in the Global South. We provide an ACLED-based interregional mapping of trends in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. Cross-regional case comparisons shed further light on the similarities and differences of
- [Vaccine calculations among diaspora populations: evidence from South Sudanese communities in Canada](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/vaccine-calculations-among-diaspora-populations-evidence-from-south-sudanese-communities-in-canada/) - This brief explores understandings, and experiences of COVID-19 vaccines among South Sudanese diaspora members living across Canada. Members of this community, along with other members of African diaspora populations globally, have been considered to be vaccine ‘hesitant’. By contrast, we find that many South Sudanese Canadians have accepted a vaccine. Yet, this has not been
- [Social Assistance in Response to Covid-19: Reaching the Furthest Behind First?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-assistance-in-response-to-covid-19-reaching-the-furthest-behind-first/) - Social assistance has proven a vital component of the response to the unprecedented global crisis of Covid-19. Almost all countries across the world implemented some form of social assistance to provide a buffer against the pandemic’s socioeconomic consequences. Vulnerable populations received more extensive support, and groups previously excluded were covered by new or expanded measures.
- [Food insecurity and unemployment crisis under COVID-19: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/food-insecurity-and-unemployment-crisis-under-covid-19-evidence-from-sub-saharan-africa/) - Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is struggling with unemployment and food insecurity, which became severe with the spread of COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures. This paper aimed to present a systematic review of food insecurity and unemployment crisis in sub-Saharan Africa under COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, 1026 papers were retrieved from different sources, and 53 papers were
- [Key Considerations: Improving Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine Amongst Women in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-considerations-improving-uptake-of-the-covid-19-vaccine-amongst-women-in-south-sudan/) - Disparities in vaccine equity exist on a global scale, but also within countries. While in high income countries slightly more women than men tend to be vaccinated, the opposite is true in low income countries. In South Sudan, as of September 2021, 28% of people who had received a COVID-19 vaccine were women. This rate
- [COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South Sudan; What Lessons Can be Learned From Angola’s Success Story?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-in-south-sudan-what-lessons-can-be-learned-from-angolas-success-story/) - This short article explores the vaccine hesitancy in South Sudan. Vaccine hesitancy (the refusal or delay in vaccine uptake despite its accessibility) has been a long-standing challenge in South Sudan and appears to be a barrier to the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. The article identifies a number of challenges for vaccine uptake in the
- [The Peace Dimension of the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-peace-dimension-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - This essay argues that challenges to peace are one of the important long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It presents how violent conflict has been worsened by illegal armed actors using the pandemic to increase their strength, peace processes stalling or backsliding, and political strongmen exploiting the pandemic to consolidate power. In areas where these
- [Crisis responses, opportunity, and public authority during Covid-19’s first wave in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/crisis-responses-opportunity-and-public-authority-during-covid-19s-first-wave-in-uganda-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-and-south-sudan-2/) - Discussions on African responses to Covid-19 have focused on the state and its international backers. Far less is known about a wider range of public authorities, including chiefs, humanitarians, criminal gangs, and armed groups. This paper investigates how the pandemic provided opportunities for claims to and contests over power in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of
- [Africa’s Peace and Security: The Pressures of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africas-peace-and-security-the-pressures-of-covid-19/) - In this article, Crisis Group's Interim Vice President and Africa Program Director Comfort Ero analyses the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on Africa to date and examines the biggest challenges facing the continent in its aftermath. The analysis includes a section on South Sudan and details how the pandemic has impacted the implementation of the peace deal. Download
- [Crisis responses, opportunity and public authority during Covid-19's first wave in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/crisis-responses-opportunity-and-public-authority-during-covid-19s-first-wave-in-uganda-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-and-south-sudan/) - Discussions of African responses to Covid-19 have focussed on the state and its international backers. Far less is known about the role of a wider range of public authorities, including chiefs, professional associations, faith-based and civil society organisations, humanitarians, criminal gangs, local security services and armed groups. We begin to fill this gap by investigating
- ["This is your disease": Dynamics of local authority and NGO responses to Covid-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/this-is-your-disease-dynamics-of-local-authority-and-ngo-responses-to-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the dynamics of South Sudanese NGO and local government responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in South Sudan. It considers how these actors – as significant public authorities – responded to the pandemic, and how these responses shaped and were shaped by wider social and political dynamics. A significant theme throughout our findings
- [Rapid change and standstill: Peacemaking, Covid-19 and rumours in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/rapid-change-and-standstill-peacemaking-covid-19-and-rumours-in-south-sudan/) - Information and rumours have a powerful effect on people's lives. They shape how people experience their environments and view their position in life, and give meaning to the forces that seem to determine this position. Information is often assumed to be a major driver of decision-making, regardless of whether the information is rumour or verified
- [Country Covid-19 Intra-Action Review (IAR) Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/country-covid-19-intra-action-review-iar-report/) - The Intra-Action Review (IAR) was an exercise that has reviewed the South Sudan Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) national preparedness and response best practices and challenges, and developed recommendations to maintain and institutionalized best practices and address challenges. The IAR reviewed the COVID-19 vaccination deployment and roll-out process, epidemiology and surveillance, and laboratory testing capacity at the
- [South Sudan - Accountability to Affected Populations: Community Perceptions of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 Vaccine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudan-accountability-to-affected-populations-community-perceptions-of-covid-19-and-the-covid-19-vaccine/) - This paper presents findings on perceptions of Covid-19 and the Covid-19 vaccines in South Sudan. Based on focus group discussions (FGDs) with residents in both camp and non-camp settings, it found that the majority of people were aware of existence of Covid-19 and had heard about the vaccines, however there was a lack of concern
- [The True Cost of Delivering COVID  Vaccines: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-true-cost-of-delivering-covid-vaccines-south-sudan/) - By July 18, South Sudan was able to administer the nearly all of the 60,000 doses of COVID-19 vaccine they had in stock through a series of smart investments in delivery, training, and social mobilization coordinated with several different partners. As new doses are projected to arrive in country in August, South Sudan continues to
- [Covid-19 and research in conflict-affected contexts: distanced methods and the digitalisation of suffering](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-research-in-r-conflict-affected-contexts/) - This research note explores the pressing ethical challenges associated with increased online platforming of sensitive research on conflict-affected settings since the onset of Covid-19. We argue that moving research online and the ‘digitalisation of suffering’ risks reducing complexity of social phenomena and omission of important aspects of lived experiences of violence or peacebuilding. Immersion, ‘contexting’
- [Will the Impact of the Pandemic on the Expected National Output Persist?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/will-the-impact-of-the-pandemic-on-the-expected-national-output-persist/) - This weekly review contributes to the debate on how the COVID-19 induced hysteresis effects could affect growth in South Sudan. It addresses two related questions: What channels would transmit the COVID-19 scarring effects to the output? What can public policy do to support recovery? The rest of the review proceeds as follows: Section 2 examines
- [Lessons learned from implementation of a national hotline for Ebola virus disease emergency preparedness in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/lessons-learned-from-implementation-of-a-national-hotline-for-ebola-virus-disease-emergency-preparedness-in-south-sudan/) - The world’s second largest Ebola outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2018 to 2020. At the time, risk of cross-border spread into South Sudan was very high. Thus, the South Sudan Ministry of Health scaled up Ebola preparedness activities in August 2018, including implementation of a 24-h, toll-free Ebola virus disease (EVD)
- [Implications of COVID-19 on East Africa–EU Partnership on Migration and Forced Displacement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/implications-of-covid-19-on-east-africa-eu-partnership-on-migration-and-forced-displacement/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the current state and prospects of partnership between the East African countries and the European Union on migration and forced displacement. The pandemic has exacerbated the root causes of migration and forced displacement. This is manifested by the continuation of irregular arrivals in Europe including from East Africa, after
- [The challenges of confronting COVID-19 amidst fragile peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-challenges-of-confronting-covid-19-amidst-fragile-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Just a few months ago, many South Sudanese were breathing a sigh of relief, believing that the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic had largely passed them by. Today, a virulent second wave is sweeping through the country causing huge harm to people’s health and wellbeing, damaging the already dire economy, and further interrupting the stagnating
- [Pandemic Pauses: Understanding Ceasefires in a Time of Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/pandemic-pauses-understanding-ceasefires-in-a-time-of-covid-19/) - Key Findings Since March 2020, conflict parties have declared 25 ceasefires, across 17 countries. Ceasefires have been declared by some conflict parties in Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Libya, Myanmar, Nigeria, Philippines, Syria, South Sudan, Sudan, Thailand, Ukraine and Yemen. After an initial period of ceasefires declared following the United Nations
- [Rumours, Conflict Sensitivity, and COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/rumours-conflict-sensitivity-and-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - Christopher Tuckwood and John Green Otunga reflect on how rumours and misinformation about the coronavirus has impacted on the COVID-19 response in South Sudan. Christopher Tuckwood is the Executive Director of the Sentinel Project, while John Green Otunga is the East Africa Programs Manager overseeing the implementation of the Sentinel Project's UnaHakika (Kenya), Hagiga Wahid
- [Covid-19 and the Impact on South Sudanese Women Peacebuilders](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-impact-on-south-sudanese-women-peacebuilders/) - Two young South Sudanese peacebuilders have co-authored a publication that portrays both the immense challenges faced by South Sudanese women peacebuilders in the time of COVID-19 and the extra-ordinary power and potential these women hold for building peace even during difficult times. Sixteen young women peacebuilders have contributed their stories and Vicky Amal Pax Kamilo
- [COVID-19 and the Political Transition in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-political-transition-in-south-sudan/) - Publication Summary The implementation of the R-ARCSS is stalled, as the parties have had difficulty gathering sufficient momentum to push the Agreement forward. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had serious negative impacts on the ability of the parties to implement the Agreement. The crush of oil prices in the global market, South Sudan’s
- [The first sixty days of COVID-19 in a humanitarian response setting: a descriptive epidemiological analysis of the outbreak in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-first-sixty-days-of-covid-19-in-a-humanitarian-response-setting-a-descriptive-epidemiological-analysis-of-the-outbreak-in-south-sudan/) - Introduction: the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. South Sudan, a low-income and humanitarian response setting, reported its first case of COVID-19 on April 5, 2020. We describe the socio-demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of COVID-19 cases in this setting. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of data for
- [Deepening Africa’s Continental Trade & Economic Relations amid COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/deepening-africas-continental-trade-economic-relations-amid-covid-19/) - "The effect of COVID-19 has not been limited to Africa alone. The pandemic first emerged in China, the epicentre, from where it spread to Europe, and then to North and South America. If these regions of the world that have been heavily infected and affected by COVID-19, are able to implement measures to bounce back
- [Social isolation and disrupted privacy: impacts of covid-19 on adolescent girls in humanitarian contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-isolation-and-disrupted-privacy-impacts-of-covid-19-on-adolescent-girls-in-humanitarian-contexts/) - The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown has shattered the everyday lives of young people, limiting peer interactions and disrupting privacy, with potential for long-term detrimental impacts. This study uses rapid virtual quantitative and qualitative surveys undertaken from April to July 2020 with over 4,800 adolescents affected by displacement in Bangladesh and Jordan to explore adolescent
- [Community Approaches to Epidemic Management in South Sudan: Lessons from local healthcare systems in tackling COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/community-approaches-to-epidemic-management-in-south-sudan-lessons-from-local-healthcare-systems-in-tackling-covid-19/) - South Sudanese people have extensive knowledge of infectious diseases and experience of organizing responses to epidemics during wars and other crises. There are multiple, locally-specific methods used by communities for interrupting infection transmission and managing epidemics. This report documents these community infectious disease management strategies, based on sustained investigative research in the Yei, Juba, Wau,
- [Learnings from the COVID-19 Crisis and its Impact on Information Management Practices in the Aid Sector - Improving Information Through Inclusive Processes and Capacity Building](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/learnings-from-the-covid-19-crisis-and-its-impact-on-information-management-practices-in-the-aid-sector-improving-information-through-inclusive-processes-and-capacity-building/) - In the last year or so, the COVID-19 crisis has impacted the aid sector in multiple ways and on various topics. Humanitarian data management is no exception. In the past decade, information and data management has become more and more important in humanitarian responses. During this particular crisis, as conducting regular field data collection and exchanging
- [Equitable Recovery from COVID-19: Bring Global Commitments to Community Level](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/equitable-recovery-from-covid-19-bring-global-commitments-to-community-level/) - One after the other, high-level speakers at the 2020 United Nations General Assembly (UNGASS) on COVID-19 pointed to growing inequalities and stresses to health, social, economic and democratic systems caused by the pandemic, calling for comprehensive, collective interest driven responses. They called for a sustainable recovery to include: debt relief and international financing; ensuring food security;
- [Practical Lessons for Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Principles for Recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/practical-lessons-for-recovery-from-the-covid-19-pandemic-principles-for-recovery/) - Since COVID-19 was first recognized in December of 2019, it has spread to every continent, almost every country, infected millions and cost unacceptable lives lost. It has caused the greatest global economic downturn in a century, and threatens to reverse decades of development gains. There has never been a more pressing mandate to build back
- [Beyond the Lost year: Five Ways to Improve Education for the Most Vulnerable in 2021](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/beyond-the-lost-year-five-ways-to-improve-education-for-the-most-vulnerable-in-2021/) - COVID-19 has disrupted the lives of everyone around the world. The impact of the virus and resulting lockdown measures have not been felt equally, however, with children experiencing perhaps the largest disruptions to their day-to-day lives. In April of this year, 91% of students--approximately 1.6 billion--were out of school, compounding what was already a dire
- [Review: Wider Health Effects of Vertical Responses to COVID-19 in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) (English)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/review-wider-health-effects-of-vertical-responses-to-covid-19-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-lmics-english/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has impaired capacity and efforts to address other health needs that are as urgent as the virus itself, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Pressure on governments to act on COVID-19 and save "lives infected first" rather than "lives statistically at risk" 1 had and will continue to have serious short-
- [Recommendations into Action Brief COVID-19: Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces for Women and Girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/recommendations-into-action-brief-covid-19-safe-cities-and-safe-public-spaces-for-women-and-girls/) - The year 2021 commemorates the 10-year anniversary of UN Women’s Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Global Initiative—the first global initiative that aims to prevent and respond to sexual harassment and other forms of sexual violence that women and girls often experience and fear in public spaces. This brief details some of the ways safe
- [Priority Setting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Going Beyond Vaccines](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/priority-setting-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-going-beyond-vaccines/) - Successful vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a decisive development in the international response to the pandemic. It also has substantial implications for how governments and international bodies deploy their resources, as major decisions will need to be made in a fast-moving and uncertain environment. Current trends in vaccine development have stimulated much commentary on
- [COVID-19 Conflict & Resilience Monitor – 18 December 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-conflict-resilience-monitor-18-december-2020/) - This issue of the Monitor for 2020 focuses on the socio-economic impact of COVID-19, with a feature piece by the secretary-general of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), H.E Wamkele Keabetswe Mene, who argues that the AfCFTA will be one of Africa’s post-COVID-19 recovery tools. It also features the executive director of the World
- [Navigating the complexities around a COVID vaccine in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/navigating-the-complexities-around-a-covid-vaccine-in-africa/) - This analysis piece is a viewpoint from Chapter 2 of the Foresight Africa 2021 report, which explores top priorities for the region in the coming year. This year’s issue focuses on strategies for Africa to confront the twin health and economic crises created by the COVID-19 pandemic and emerge stronger than ever. Read the full
- [The Economic Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic in South Sudan: An Update](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-economic-impacts-of-covid-19-pandemic-in-south-sudan-an-update/) - This policy brief studies the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan. The findings are educative. First, the health effects of the pandemic in the country have been surprisingly less pronounced than expected, marked by very low morbidity and fatality rates. Second, despite this positive health news, the pandemic has had negative effects
- [INTERNEWS COVID-19 MEDIA BULLETIN: Reporting on COVID-19 in South Sudan (Dec. 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/internews-covid-19-media-bulletin-reporting-on-covid-19-in-south-sudan-dec-2020/) - This bi-weekly bulletin is designed for and by media partners, journalists and other interested stakeholders in South Sudan reporting and working on COVID-19, and other related health and development challenges. It shares citizen concerns on COVID-19 and the humanitarian response, provides verified information about health measures of the Ministry of Health and partners and profiles
- [Evolving Community Perceptions of COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/evolving-community-perceptions-of-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - It’s been nine months since the first COVID-19 case was documented in South Sudan in April 2020 and aid agencies have had to work alongside communities across the county with varying and shifting perspectives since in responding to the pandemic. This blog, written by CSRF Project Officer Lona Morgan, explores the changing perceptions of COVID-19
- [Breaking the glass ceiling: A smarter approach to protection financing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/227940/) - Humanitarian crises often involve the daily threat of violence, forced displacement and a host of other protection risks that cause immeasurable suffering to civilians. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated these concerns and presented new challenges. The humanitarian community in 2013 took the bold step of committing to the “centrality of protection” within humanitarian action. As
- [A post Covid-19 human rights agenda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-post-covid-19-human-rights-agenda/) - And Covid-19 has presented new, unexpected and unprecedented challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as exacerbating suffering and violence from ongoing conflicts. As we reflect on another International Human Rights Day, we have an opportunity to consider more complex aspects of the human rights picture – without losing sight of the need to protect
- [How a climate-smart COVID-19 recovery could lead to a more resilient Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-a-climate-smart-covid-19-recovery-could-lead-to-a-more-resilient-africa/) - The author of this article argues that Africa’s response to the COVID-19 crisis should, and could, be used as an opportunity to build resilience to future economic shocks. This cannot be achieved by continuing to rely on fossil fuel markets. Historically low (or even negative) oil prices show that further investment will only lock countries
- [Modelling interventions to control COVID-19 outbreaks in a refugee camp](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/modelling-interventions-to-control-covid-19-outbreaks-in-a-refugee-camp/) - Background In the absence of effective treatments or vaccines, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the mainstay of control in the COVID-19 pandemic. Refugee populations in displacement camps live under adverse conditions that are likely to favour the spread of disease. To date, only a few cases of COVID-19 have appeared in refugee camps, and whether feasible non-pharmaceutical
- [Checklist to support schools re-opening and preparation for COVID-19 resurgences or similar public health crises](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/checklist-to-support-schools-re-opening-and-preparation-for-covid-19-resurgences-or-similar-public-health-crises/) - During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, prolonged school closures may result in a reversal of educational gains, limiting children’s educational and vocational opportunities as well as their social and emotional interactions and development. The longer a student stays out of school, the higher the risk of dropping out. Additionally, students who are out of school
- [Is the Coronavirus Catalyzing New Civic Collaborations for Open Government?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/is-the-coronavirus-catalyzing-new-civic-collaborations-for-open-government/) - From Africa to Latin America to Europe, the coronavirus pandemic has generated a surge in public demand for government transparency and accountability. To seize this window for reform, elite and grassroots civic actors concerned with open governance must overcome the cleavage that has long existed between them. Thus far, the pandemic has catalyzed some new
- [COVID-19 and the Rights of Older People in Developing Countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-rights-of-older-people-in-developing-countries/) - The COVID-19 pandemic and in fact all crises - acute or prolonged - remind us that human rights need to be central in all recovery and development efforts. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will only be achieved if we are able to create equal opportunities for all, address failures exposed and exploited by COVID-19, and
- [COVID-19 and Fragile Peace Process in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-fragile-peace-process-in-south-sudan/) - The recently signed Revitalized peace Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) on 12 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by the warring parties in South Sudan, has been widely extolled and commended as a significant development signaling the dawn of peace. The R-ARCSS provides broad comprehensive framework
- [From outbreak to action: How WFP responded to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/from-outbreak-to-action-how-wfp-responded-to-covid-19/) - COVID-19 is the worst crisis the world has faced since World War II. The impacts of the pandemic were felt worldwide, in developed and developing countries alike. While conflict and insecurity remain the main drivers of hunger, the added dimension of COVID-19 exacerbated the ability of affected communities to cope, causing a drastic reduction in
- [Lessons from COVID-19 for effective governance and sustainable peace in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/lessons-from-covid-19-for-effective-governance-and-sustainable-peace-in-africa/) - COVID-19 has been quite a challenge to the world. It has made us question so many of the things we took for granted. It has changed the outlook and stereotypes we had about the world and humanity. For example, nobody imagined that with the current developments in technology and medicine, a pandemic could bring the
- [Crises have changed. Can the aid industry?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/crises-have-changed-can-the-aid-industry/) - The humanitarian system has developed to respond to geographically contained and separate crises that are usually a long-haul flight from the centres of power and wealth that sustain it. But that is no longer how crises work. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a text-book example of systemic risk, where shocks are transmitted through the networks and
- [Financing the reduction of extreme poverty post-Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/financing-the-reduction-of-extreme-poverty-post-covid-19/) - This briefing note is an update to ODI’s research on the role of international public finance in eradicating poverty around the world – Goal 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is perhaps more critical now than ever before in the context of the global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19): the
- [Populations at risk: Implications of COVID-19 for hunger, migration and displacement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/populations-at-risk-implications-of-covid-19-for-hunger-migration-and-displacement/) - This joint study by the World Food Programme and the International Organization for Migration explores the impacts of COVID-19 and related containment measures on migrant workers, remittance-dependent households and the forcibly displaced. It assesses the implications of the pandemic for people’s mobility, food security and other livelihood outcomes in major migration and hunger hotspots around
- [Impacts of COVID-19 on female genital cutting](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impacts-of-covid-19-on-female-genital-cutting/) - From March 2020, early in the global COVID-19 crisis, reports began to emerge from our partners and allies that they were witnessing elevated rates of female genital cutting (FGC). In Kenya, a country making positive progress in ending the practice through political leadership, a national and county-level governance structure and civil society action, we were
- [Peace is the cure: How SDG 16 can help salvage the 2030 Agenda in the wake of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peace-is-the-cure-how-sdg-16-can-help-salvage-the-2030-agenda-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/) - This briefing argues that, if a leveraged focus on SDG 16 was necessary before COVID-19, it is imperative now – not just insalvaging the 2030 Agenda in the places where it matters most, but also in damping down the potential for far greater and more durable violent conflict. Download
- [RVI researchers organize public health messaging in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/rvi-researchers-organize-public-health-messaging-in-south-sudan/) - In April 2020, when COVID-19 reached South Sudan, many of RVI’s South Sudanese researchers decided to return to their hometowns to avoid what they believed would be a large outbreak in the country’s capital, Juba. Following discussions with friends and family, the researchers proposed that RVI work with them to conduct a programme of messaging
- [Let’s break silos now! Achieving disability-inclusive education in a post-COVID world](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/227826/) - A world where inclusive education can flourish is also a world that can nurture inclusive societies. Inclusive learning environments consider diversity an asset and, accordingly, they cater for the different needs of all learners, so that they learn, grow and thrive together. Working towards this vision is critical for reducing the vast levels of inequality
- [Solidarity in the time of COVID-19: Civil Society Responses to the Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/solidarity-in-the-time-of-covid-19-civil-society-responses-to-the-pandemic/) - As the COVID-19 pandemic swept the world, civil society stepped up to help. Civil society organisations (CSOs) made a difference to people and communities experiencing the impacts of both the pandemic and the emergency measures taken by states. CSOs worked not only as frontline responders, but also as defenders of human rights during the pandemic,
- [The syndemic of COVID-19 and gender-based violence in humanitarian settings: leveraging lessons from Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-syndemic-of-covid-19-and-gender-based-violence-in-humanitarian-settings-leveraging-lessons-from-ebola-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/) - Key points: Efforts to situate gender-based violence (GBV) within the COVID-19 pandemic remain inadequate. Based on the knowledge that the public health crises of violence and infectious disease are intersecting, we use a syndemic perspective to examine their shared influence in humanitarian settings. When the humanitarian community exclusively prioritises the lives saved from infectious diseases,
- [A lifeline at risk: COVID-19, Remittances and Children](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-lifeline-at-risk-covid-19-remittances-and-children/) - Overview of remittances Remittances - money and other assistance sent by migrants, refugees and displaced persons - are a key support for hundreds of millions of families and children around the world. Globally, 800 million people - about one in every nine people worldwide - live in households receiving international remittances. In some countries, more
- [COVID-19 & Green Recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-green-recovery/) - The COVID-19 pandemic is wreaking havoc on children, families and communities around the world. To move from risk to resilience and build back better and stronger, recovery efforts must address key underlying causes of the pandemic: unsustainable economic development, climate change and a collective disregard for the natural environment. This brief focuses on the links
- [COVID-19: Digital and remote approaches in eliminating female genital mutilation and child marriage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-digital-and-remote-approaches-in-eliminating-female-genital-mutilation-and-child-marriage/) - Digital information technologies and social media platforms have become important means of communication used by UNICEF and its partners. The physical distancing requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic have further strengthened reliance on mass media, social media and mobile technology as a way of reaching and engaging with intended audiences. Even where access to digital resources
- [Bridging humanitarian digital divides during Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/bridging-humanitarian-digital-divides-during-covid-19/) - While digital technologies have been increasingly employed in humanitarian crises for more than a decade, they are needed now more than ever due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Restrictions on travel, a switch to remote working and ‘social distancing’ have left international, national and local humanitarian staff unable to access affected communities, while logistics and humanitarian
- [If not now, when?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/if-not-now-when/) - This report looks at the extent to which older people’s rights are being upheld in emergencies and their needs met. The picture it paints is a bleak one. Although some efforts are being made to support older people, overall, the humanitarian system is failing by the standards it has set itself. The report draws on the
- [Coronavirus as a Catalyst for Global Civil Society](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-as-a-catalyst-for-global-civil-society/) - The coronavirus pandemic has placed acute stress and high expectations on governments around the world. Much has been written on a return to big government. The focus on government responses is understandable, as citizens have looked to authorities for effective responses—and often, these responses have made the difference between life and death. Yet, the pandemic
- [Green approaches to COVID-19 recovery: Policy note for parliamentarians](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/green-approaches-to-covid-19-recovery-policy-note-for-parliamentarians/) - The consequences of COVID-19 and efforts to contain it have led to one of the most serious recessions in recent history, characterized by, among others, a decline in economic growth, decreased trade, low business revenues and massive layoffs. Projections indicate that, in the next two years, the global economy is expected to lose nearly US$
- [Nutrition critical: Why we must all act now to tackle child malnutrition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/nutrition-critical-why-we-must-all-act-now-to-tackle-child-malnutrition/) - Even before the pandemic, many families and communities struggled to provide their children with the good nutrition necessary for their physical and mental development. Now, the most vulnerable children are set to fall even further behind. Unless we take immediate action, we will see many more children die from preventable causes, and children and adults
- [COVID’s Kids: Repaying our debt to the COVID Generation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covids-kids-repaying-our-debt-to-the-covid-generation/) - The coronavirus1 pandemic is the biggest global upheaval of our age and will have profound implications across all countries and all areas of our lives. Despite being less at risk of severe illness caused directly by the disease, children are not exempt. Children alive today will forever be ‘the Covid Generation’, their lives deeply marked
- [Shelter from the Storm: The global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/shelter-from-the-storm-the-global-need-for-universal-social-protection-in-times-of-covid-19/) - As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows
- [COVID-19, the Environment, and Food Systems: Contain, Cope and Rebuild Better](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-the-environment-and-food-systems-contain-cope-and-rebuild-better/) - Key messages: Governments around the world have invested about $12 trillion to counteract the economic effects of COVID-19. This investment could contribute to progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)and global climate targets if invested within a framework that supports both socioeconomic recovery and sustainability. Expenditures must be monitored to deliver multiple benefits simultaneously and
- [From crisis to opportunity for sustainable peace: A joint perspective on responding to the health, employment and peacebuilding challenges in times of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/from-crisis-to-opportunity-for-sustainable-peace-a-joint-perspective-on-responding-to-the-health-employment-and-peacebuilding-challenges-in-times-of-covid-19/) - This paper examines key policy and programmatic considerations for international health and employment interventions responding to COVID-19 in conflict-affected countries. It outlines a range of important peacebuilding considerations and highlights significant contributions the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are making to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic. By doing so,
- [Essential Health Services - A Guidance Note: How to prioritize and plan essential health services during COVID-19 response in humanitarian settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/essential-health-services-a-guidance-note-how-to-prioritize-and-plan-essential-health-services-during-covid-19-response-in-humanitarian-settings/) - Health clusters and partners are facing considerable technical and operational challenges in humanitarian settings to safely deliver COVID-19 response and maintain essential health services. Increased operational challenges such as movement restrictions, diversion of human resources, supplies and funding as well as increased operational costs contribute to the disruption in availability and utilization of essential health
- [COVID-19 Refugees Return to Schooling Guidelines](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-refugees-return-to-schooling-guidelines/) - This document aims to provide practical suggestions – for UNHCR operations and partners - on how the specific needs of refugee children, youth and families can be addressed as schools begin to re-open. It complements and draws on detailed guidance issued by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Global Education Cluster, other UN agencies and NGOs and
- [Peripheral vision: Views from the borderlands COVID-19 special edition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peripheral-vision-views-from-the-borderlands-covid-19-special-edition/) - This special edition of Peripheral Vision examines the short- and medium-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cross-border conflicts in fragile and conflict-affected states in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. It draws on the work of the X-Border Local Research Network, part of the broader XCEPT Program, in the borderlands of Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran,
- [Bridging the Gap: Emerging Private Sector Response and Recovery Measures for Gender Equality amid COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/bridging-the-gap-emerging-private-sector-response-and-recovery-measures-for-gender-equality-amid-covid-19/) - As COVID-19 widens global gender gaps, IFC and UN Women have partnered to showcase a growing number of companies and or-ganizations around the world that are taking action to ensure the economic inclusion and social well-being of their employees, customers, and suppliers, as well as local communities. This report aims to inform companies around the
- [Categorising the Gendered Harms to Caregivers During Humanitarian Emergencies: An Analysis of Law and Practice During Ebola Crises](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/categorising-the-gendered-harms-to-caregivers-during-humanitarian-emergencies-an-analysis-of-law-and-practice-during-ebola-crises/) - Recent global health emergencies have highlighted the critical role of health care workers in stemming the spread of pandemics. Healthcare workers provide an essential service to local communities impacted by epidemics such as Ebola. Global health scholars suggest that carers may suffer harm while performing this essential work. Building on feminist theories of ‘harm’ and
- [Global progress report on WASH in health care facilities: Fundamentals first](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-progress-report-on-wash-in-health-care-facilities-fundamentals-first/) - This report provides a comprehensive summary of global progress on improving water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning (WASH) in health care facilities and is intended to stimulate solution-driven country and partner actions to further address major gaps. It illustrates how stakeholders in the WASH and health sectors are increasingly working together in specific
- [COVID-19 pandemic: humanitarian concerns and negative impact of unilateral sanctions and their exemptions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-pandemic-humanitarian-concerns-and-negative-impact-of-unilateral-sanctions-and-their-exemptions/) - The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a global challenge to the world community and the whole system of individual and collective human rights, including the rights to life, to personal security, to be free from suffering and discrimination, to fair trial, to due process, freedoms of opinion, expression, assembly, association, and religion and belief, to property, to
- [COVID-19 and Violence against Women and Children: A Third Research Round Up for the 16 Days of Activism](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-violence-against-women-and-children-a-third-research-round-up-for-the-16-days-of-activism/) - This year, the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence comes at a time when there is un-precedented global attention on violence against women and children (VAW/C). The theme of “Fund, Respond, Prevent and Collect!” puts a focus on the need for increased financing to support survivors and prevent future violence, as well as the
- [How many Children and Young People have Internat Access at Home? Estimating digital connectivity during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-many-children-and-young-people-have-internat-access-at-home-estimating-digital-connectivity-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - Key messages Globally, 2.2 billion children and young people aged 25 years or less – two-thirds of children and young people worldwide – do not have an internet connection at home. More than two-thirds of school-age girls and boys aged approximately 3 to 17 years (1.3 billion children) and 63 per cent of youths aged
- [A more inclusive post-Covid-19 world for persons with disabilities – how humanitarians can play their part](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-more-inclusive-post-covid-19-world-for-persons-with-disabilities-how-humanitarians-can-play-their-part/) - One billion people live with a disability. The International Day of Persons with Disabilities provides a key opportunity to highlight the issues they face and take stock of how the humanitarian sector can play its part in building a more inclusive post-Covid-19 world. This is an urgent challenge. People with disabilities already face multiple risks
- [Aftershock: Abuse, exploitation & human trafficking in the wake of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/aftershock-abuse-exploitation-human-trafficking-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/) - This week, 20 years ago, the global community adopted the world’s first international law on trafficking in persons. Its adoption followed damning cases of peacekeeper and humanitarian involvement in trafficking rings during the Balkans wars of the 1990s. Today, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons is almost universally ratified, symbolic of
- [Children with disabilities: Ensuring their Inclusion in COVID-19 Response Strategies and Evidence Generation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/children-with-disabilities-ensuring-their-inclusion-in-covid-19-response-strategies-and-evidence-generation/) - How are children with disabilities faring during the covid-19 pandemic? What added challenges are children with disabilities facing in the current crisis? Are children with disabilities accessing online learning? How are families of children with disabilities coping with the socioeconomic fallout? Several months into the COVID-19 crisis, the questions above remain largely unanswered. However, evidence
- [Digital Safeguarding for Migranting and Displaced Children](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/digital-safeguarding-for-migranting-and-displaced-children/) - An estimated 34 million children around the world have been forcibly displaced from their home 3 – and this number is growing year on year. Digital technologies have the potential to transform programming with migrant and displaced children by making it easier to reach and assist mobile populations, increasing efficiencies and driving improvements in programme
- [COVID-19 Risk Communications and Community Engagement (RCCE) and the Humanitarian System: Briefing Pack](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-risk-communications-and-community-engagement-rcce-and-the-humanitarian-system-briefing-pack/) - During the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Principals meeting on 28 April 2020 in which a Risk Communications and Community Engagement (RCCE) Collective Service for the COVID-19 outbreak response was presented by UNICEF and IFRC, and the subsequent Operational Policy and Advocacy Group (OPAG) meeting on 21 May 2020; the Results Group on Accountability and Inclusion
- [Moving Towards Children as Partners in Child Protection in COVID-19 Guide](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/moving-towards-children-as-partners-in-child-protection-in-covid-19-guide/) - At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, children and youth were facing unprecedented challenges caused by quarantine measures and school closure policies in nearly every country in the world. At the same time these challenges emerged, child-focused organizations found it harder than ever to communicate with children, needing to adapt their methods of hearing children’s
- [COVID-19: A Catastrophe for Children in Sub-Saharan Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-a-catastrophe-for-children-in-sub-saharan-africa/) - This report investigates how COVID-19 and other shocks have impacted child well-being in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during 2020 and the potential role of cash transfers and external resources to help children and economies. It reviews the latest social, economic and financial information from a range of global databases and modelling exercises, draws on emerging country-level
- [COVID-19 in humanitarian settings: documenting and sharing context-specific programmatic experiences](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-humanitarian-settings-documenting-and-sharing-context-specific-programmatic-experiences/) - Humanitarian organizations have developed innovative and context specific interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as guidance has been normative in nature and most are not humanitarian specific. In April 2020, three universities developed a COVID-19 humanitarian-specific website (www.covid19humanitarian.com) to allow humanitarians from the field to upload their experiences or be interviewed by academics to
- [Women and children in times of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/women-and-children-in-times-of-covid-19/) - The WeWorld Index 2020 has new features compared to the previous editions. The goal for which it was first conceived in 2015 still stands: to measure the inclusion of women and children in 172 countries around the world, considering inclusion as a multi-dimensional process, affecting various aspects of life (in line with the 2030 Agenda).
- [What crime and helpline data say about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reported violence against women and girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-crime-and-helpline-data-say-about-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-reported-violence-against-women-and-girls/) - The aim of this research brief is to provide evidence that improves understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on violence against women and girls, by focusing on crime reported to authorities and incidents reported to helplines. The analysis covers data on violence against women and girls collected by UNODC during 2020 on victims of homicide
- [Prevailing against pandemics by putting people at the centre](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/prevailing-against-pandemics-by-putting-people-at-the-centre/) - Five years after a global commitment to Fast-Track the HIV response and end AIDS by 2030, the world is off track. A promise to build on the momentum created in the first decade of the twenty-first century by front-loading investment and accelerating HIV service provision has been fulfilled by too few countries. Important gains in
- [Post-pandemic transformations: How and why COVID-19 requires us to rethink development](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/post-pandemic-transformations-how-and-why-covid-19-requires-us-to-rethink-development/) - COVID-19 is proving to be the long awaited ‘big one’: a pandemic capable of bringing societies and economies to their knees. There is an urgent need to examine how COVID-19 – as a health and development crisis - unfolded the way it did it and to consider possibilities for post-pandemic transformations and for rethinking development
- [Global Humanitarian Response Plan: COVID-19 Progress Report, Fourth Edition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-humanitarian-response-plan-covid-19-progress-report-fourth-edition/) - At the beginning of the year, humanitarian partners aimed to provide humanitarian assistance to 109 million people. Today, that number has reached record levels at more than 260 million people. This represents the single largest increase recorded in a single year. The pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing and ongoing drivers of humanitarian need, mainly by causing
- [Averting a lost COVID generation: A six-point plan to respond, recover and reimagine a post-pandemic world for every child](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/averting-a-lost-covid-generation-a-six-point-plan-to-respond-recover-and-reimagine-a-post-pandemic-world-for-every-child/) - COVID-19 is a children’s crisis. In the early months of the pandemic, children constituted a low proportion of the population infected. However, as the virus has spread, the number of children and young people who become infected and develop COVID-19 is also increasing and requires specific actions. While our understanding of the impact of COVID-19
- [Beyond Masks: Societal impacts of COVID-19 and accelerated solutions for children and adolescents](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/beyond-masks-societal-impacts-of-covid-19-and-accelerated-solutions-for-children-and-adolescents/) - This report provides a review of literature on the societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as past health and economic shocks, and possible solutions for mitigating impact at individual, household and societal levels. The evidence base on the societal impacts of the pandemic is still nascent. For children, it is weaker still, largely
- [Protecting land and natural resources tenure rights in the era of COVID-19 by heeding the lessons from the past](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protecting-land-and-natural-resources-tenure-rights-in-the-era-of-covid-19-by-heeding-the-lessons-from-the-past/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe disruptions in food supply chains, undermining the ability of small food producers to access their land and the natural resources they need, thereby rendering them more vulnerable to encroachment on their tenure rights. This pandemic is requiring all stakeholders to evaluate and plan for how to protect the tenure
- [Act Now: Experiences and recommendations of girls and boys on the impact of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/act-now-experiences-and-recommendations-of-girls-and-boys-on-the-impact-of-covid-19/) - This global report is a consolidation of six regional reports based on consultations conducted between April and August 2020 that used a qualitative approach. Listening to children is at the heart of World Vision’s child-centred approach and our commitment to amplifying the voices of children and young people on the world stage. The consultation included
- [Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Refugee Girls’ Education Part II of II: Solutions for Equal Access](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/long-term-effects-of-covid-19-on-refugee-girls-education-part-ii-of-ii-solutions-for-equal-access/) - Part I of this brief discussed the barriers refugee girls face to continuing their education in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The barriers fall into three main categories: financial issues, gendered norms about the value of educating girls, and outright gender-based and sexual violence. Part II focuses on solutions, not only to
- [Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Refugee Girls’ Education Part I of II: Barriers to Equal Access](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/long-term-effects-of-covid-19-on-refugee-girls-education-part-i-of-ii-barriers-to-equal-access/) - The Covid-19 pandemic has taken 1.6 billion students out of classrooms around the globe. Although students everywhere are struggling to access education during the pandemic, the problem is especially exacerbated for girls. Girls in lower-income countries face unique challenges both in getting to school and in staying enrolled. These challenges include everything from lack of
- [Q&A: COVID-19 has Pushed Women Peacebuilders from Key Leadership Roles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/qa-covid-19-has-pushed-women-peacebuilders-from-key-leadership-roles/) - Women need to be given roles as negotiators, not just offered representation through advisory groups, Agnieszka Fal-Dutra Santos from the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP) told IPS. Santos spoke with IPS after the Wednesday, Oct. 28 webinar “Beyond the Pandemic: Opening the Doors to Women’s Meaningful Participation”. At the conference, policymakers and analysts spoke
- [Future implications of the impact of COVID-19 on governance and public service](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/future-implications-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-governance-and-public-service/) - What will governance and public service be like post COVID-19? We will not and should not revert to “business as usual” after this crisis. We should draw on the maxim from the United Nations (UN) 2030 agenda – the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – to “leave no one behind” in achieving a more sustainable, equitable,
- [Cities and local governments at the forefront in building inclusive and resilient food systems](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/cities-and-local-governments-at-the-forefront-in-building-inclusive-and-resilient-food-systems/) - The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting urban food systems worldwide, affecting the food security and nutrition of urban populations. With up to 70 percent of the global food supply destined for urban consumption, the disruption of urban food systems has particularly affected the food distribution and the food retail sectors. The management of the crisis by
- [Space, shelter and scarce resources - coping with COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/space-shelter-and-scarce-resources-coping-with-covid-19/) - Physical distancing, handwashing with soap and water or sanitizer, and access to crucial health care services have been the main defences against the spread of COVID-19. Such basic services are central to the dignity and worth of the human person. Yet for millions of refugees and other displaced people, such measures are not realistic. Of
- [Impacts of COVID-19 on the Private Sector in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impacts-of-covid-19-on-the-private-sector-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-situations/) - The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant negative impact on the private sector in developing economies, and businesses and individuals in fragile and conflict-affected situations are among the most severely affected. The pandemic has evolved rapidly from a health emergency to a global economic crisis, spreading through the real sector and posing growing risks to
- [FAO-WFP early warning analysis of acute food insecurity hotspots](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/fao-wfp-early-warning-analysis-of-acute-food-insecurity-hotspots/) - As acute food insecurity levels appear to be reaching new highs globally, also as a result of the socio-economic fallout of measures imposed to contain the spread of COVID-19, this joint FAO-WFP report aims to raise an early warning on 20 countries and situations - called hotspots - that, starting from already significant levels of
- [The Pandemic and the Transformation of Liberal International Order](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-pandemic-and-the-transformation-of-liberal-international-order/) - In 2018, 43 leading International Relations scholars in the United States signed a public statement in support of an urgent call to preserve the current international order, triggering heated scholarly debates. The idealized form of the liberal international order was criticized by many scholars for its chronic problems, including the contradictions between proclaimed liberal values
- [Managing the Pandemic and Its Aftermath: Economies, Jobs, and International Migration in the Age of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/managing-the-pandemic-and-its-aftermath-economies-jobs-and-international-migration-in-the-age-of-covid-19/) - The COVID-19 pandemic’s immediate costs, measured in lives lost and damaged, have been appalling and continue to rise. In addition, its effects on individuals’ livelihoods and economies around the world have been deep and are likely to be long lasting. While saving lives was the near-exclusive focus during the first phase of the crisis, governments
- [Not immune: Children in conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/not-immune-children-in-conflict/) - The goal of this report is to shine a spotlight on the important issue of immunising children affected by conflict and to ensure vaccine investments, policies and actions address the needs of these children. The report draws on evidence from published literature; and on the insights of vaccination experts who work on the ground with
- [Women Peace and Human Security: A Guidance Note on Parliamentary Engagement During and Post-Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/women-peace-and-human-security-a-guidance-note-on-parliamentary-engagement-during-and-post-covid-19/) - National parliaments have a critical responsibility for overseeing and providing accountability for their countries’ action on COVID-19. All the while, they remain a locus of accountability for their countries’ commitments on women, peace and security (WPS). The guidance note looks at how parliaments can promote WPS-aligned pandemic response and recovery and, in the long term,
- [The cessation of hostilities during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-cessation-of-hostilities-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - During events to commemorate 75 years since the formation of the United Nations (UN), Secretary-General António Guterres repeated his earlier call to world leaders to achieve a global ceasefire. In this call, the UNSG correctly stated that it is “time for a stepped-up push for peace to achieve a global ceasefire”, because we are all
- [COVID-19: Reflecting on the role of the WHO in knowledge exchange between the Global North and South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-reflecting-on-the-role-of-the-who-in-knowledge-exchange-between-the-global-north-and-south/) - COVID-19 as a truly global pandemic presents a unique opportunity to reflect – through an ‘anti-colonial’ lens – on the role that WHO plays in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) versus high-income countries (HICs). This divide, also referred to as the global south and the global north, coincides in many ways with the separation between
- [Global Analysis: COVID-19: Impact on education](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-analysis-covid-19-impact-on-education/) - Worldwide school closures, alongside other secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, are projected to have far-reaching implications in the short and the long term for children, their families, and their communities. Education is a particularly challenging issue in the context of the pandemic. On the one hand, school environments risk high rates of COVID-19 transmission,
- [Strengthening livelihoods and preventing child marriage in times of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/strengthening-livelihoods-and-preventing-child-marriage-in-times-of-covid-19/) - Millions of parents and caregivers have lost income and jobs due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the sudden economic shock has forced many households to expose children to harmful and dangerous practices, such as begging or child marriage. According to recent data from the International Labour Organisation (ILO), almost 25 million jobs (formal and informal) are
- [Social protection and humanitarian cash and food responses to COVID-19: Needs, coverage, and gaps](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-protection-and-humanitarian-cash-and-food-responses-to-covid-19-needs-coverage-and-gaps/) - The direct economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns are leading more people into poverty and hunger. Estimates to date on the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and food security are an important first step towards understanding the potential scale of need. However, they are mainly based on very high-level projections that apply
- [COVID-19 secondary impacts on health-and protection-related issues](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-secondary-impacts-on-health-and-protection-related-issues/) - Since the start of the pandemic, concerns have been raised about the possible consequences of government containment measures and how overwhelmed healthcare facilities may have resulted in, and continue to pose, different kinds of challenges to women, men, girls, and boys, along with gender conforming and non-conforming LGBTQI+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex)
- [COVID-19: Impact on gender dynamics in the livelihoods sector within crisis-affected countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-impact-on-gender-dynamics-in-the-livelihoods-sector-within-crisis-affected-countries/) - This report is an overview of the gendered impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods, income and employment of women, men, girls, and boys in different countries affected by humanitarian crises. These countries were included in the August 2020 INFORM Severity Indexand have gender-disaggregated data and analyses available at national or subnational levels. The report can
- [Still Unprotected: Humanitarian Funding for Child Protection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/still-unprotected-humanitarian-funding-for-child-protection/) - Children have a fundamental right to be protected, wherever they live. Children affected by humanitarian crises are among the most vulnerable to abuse, exploitation, violence and neglect and most in need of protection, yet there is limited commitment to fund protective responses. Throughout 2020, the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the containment measures
- [Untying the nexus 'knot' in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/untying-the-nexus-knot-in-south-sudan/) - This blog highlights the benefits of strengthening coordination between humanitarian, peacebuilding and development actors implementing aid responses in South Sudan, particularly in times of humanitarian crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The triple nexus is getting a lot of attention, both in global capitals, such as here in Bern, where I am based, as well
- [Democracy under Lockdown: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Struggle for Freedom](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/democracy-under-lockdown-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-global-struggle-for-freedom/) - Based on a survey of 398 journalists, civil society workers, activists, and other experts as well as research on 192 countries by Freedom House’s global network of analysts, this report is the first of its kind and the most in-depth effort to date to examine the condition of democracy during the pandemic (see full methodology).
- [Early lessons from COVID-19 response and shifts in authority: public trust, policy legitimacy and political inclusion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/early-lessons-from-covid-19-response-and-shifts-in-authority-public-trust-policy-legitimacy-and-political-inclusion/) - In attempts to reverse the spread and prepare the curative care sector, and under huge uncertainties, many governments have responded to the COVID-19 outbreak with either voluntary or mandatory physical isolation and distancing measures. These have put state-society relationships in any political system under great pressure. In addition, many countries have shifted public decision-making authority
- [What Happened? How the Humanitarian Response to COVID-19 Failed to Protect Women and Girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-happened-how-the-humanitarian-response-to-covid-19-failed-to-protect-women-and-girls/) - As COVID-19 spread across the globe, gender-based violence (GBV) experts and women’s rights activists around the world raised the alarm that the pandemic and its ensuing movement restrictions would negatively impact the safety of women and girls. This was evidenced early on by concerning reports from feminist activists and GBV service providers in China, Italy,
- [“Whoever finds the vaccine must share it” Strengthening Human Rights and Transparency Around Covid-19 Vaccines](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/whoever-finds-the-vaccine-must-share-it-strengthening-human-rights-and-transparency-around-covid-19-vaccines/) - This report examines key elements of a human rights-based approach to Covid-19 vaccines funding rooted in principles of transparency and accountability. It assesses how a variety of core rights—including but not limited to the rights to life, health, and an adequate standard of living—are being taken into account by governments. Human Rights Watch argues that
- [OCHA-BUCKY: A COVID-19 model to inform humanitarian operations - model methodology](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ocha-bucky-a-covid-19-model-to-inform-humanitarian-operations-model-methodology/) - Epidemic forecasting is one tool through which we can gain an understanding of the final outbreak sizeand indicators of when the COVID-19 epidemic peaks in a country. This provides decision-makers with the capability to plan, surge, and manage resources during a pandemic. UN OCHA and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory have therefore established
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Public Health Emergencies: Practical programming adaptation during COVID-19 and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/conflict-sensitivity-and-public-health-emergencies-practical-programming-adaptation-during-covid-19-and-beyond/) - The guiding questions for Conflict Sensitivity & Public Health Emergencies are: How can we better practice our commitments to conflict sensitivity in the context of public health emergencies? How can we use a better understanding of local power dynamics to increase the effectiveness of our public health interventions while minimizing negative effects on existing conflicts?
- [Economic Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/economic-policy-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is experiencing a distressing economic period. Government revenue has shrunk to historic lows and debt, both domestic and external, is mounting, marked by unsettled salary arrears and outstanding loans. A combination of the COVID-19 pandemic and the fallout of just-concluded civil strife is largely to blame. The pandemic and conflict have dramatically impeded
- [Achieving inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and the SDGs in the post-COVID-19 world](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/achieving-inclusive-and-sustainable-industrialisation-and-the-sdgs-in-the-post-covid-19-world/) - "In the context of international development, the year 2015 marked the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the much broader 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the much more ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It signalled an emerging paradigm shift in the international development agenda, a collectively agreed set of universal goals for
- [What COVID-19 means for work, inequality, and politics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-covid-19-means-for-work-inequality-and-politics/) - The COVID-19 pandemic was a predictable outcome of accelerated globalization - plenty of people said it would come. But many governments paid little attention to the risks of accelerated viral transmission and have been caught on the hop, resulting in feeble policy responses and unnecessarily high levels of epidemic severity. Vulnerability to pandemics is only
- [Civic Freedoms and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Snapshot of Restrictions and Resilience](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/civic-freedoms-and-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-snapshot-of-restrictions-and-resilience/) - Key findings: Civic activism continues during the COVID-19 pandemic and people have continued to mobilise to demand their rights Violations of protest rights have been documented: protesters are being detained, protests are being disrupted and excessive force is being used by states. Restrictions on the freedom of expression and access to information continue. States are
- [Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Assessment on COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-assessment-on-covid-19/) - To understand communities’ knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), along with their information needs on COVID-19, this KAP assessment was conducted by the Turkish Red Crescent Society (TRCS), with support from IFRC, under the Community Based Migration Programme (CBMP) from 20 July to 12 August 2020. The assessment has been conducted via TRCS’ social media platforms,
- [COVID-19, Inequalities and Building Back Better](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-inequalities-and-building-back-better/) - Key messages Threatening to derail progress towards the SDGs, COVID-19’s devastating health, social and economic impacts are set to worsen inequalities within and between countries. To avoid a downward spiral that intensifies economic damage and catalyzes a broader humanitarian crisis, addressing inequalities should be a core part of implementing the UN system’s framework for the
- [What have we learnt? Findings from a survey of ministries of education on national responses to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-have-we-learnt-findings-from-a-survey-of-ministries-of-education-on-national-responses-to-covid-19/) - According to this new report published by UNESCO (Headquarters and Institute for Statistics), UNICEF (Headquarters and Office of Research) and the World Bank, schoolchildren in low- and lower-middle-income countries have already lost nearly four months of schooling since the start of the pandemic, compared to an average of six weeks among high-income countries. Compiling data
- [Africa needs sustainable digitalisation: The link between tech, inequality and the environment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africa-needs-sustainable-digitalisation-the-link-between-tech-inequality-and-the-environment/) - What the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted in Africa is that addressing digital inequality isn’t a technology problem. It’s a classic development challenge. It’s become abundantly clear that offline education, gender, income, public service delivery and spatial inequalities are simply mirrored online. Meanwhile, structural economic deficiencies are arguably amplified, as the economic and social value of
- [The role of development finance institutions in supporting jobs during Covid-19 and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-role-of-development-finance-institutions-in-supporting-jobs-during-covid-19-and-beyond/) - The Covid-19 pandemic has led to dire global economic consequences, including a significant loss of jobs across the world, worsening an already precarious situation for the world’s workers. Policy-makers face major challenges in protecting jobs. Although development finance institutions (DFIs) are actively supporting the creation of a large number of jobs and improving their quality,
- [Phase II: COVID-19 crisis through a migration lens](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/phase-ii-covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens/) - The economic crisis induced by COVID-19 could be long, deep, and pervasive when viewed through a migration lens. In October 2020, COVID19 case numbers rose again to surpass 44 million. The number of fatalities surpassed 1.1 million. A recurrence of COVID19 phases accompanied by lockdowns, travel bans, and social distancing cannot be ruled out well
- [Women’s mental health: acute impact of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/womens-mental-health-acute-impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-domestic-violence/) - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created a situation of general distress. Although the focus has been initially more on the physical health during the pandemic, mental health concerns linked to the lockdown have quickly risen. This study aims to assess the effect of the COVID-19-related lockdown on Tunisian women’s mental health and gender-based violence.
- [Global Gender Analysis: COVID-19 secondary impacts on health-and protection-related issues](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-gender-analysis-covid-19-secondary-impacts-on-health-and-protection-related-issues/) - This report provides an overview of publicly available information on the identified and projected impacts of the pandemic on gender-based violence (GBV), healthcare provision and access, and other health-related risks. The report focuses on countries experiencing humanitarian crises which have undertaken gender analyses at the national and subnational levels. Download
- [Moving from rhetoric to action: how Africa can use scientific evidence to halt the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/moving-from-rhetoric-to-action-how-africa-can-use-scientific-evidence-to-halt-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 has spread rapidly to all countries of the world. Africa is particularly predisposed to an escalation of the pandemic and its negative impact given its weak economy and health systems. In addition, inadequate access to the social determinants of health such as water and sanitation and socio-cultural attributes may
- [COVID-19 Socio-Economic Response Plan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-socio-economic-response-plan/) - This document first presents an analysis of the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 in South Sudan. Based on such analysis, it proposes a set of priority interventions that can be translated into joint programmes by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes (AFPs) and the Mission. Download
- [Conflict during COVID-19: Averting a legitimacy and debt crisis in Africa?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/conflict-during-covid-19-averting-a-legitimacy-and-debt-crisis-in-africa/) - Good governance and debt contingency planning are essential for containment and mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic to avoid a deeper crisis. The combination of the COVID-19 pandemic, rising conflict, and escalating debt in Africa is a toxic cocktail that could soon implode. Governments and multilateral lenders need to work out pragmatic ways to
- [COVID-19, Public Authority and Enforcement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-public-authority-and-enforcement/) - The securitization of health is not a new phenomenon. However, global responses to the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa reveal the extent to which epidemic preparedness and response is now shaped by geopolitical concerns. UN Security Council Resolution 2177 epitomizes this. The resolution asserted that “the outbreak is undermining the stability of the most
- [Averting an Education Catastrophe for the World’s Children](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/averting-an-education-catastrophe-for-the-worlds-children/) - This report proposes seven action areas to help guide the global community and local actors as they work to Save Our Future: Action Area 1: Prioritize reopening schools, deliver vital services to children, and treat the workforce as frontline workers. School closures were necessary to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic, but there are great costs to
- [The Human Face of COVID-19: Six Things to Consider for an Inclusive Recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-human-face-of-covid-19-six-things-to-consider-for-an-inclusive-recovery/) - In a recent report, the World Bank has shown that exclusion is costly to both societies and economies. At the individual level, such costs include poorer educational outcomes and mental and physical health, lost wages and lifetime earnings, to name a few. At the national level, the economic cost of exclusion can be captured by forgone
- [12 leaders’ perspectives on supporting Africa’s health systems through Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/12-leaders-perspectives-on-supporting-africas-health-systems-through-covid-19/) - The AU Commission’s joint meetings of African Ministers of Health and of Finance build on the African Leadership Meeting Declaration (ALM), in which governments committed to both increasing domestic investment in health and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of health spending. These meetings could hardly come at a more important time. They provide an opportunity to share
- [The challenge of peacebuilding during a pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-challenge-of-peacebuilding-during-a-pandemic/) - Peacebuilding traditionally depends on face-to-face meetings, but social distancing makes these difficult. This blog post looks at what this means for the ‘localisation agenda’ and how the problems could be overcome. Around a third of COVID-19 cases and fatalities are happening in places dealing with humanitarian or refugee crises, or those that are more vulnerable.
- [COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-rise-of-intimate-partner-violence/) - Stay-at-home policies have been implemented worldwide to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, there is a growing concern that such policies could increase violence against women. We find evidence in support of this critical concern. We focus on Peru, a country that imposed a strict nationwide lockdown starting in mid-March and where nearly
- [COVID-19: urgency for distancing from domestic violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-urgency-for-distancing-from-domestic-violence/) - Although COVID-19 is a major worldwide health threat, there is another global public health emergency that is becoming a growing challenge. Domestic violence is a public health and human rights issue that primarily affects women and children worldwide. Several countries have reported a significant increase in domestic violence cases since the COVID-19-induced lockdowns and physical
- [International funding for peacebuilding: Will COVID-19 change or reinforce existing trends?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/international-funding-for-peacebuilding-will-covid-19-change-or-reinforce-existing-trends/) - COVID-19 has exacerbated factors influencing international support for peacebuilding, including a more volatile geopolitical order and changes in domestic priorities in donor countries. Peacebuilding and a conflict-sensitive approach have not yet been at the forefront of the international responses to COVID-19, undermining attempts to ‘build back better’ in a world where negative conflict dynamics are
- [Countering stigmatization in the humanitarian response to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/countering-stigmatization-in-the-humanitarian-response-to-covid-19/) - The societal stigma attached to certain people or demographic groups based on their perceived attributes or their rolein society leads to pervasive and overt discrimination. It can also lead to violence and exclusion that limits access to basic services and humanitarian assistance. During health crises, societal stigma often takes root and proliferates rapidly. This was
- [An adaptive governance and health system response for the COVID-19 emergency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/an-adaptive-governance-and-health-system-response-for-the-covid-19-emergency/) - In the absence of an efficacious and affordable vaccine, the current crisis of COVID-19 is likely to be a long drawn one for many developing countries. In Bangladesh, where the entire population is susceptible and strict lockdown has been relaxed (as of May 31st 2020) due to concerns over saving livelihoods, the best available resources
- [Research on violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic: Guidance to inform ethical data collection and evidence generation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/research-on-violence-against-children-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-guidance-to-inform-ethical-data-collection-and-evidence-generation/) - Research and data are important to draw attention to the experiences of children during the COVID-19 pandemic, to advocate for a range of protection services to be available during the crisis and beyond, and to inform the design of violence against children (VAC) prevention and response programmes. That said, the need for evidence must be
- [A Restriction of responsibility-sharing: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the Global Compact on Refugees](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-restriction-of-responsibility-sharing-exploring-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees/) - This report examines the current and potential use of the GCR to address COVID-19 and its impacts, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the implementation of the GCR itself. It provides analysis of and reflections on the effects of the pandemic and concomitant challenges on different aspects of the GCR, ranging from shrinking
- [Fragility: time for a rethink](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/fragility-time-for-a-rethink/) - Originally intended to help mobilise aid flows to ‘fragile states’, the OECD’s 2020 States of Fragility report is the thirteenth edition of a long series first published in 2005. Its intentions at the outset were arguably laudable. But for years, the backlash against the ‘fragile or failed states’ terminology plagued the report, which was re-named
- [Observing COVID-19 in Africa through a Public Authorities Lens](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/observing-covid-19-in-africa-through-a-public-authorities-lens/) - Most discussion of Africa’s response to COVID-19 takes place at the national level, focussing on the role of formal state authorities. However, less is known about the role of ‘public authorities’: traditional chiefs, self-help groups, kinship networks, professional associations, faith-based groups, civil society organisations, multinational companies, humanitarian agencies, organized criminal gangs, militias and rebels. These
- [The Effect of COVID-19 on Peace Agreement Implementation: The cases of Colombia, South Sudan and the Philippines](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-peace-agreement-implementation-the-cases-of-colombia-south-sudanm-and-the-philippines/) - Brief points: There has been no indication of a reduced commitment to implementing the peace agreement on the signatories’ part, but delays in implementation activities are reported. In Colombia, the Kroc Institute has recorded fewer implementation events for the past few months. In South Sudan, the cantonment sites are near collapse, and training centers responsible
- [The COVID-19 crisis consequences: disrupting the African peace and security agenda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-crisis-consequences-disrupting-the-african-peace-and-security-agenda/) - This piece focuses on the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the African agenda for peace and security. Since its inception, the African Union (AU) has been focused on creating favourable conditions of peace and security as part of its broader Agenda 2063 for achieving “an integrated, prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven by its
- [Enhancing Government Effectiveness and Transparency: The fight against corruption](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/enhancing-government-effectiveness-and-transparency-the-fight-against-corruption/) - News headlines over the last few years have been filled with global scandals involving corruption on an unprecedented scale. They touch virtually every continent, from Asia to Africa, Europe, and the Americas. The scale, magnitude, and sophistication of the operations has increasingly risen to levels that many had not considered possible before. Governments are forever
- [Immobility as the ultimate “migration disrupter”: An initial analysis of COVID-19 impacts through the prism of securitization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/immobility-as-the-ultimate-migration-disrupter-an-initial-analysis-of-covid-19-impacts-through-the-prism-of-securitization/) - International migration is intrinsically linked to social, economic and political global transformations, and can be seen as an important aspect of globalization processes (Castles, 2010; de Haas et al., 2020; Held et al., 1999). Along with other international phenomena, migration has historically been affected by seismic geopolitical events, such as the two World Wars, the
- [The role of gender inclusive leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic to support vulnerable populations in conflict settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-role-of-gender-inclusive-leadership-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-to-support-vulnerable-populations-in-conflict-settings/) - Key messages from this article: Lessons learned from previous disease outbreaks in conflict settings should be harnessed to mitigate gendered impacts of COVID-19 on populations in conflict-affected countries. During a pandemic, resources for and access to adequate health services are often disrupted due to armed conflict. Pandemics are a gendered vulnerability, with their socioeconomic impact
- [Covid-19 and Fragile Contexts: Reviving Multilateralism’s Promise to “Leave No One Behind”](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-fragile-contexts-reviving-multilateralisms-promise-to-leave-no-one-behind/) - Covid-19 and Fragile Contexts: Reviving Multilateralism’s Promise to “Leave No One Behind” is an Economist Intelligence Unit report, published by the International Rescue Committee (IRC). Through comprehensive desk research, literature reviews and expert interviews, the report investigates the critical failures of the multilateral system in protecting fragile populations during the covid-19 pandemic. Drawing comparisons between
- [How to build a Humanitarian Response Plan that makes a difference: tips on accountability and cash](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-build-a-humanitarian-response-plan-that-makes-a-difference-tips-on-accountability-and-cash/) - The first half of 2020 has given us few reasons for optimism. And as humanitarian planning for 2021 gets underway, relief agencies and donors will be grappling with the acute challenges of skyrocketing needs and tightening donor budgets in the midst of a devastating pandemic. The task now, more than ever before, is to ensure
- [Climate-related extreme weather events and COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/climate-related-extreme-weather-events-and-covid-19/) - This paper aims to provide a preliminary analysis of the number of people jointly affected by COVID-19 and climate-related disasters – demonstrating the multi-layered nature of these crises and highlighting the compounded vulnerability faced by communities. Download
- [Community Approaches to Epidemic Management in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/community-approaches-to-epidemic-management-in-south-sudan/) - This briefing summarizes findings from the mid-point of the Community Approaches to Epidemic Management in South Sudan research project. The project is run by the Rift Valley Institute (RVI) and funded by the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) via the East Africa Research and Innovation Hub (EARIH). The project, which began in response
- [Food Crises and COVID‑19: Emerging evidence and implications](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/food-crises-and-covid‑19-emerging-evidence-and-implications/) - This technical note has been developed to present the emerging evidence on the effects of COVID‑19 on acute food insecurity, livelihoods and agri‑food systems, as well as an analysis of the effects of policy measures and responses related to COVID‑19 with a specific focus on countries with food crisis. The note is mainly based on
- [COVID-19 and systemic resilience: What role for migrant workers?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-systemic-resilience-what-role-for-migrant-workers/) - While governments restricted movement and access to workspaces at the height of the pandemic, many also declared certain jobs “essential”, exempting them from the most severe restrictions. Migrants play an important role in essential sectors in many countries.3 As a consequence, migrants doing essential work – including those typically considered “low-skilled” workers, such as crop
- [Moving Beyond the Numbers: What the COVID-19 pandemic means for the safety of women and girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/moving-beyond-the-numbers-what-the-covid-19-pandemic-means-for-the-safety-of-women-and-girls/) - Since the beginning of the lockdowns and quarantine restrictions enacted by Governments to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is witnessing a horrifying surge - a surge of what was already an epidemic - in gender-based violence (GBV), particularly intimate partner violence. A plethora of reports from across the globe have indicated an increase
- [Stigma and misinformation from COVID-19 is taking a human toll](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/stigma-and-misinformation-from-covid-19-is-taking-a-human-toll/) - Stigma and misinformation from COVID-19 are such clear and present threats to global health that they are causing as much concern to policymakers as the pandemic itself. These attitudes and behaviours are killing people and causing harm through hate speech, disinformation, discrimination and xenophobia. Read more
- [Adapting data collection and utilisation to a COVID-19 reality: Monitoring, evaluation, and learning approaches for adaptive management](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/adapting-data-collection-and-utilisation-to-a-covid-19-reality-monitoring-evaluation-and-learning-approaches-for-adaptive-management/) - This briefing note focuses on the remote collection and use of data for adaptive management during the Covid-19 pandemic, setting out key considerations to help practitioners think through a transition from more ‘traditional’ monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) to MEL for adaptive management (MEL4AM) that reflects the unique data collection challenges presented by Covid-19. The
- [Pandemic peacebuilding: how to leverage digitalisation for societal resilience in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/pandemic-peacebuilding-how-to-leverage-digitalisation-for-societal-resilience-in-africa/) - As a response to the ongoing health crisis, innovative digital solutions are necessary to help us adapt to the ‘new normal’ − and peacebuilding is no exception. While the African continent is often portrayed as the least ‘connected’ part of the world, its responses to COVID-19 demonstrate the potential for home-grown digital innovation that can
- [Peacebuilding during a Pandemic: Keeping the Focus on Women’s Inclusion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peacebuilding-during-a-pandemic-keeping-the-focus-on-womens-inclusion/) - This year was expected to be an opportunity to assess the past twenty years of progress on the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda. Instead, it has been upended by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dominated the international community’s attention and put recent gains for WPS at risk. One of the areas most at risk
- [Consequences of underfunding in 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/consequences-of-underfunding-in-2020/) - The COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated the already dire humanitarian needs globally, particularly in low and middle-income countries, which currently host more than 85% of the world’s refugees. The pandemic is destabilizing entire sectors of the economy, with millions depending on fragile incomes that are now at risk. More generally, violence, persecution and civil strife continue
- [Solidarity with the people and governments of Africa in tackling COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/solidarity-with-the-people-and-governments-of-africa-in-tackling-covid-19/) - Africa has responded swiftly to the COVID-19 pandemic and, as of now, reported cases are lower than early pessimistic estimates. It is too early to know the full impact of COVID-19 on Africa. To date, the experience has been varied. Moreover, as with other regions, there is not one homogenous narrative around the COVID-19 pandemic
- [The impact of COVID-19 on the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-horn-of-africa/) - The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first reported in the Horn of Africa region in early March 2020. At first, the number of cases seemed low compared to other regions, both on the continent and around the globe; however, these figures did increase steadily. Six months into the pandemic, it is encouraging to note the downward
- [Are warnings of a COVID-19 famine in Africa overblown?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/are-warnings-of-a-covid-19-famine-in-africa-overblown/) - Alarm bells have been ringing for months that COVID-19 could push fragile African countries “closer to the abyss” of famine as jobs are lost, local markets close, and poverty deepens. Aid agencies routinely list the coronavirus as a major factor in driving humanitarian needs, from the Sahel to Somalia, and don’t shy away from describing
- [For a more equal world post-COVID-19: Focus on the financial gatekeepers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/for-a-more-equal-world-post-covid-19-focus-on-the-financial-gatekeepers/) - Inequality has been one of the defining issues of our times. Gaps between the rich and poor have widened even in the world’s wealthiest nations, where the post-2008 crisis economic recovery often failed to prioritise those most in need. A recent selection of research by Transparency International shows that the COVID-19 pandemic risks becoming another
- [COVID-19 and Inequality: The Great Divide](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-inequality-the-great-divide/) - This week, the world hit an agonising milestone as the one millionth COVID-19 death was recorded. But the ongoing pandemic threatens to scar our societies in other ways, too. “Without urgent action, we risk deepening the divide – globally – between the rich and poor,” the head of International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kristalina Georgieva warned
- [Social protection in the COVID-19 recovery: Opportunities and challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-protection-in-the-covid-19-recovery-opportunities-and-challenges/) - COVID-19 has triggered a global economic slowdown and it seems unlikely there will be a rapid rebound in growth and a V-shaped economic recovery. Other scenarios appear more likely, the worst being an L-shaped recession with growth not recovering for several years. The pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing vulnerabilities (‘COVID-19-intensified’) and created new vulnerabilities (‘COVID-19-specific’). Social
- [Implementing the global compact on refugees for children: Examples of child-focused work](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/implementing-the-global-compact-on-refugees-for-children-examples-of-child-focused-work/) - Children make up 52% of all refugees globally, yet they are not sufficiently protected, and their care and development needs often go unmet. Children in refugee situations face many potential dangers, such as violence, abuse, exploitation, discrimination, separation from their families, trafficking and military recruitment. The impact of these experiences can be devastating and long-lasting.
- [The impact of Covid-19 on climate change and disaster resilience funding: trends and signals](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-climate-change-and-disaster-resilience-funding-trends-and-signals/) - Prior to Covid-19, concerns were being raised that funding for climate and disaster resilience was insufficient to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and Sendai Framework. Since the pandemic, initial signals are that the funding gap will widen. Opportunities exist to harness co-benefits for pandemic recovery and climate and disaster resilience. To leverage climate
- [Beyond the Disease: Contextualized Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Children and Young People Living in Eastern and Southern Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/beyond-the-disease-contextualized-implications-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-for-children-and-young-people-living-in-eastern-and-southern-africa/) - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created extraordinary challenges and prompted remarkable social changes around the world. The effects of COVID-19 and the public health control measures that have been implemented to mitigate its impact are likely to be accompanied by a unique set of consequences for specific subpopulations living in low-income countries that
- [Sharing the burden for investment in the Covid-19 recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/sharing-the-burden-for-investment-in-the-covid-19-recovery/) - The major question facing policy-makers at the World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Annual Meetings this week will be how to support economic recovery. Until the Covid-19 pandemic is contained, there will continue to be great uncertainty about the future health of the global economy. We can however be certain that as the world
- [Covid-19 and local humanitarian action: five emerging trends](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-local-humanitarian-action-five-emerging-trends/) - The Covid-19 pandemic has forced the international humanitarian sector to adapt to a different operational reality, with many international staff unable to travel and access affected communities. A renewed focus on the role of local actors offers an opportunity to turn this rhetoric into action, and provide more funding, support and recognition for national humanitarian
- [Identifying practical options for linking humanitarian assistance and social protection in the COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/identifying-practical-options-for-linking-humanitarian-assistance-and-social-protection-in-the-covid-19-response/) - This short note examines the relationship between the humanitarian assistance sector and the routine social protection sector in response toCOVID-19. Whilst a variety of guidance is being developed to support humanitarian practitioners around the response to the pandemic, less material exists that guides humanitarian practitioners on how to practically link their responses to social protection
- [Linking humanitarian and social protection information systems in the COVID-19 response and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/linking-humanitarian-and-social-protection-information-systems-in-the-covid-19-response-and-beyond/) - This note provides a background briefing and five key questions for humanitarian programme staff to consider when making decisions regarding the use of their Information Systems in COVID-19 responses, and beyond. It focuses in particular oncontexts of transition from humanitarian to longer-term, state-led social protection systems. It has been written to accompany and complement a
- [Value for money of social protection and humanitarian cash transfers in the context of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/value-for-money-of-social-protection-and-humanitarian-cash-transfers-in-the-context-of-covid-19/) - While the value for money (VfM) of social protection and cash transfers is already well established, and existing guidance already plentiful, the COVID-19 context raises some particular issues from a VfM perspective. This short note addresses these issues and is aimed at economists, social protection and humanitarian specialists within development partner organisations, as well as
- [Strengthening gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) during the implementation of social protection responses to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/strengthening-gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-gesi-during-the-implementation-of-social-protection-responses-to-covid-19/) - Social protection –and cash transfers in particular - have been widely used as a policy response to COVID-19. The aim of this document is to highlight the key gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) considerations to be considered in the implementation of social protection, with a specific focus on cash transfers, in response to COVID-19.
- [Optimizing Pandemic Preparedness and Response through Health Information Systems: Lessons Learned from Ebola to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/optimizing-pandemic-preparedness-and-response-through-health-information-systems-lessons-learned-from-ebola-to-covid-19/) - Strengthening health systems and maintaining essential service delivery during health emergencies response is critical for early detection and diagnosis, prompt treatment, and effective control of pandemics, including the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Health information systems (HIS) developed during recent Ebola outbreaks in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) provided opportunities to
- [Crisis? What crisis? COVID-19 and the unexpected recovery of regional trade in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/crisis-what-crisis-covid-19-and-the-unexpected-recovery-of-regional-trade-in-east-africa/) - At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, such was the scale of the economic disruption caused by lockdown measures that there was much talk of the collapse of global trade. In the midst of the lockdowns, in April, the World Trade Organization estimated that the decline would amount from anywhere between 13 and 32 percent.
- [Tracking the Trillions: 6-month checkup on IMF’s COVID-19 emergency aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/tracking-the-trillions-6-month-checkup-on-imfs-covid-19-emergency-aid/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated already staggering levels of economic inequality in many countries around the world. Now there is a real risk that trillions of dollars meant to support those hardest hit by the crisis may be captured by the wealthy, increasing inequality as countries are saddled with public debt for money lost to
- [WFP Global Response to COVID-19: September 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/wfp-global-response-to-covid-19-september-2020/) - The COVID-19 pandemic is a multiplier of vulnerability, compounding threats to food insecurity, while exposing weaknesses in food and health systems. It is severely undermining the capacity of communities to cope in times of crisis and has become a stress test for political and economic stability. Although conflict and insecurity remain the main drivers of
- [COVID-19 emergency measures and the impending authoritarian pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-emergency-measures-and-the-impending-authoritarian-pandemic/) - COVID-19 has brought the world grinding to a halt. As of early August 2020, the greatest public health emergency of the century thus far has registered almost 20 million infected people and claimed over 730,000 lives across all inhabited continents, bringing public health systems to their knees, and causing shutdowns of borders and lockdowns of
- [Global Dialogue on Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Economic Crisis: Building Back Better Aligned to the SDGs and the Paris Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-dialogue-on-responding-to-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-economic-crisis-building-back-better-aligned-to-the-sdgs-and-the-paris-agreement/) - The COVID-19 crisis provides an early glimpse of how the climate and biodiversity crises will affect the world. The impacts of the pandemic and economic lockdown have led to a stark decline in development gains, dispro-portionately affecting low-income and vulnerable households, communities and countries. Disparities have sharpened within countries and between developed and developing countries;
- [Coming Out Stronger from COVID-19: Policy Options on Migrant Health and Immigration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coming-out-stronger-from-covid-19-policy-options-on-migrant-health-and-immigration/) - People on the move are among the highly vulnerable groups to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis. The disproportionate impact on this group, which includes immigrants and those still crossing borders, shows in the unprecedented, multiple challenges they face in health, livelihood, and additionally for those fleeing war and persecution, in access to protection. These heighten
- [Spreading disease, spreading conflict? COVID-19, climate change and security risks](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/spreading-disease-spreading-conflict-covid-19-climate-change-and-security-risks/) - At the intersection of health, climate and conflict risks, four key pathways through which COVID-19 can exacerbate climate-related security risks stand out: Increased pressure on livelihoods and resources. The combination of COVID-19 and climate change impacts can put additional stress on livelihoods and resources, and reduce adaptive capacity, which in turn can exacerbate conflict risks.
- [Fighting inequality in the time of COVID-19: The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/fighting-inequality-in-the-time-of-covid-19-the-commitment-to-reducing-inequality-index-2020/) - COVID-19 hit a world woefully unprepared to fight it, because countries had failed to choose policies to fight inequality. Only one in six countries assessed for the CRI Index 2020 were spending enough on health, only a third of the global workforce had adequate social protection, and inmore than100 countries at least one in three
- [2020 Global Report on Food Crises](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/2020-global-report-on-food-crises/) - The GRFC 2020 reported the highest global number of acutely food‑insecure people on record. It revealed that in 2019, some 135 million in 55 countries and territories were in need of urgent food, livelihood and nutrition assistance as a result of conflict, weather extremes, economic shocks, or a combination of all three drivers. This figure
- [Addressing stigma and discrimination in the COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/addressing-stigma-and-discrimination-in-the-covid-19-response/) - 3In the wake of the fear and uncertainty that emerge during a pandemic, stigma and discrimination quickly follow, exposing people to violence, harassment and isolation, and hampering the delivery and uptake of essential health services and public health measures to control the pandemic. The stigma that arises during a pandemic can exacerbate existing inequalities, including
- [COVID-19 impact on stranded migrants](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-impact-on-stranded-migrants/) - This paper aims to consolidate available information on the impact of COVID-19 on stranded migrants, to gauge a better understanding of their evolving challenges and needs, and to serve as a first step towards the (re)design of tailored programmes, advocacy and responses. The analysis is based on the qualitative and quantitative data collected by IOM
- [Note on Protection of Migrants in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/note-on-protection-of-migrants-in-light-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads, states are facing an unprecedented public health challenge, which has forced them to adopt stringent measures. Against this backdrop, the management of migratory movements adds another layer of complexity – migrants must not be disproportionately affected either by the pandemic itself or by the measures legitimately adopted by states in
- [One Health: human, animal and environmental health form one unit - and affect sustainable development.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/one-health-human-animal-and-environmental-health-form-one-unit-and-affect-sustainable-development/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has provid-ed a dramatic illustration of the extent to which the health of people, animals and the environment is interdependent, which is why “One Health” is now high on the political agenda. This document provides an overview of KfW Development Bank’s approach to promoting human, animal and environmental health. Involvement in areas
- [“The greatest need was to be listened to”: The importance of mental and psychosocial support during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-greatest-need-was-to-be-listened-to-the-importance-of-mental-and-psychosocial-support-during-covid-19/) - Early in 2020, as the world was beginning to realise the magnitude of the humanitarian and societal consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, we began to see the huge psychological implications of the virus itself and the measures to prevent it. Worries and fears about losing loved ones, becoming sick or about health systems being over-loaded
- [Policy Brief: COVID-19 and Universal Health Coverage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/policy-brief-covid-19-and-universal-health-coverage/) - In the space of nine months, COVID-19 has spread to more than 190 countries, with over 30 million cases reported. Over one million lives have been lost. The pandemic has laid bare long-ignored risks, including inadequate health systems, gaps in social protection and structural inequalities. It has also brought home the importance of basic public
- [Systems thinking for health emergencies: use of process mapping during outbreak response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/systems-thinking-for-health-emergencies-use-of-process-mapping-during-outbreak-response/) - Summary: There is little to no published research on process mapping being conducted during health emergen-cies to improve the current outbreak response. Our research shows that despite the chaos and complexities associated with emerging pathogen outbreaks, process mapping can address immediate response priorities while simultaneously strengthening components of a health system. This methodology could be
- [Protection response under the restriction of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protection-response-under-the-restriction-of-covid-19/) - COVID-19 pandemic has taken the entire world by surprise, creating the greatest global catastrophe since WWII, impacting all spheres of our societies, including health, economy, social protection, as well as security, and human rights. The virus affects people and communities indiscriminately in all parts of the world, with particularly strong impact on poorer communities, especially
- [The effects of COVID-19 on farmers and pastoralist communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-effects-of-covid-19-on-farmers-and-pastoralist-communities/) - This article argues that there is an important need for relevant stakeholders to adopt strategies aimed at reaching out to farming and pastoralist communities, if the fight for the mitigation and possible eradication of the COVID-19 pandemic is to have any meaningful effect. Read more
- [Protect the progress: Rise, refocus, recover](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protect-the-progress-rise-refocus-recover/) - The past decade has largely been a time of progress for many women, children and adolescents around the world. Under-five deaths reached an all-time recorded low in 2019, more than a billion children were vaccinated in the last 10 years, and more girls are staying in schools than ever before. Yet, progress has been uneven and
- [Impact of COVID-19 on violence against women and girls through the lens of civil society and women’s organizations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impact-of-covid-19-on-violence-against-women-and-girls-through-the-lens-of-civil-society-and-womens-organizations/) - CSOs are reporting an alarming increase in violence against women and girls as a direct result of social isolation measures, across all five regions that the UNTF EVAW operates in, and this is occurring in multiple forms. In addition, there are multiple pathways through which risk factors for VAW/G have exacerbated, and will increase the
- [COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker Fact Sheets](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-global-gender-response-tracker-fact-sheets/) - The COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker monitors policy measures enacted by governments worldwide to tackle the COVID-19 crisis, and highlights responses that have integrated a gender lens. It includes national measures that are directly addressing women’s economic and social security, including unpaid care work, the labour market and violence against women. The tracker is coordinated
- [COVID-19 and the impact on civil society organisations working to end violence against women and girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-impact-on-civil-society-organisations-working-to-end-violence-against-women-and-girls/) - This brief is intended to inform United Nations Member States, United Nations organizations, policymakers, donors and all other partners working on preventing and ending violence against women and girls (VAW/G) about the urgent need to address surging rates of violence in the context of COVID-19. The brief provides a second assessment, following a baseline assessment
- [The Condition of the Girl Child worldwide](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-condition-of-the-girl-child-worldwide/) - This year’s “indifesa” Dossier cannot help but address the global consequences of the pandemic. With almost all countries imposing lockdowns of varying intensities, schools and health centres have closed, workshops, seminars or awareness sessions have been impossible to organise, and millions of girls and young women confined to isolation. Nowadays, there is already a worrying
- [Responding to COVID-19 in Africa: Using data to find a balance (Part II)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responding-to-covid-19-in-africa-using-data-to-find-a-balance-part-ii/) - Six months into the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have had to make tough decisions about how best to protect the public’s health first and foremost, while also safeguarding livelihoods and reducing the social harm that can come with bringing many society activities to a near halt. Generally, African Union (AU) Member States have confirmed fewer cases
- [‘We are subjects, not objects in health’: Communities taking action on COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/we-are-subjects-not-objects-in-health-communities-taking-action-on-covid-19/) - This document provides evidence of practical and affirmative options of people-centered, participatory forms of community organizing and engagement in diverse areas of prevention, care and wider social protection in responding to COVID-19. The 42 case studies from different regions intend to inspire, inform and support. Download
- [Food Systems and Building Back Better](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/food-systems-and-building-back-better/) - Measures that have been put in place across the world to slow down the spread of coronavirus (Covid-19) have had profound effects on food and nutrition security for those furthest behind. In the short run, many have experienced increased commodity prices, decreased access to food through schools and markets, disrupted agri-food supply chains, and loss
- [Social Protection and Building Back Better](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-protection-and-building-back-better/) - The Covid-19 pandemic has meant sweeping changes for economies and societies, with the most devastating consequences for individuals and groups with pre-existing vulnerabilities. These impacts are likely to be compounded in contexts with greater fragility. As attention shifts from addressing urgent humanitarian needs and crafting quick response systems to long-term solutions, it is time to
- [Resilience in action: Lessons learned from the joint programme during the COVID-19 crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/resilience-in-action-lessons-learned-from-the-joint-programme-during-the-covid-19-crisis/) - Progress has been made in the elimination of female genital mutilation, as girls aged 15 to 19 years are one third less likely to undergo the practice compared to 30 years ago. There is also growing opposition to the practice. In countries affected by female genital mutilation, 7 in 10 girls and women think the
- [COVID-19 and Violence against Women and Children: A Second Research Round Up](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-violence-against-women-and-children-a-second-research-round-up/) - COVID-19 has raised the profile of violence against women and children (VAW/C) within the global discourse. Nine months after the emergence of COVID-19, global stakeholders continue to advocate for increased funding and action to mitigate against the risk of violence on vulnerable populations and support survivors. How much have we learned from research since the
- [The Global Girlhood Report 2020: How COVID-19 is putting progress in peril](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-global-girlhood-report-2020-how-covid-19-is-putting-progress-in-peril/) - 2020 was supposed to be a once-in-a-generation opportunity for women and girls. The year when governments, businesses, organisations and individuals who believe in equal treatment for all people were going to develop a five-year plan for how to work together to accelerate progress for gender equality, in celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Beijing
- [Building Forward: Creating a More Equitable, Gender-Just, Inclusive, and Sustainable World](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/building-forward-creating-a-more-equitable-gender-just-inclusive-and-sustainable-world/) - The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have undoubtedly been, and continue to be, terrible for individuals, communities, and countries. Yet the crisis provides the world with a unique opportunity, an opportunity to build forward rather than back. The purpose of this report is to highlight how best this can be done, via a holistic approach
- [Gender responsive budgeting and the COVID-19 pandemic response: a feminist standpoint](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-responsive-budgeting-and-the-covid-19-pandemic-response-a-feminist-standpoint/) - Acknowledging the need for more gender work in Public Administration, this paper engages feminist standpoint theory to analytically frame the outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic from a feminist perspective. By assessing the differential impact of the pandemic on women and men in the United States across several sectors of the political economy and society, it
- [Ebola, COVID‐19 and Africa: What we expected and what we got](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ebola-covid‐19-and-africa-what-we-expected-and-what-we-got/) - Democratic Republic of the Congo’s fight with Ebola was just settling when WHO declared COVID‐19 to be a global pandemic on March 12, 2020. This has caused concomitant setbacks in the treatment and control of major health issues like HIV, tuberculosis, measles, and malaria in the country. This, coupled with civil unrest and risk to
- [Sudan and COVID-19: the timing of the pandemic was especially cruel](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/sudan-and-covid-19-the-timing-of-the-pandemic-was-especially-cruel/) - Following the remarkable changes brought on by the peaceful revolution in Sudan in 2019, 2020 was set to be a year during which the country could make great strides in delivering on the aspirations of the Sudanese people for change after 30 years of autocratic rule. The sudden arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic thus fell
- [How to design and finance a green recovery beyond Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-design-and-finance-a-green-recovery-beyond-covid-19/) - A year ago, young people across the globe took to the streets to appeal for urgent action to address the climate emergency. This was meant to be the year of ambitious commitments to climate change, but the Covid-19 pandemic has slowed the momentum. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) negotiations have been
- [The role of technology and anti-corruption measures in fighting COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-role-of-technology-and-anti-corruption-measures-in-fighting-covid-19/) - In recent years, technology has become one of the greatest allies for preventing and tackling corruption. Digitalization and digital transformations have advanced and transformed the public sector tremendously, with the enormous potential and wide-ranging benefits of improving the efficiency and effectiveness in public administration and service delivery, as well as enhancing transparency, accountability, accessibility and
- [Trends in defence and security corruption arising from COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/trends-in-defence-and-security-corruption-arising-from-covid-19/) - While the connection between weak defence sector governance, corruption and crisis, conflict, and insecurity is well recognized, the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the risks that come with a new or unexpected crisis. The COVID-19 crisis has significantly affected the role and expectations of defence and security forces, and shifted the trajectory
- [Driving Migrant Inclusion through Social Innovation: Lessons for Cities in a Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/driving-migrant-inclusion-through-social-innovation-lessons-for-cities-in-a-pandemic/) - The rapid arrival of millions of asylum seekers and migrants in Europe in 2015–16 forced cities both large and small to rethink their approach to immigrant inclusion. Many localities, recognizing the newcomers’ diverse backgrounds and at times complex needs, began to experiment with innovative models of service provision, including by working with nongovernmental actors and
- [COVID-19 and the Sahel](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-sahel/) - When the first COVID-19 cases reached the African continent, early estimates painted a dim picture of the impact of the pandemic on the region. Editorialists, public figures and think tanks predicted a widespread outbreak in the face of governments and health systems lacking the capacities to counter it. On 9 March 2020, the first two
- [Facing the challenges of the Sahel in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/facing-the-challenges-of-the-sahel-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - The general situation in the Sahel-Saharan region continues to be of concern to the African Union (AU) and the international community. The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is adding an additional element to the multidimensional crisis that the Sahel has already been experiencing for a decade. This is resulting in a negative impact, to say
- [Building resilience in Africa’s food supply chain after Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/building-resilience-in-africas-food-supply-chain-after-covid-19/) - The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented disruption to the global economy and world trade. Many countries have locked down their borders, or severely restricted freedoms in a bid to contain community transmission of the virus. Globally, 3 billion people depend on international trade for their food security; a huge number of them are in
- [Why the COVID-19 response needs International Relations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/why-the-covid-19-response-needs-international-relations/) - The COVID-19 pandemic affects all countries, but how governments respond is dictated by politics. Amid this, the World Health Organization (WHO) has tried to coordinate advice to states and offer ongoing management of the outbreak. Given the political drivers of COVID-19, the authors of this article argue this is an important moment to advance International
- [The Hidden Impact of Covid-19 on Children: A Global Research Series](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-hidden-impact-of-covid-19-on-children-a-global-research-series/) - “The Hidden Impact of COVID-19 on children - A global research series” by Save the Children is the largest and most comprehensive study on the impact of COVID-19 on children. It consists of the following articles: The Hidden Impact of COVID-19 on Child Poverty The Hidden Impact of COVID-19 on Child Protection and Wellbeing The
- [The Human Capital Index 2020 Update : Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-human-capital-index-2020-update-human-capital-in-the-time-of-covid-19/) - The Human Capital Index (HCI) is an international metric that benchmarks key components of human capital across countries. Measuring the human capital that a child born today can expect to attain by her 18th birthday, the HCI highlights how current health and education outcomes shape the productivity of the next generation of workers. In this
- [COVID-19 and the Global Compact for Migration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-global-compact-for-migration/) - What does a less than two-year old global agreement offer against three sudden globe-shaking crises? This report is a check-in on the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: two-thirds of the way into the year, are the trio of linked crises this year—the COVID pandemic plus the economic and protection crises it has
- [Impact of COVID-19 on multidimensional child poverty](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impact-of-covid-19-on-multidimensional-child-poverty/) - Child poverty is more than the lack of monetary means. Although measures such as household income are important, they provide only a partial view of the plight of children living in poverty. Therefore to understand the full extent of child poverty as well as the impact of COVID-19 on it, we must look at children’s
- [Covid-19: Key Considerations for a Public Health Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-key-considerations-for-a-public-health-response/) - The Covid-19 pandemic is more than a health crisis. Its long-term economic and societal effects may well outweigh its initial public health impact. It is therefore essential that responses are socially sensitive and attuned to mitigating these secondary effects. This briefing draws upon lessons learned by development actors during previous epidemics. It considers the similarities
- [Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Impending Public Health Crisis in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/intimate-partner-violence-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-an-impending-public-health-crisis-in-africa/) - With COVID-19 officially declared a global pandemic and changing the social, economic, and political dynam-ics worldwide, countries are taking different measures to tackle its spread to save lives, which now comes as the number one priority. Different countries are in lockdown with travel restricted and quarantine, self-isolation, and social distancing measures in place. Other than
- [Health and human rights are inextricably linked in the COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/health-and-human-rights-are-inextricably-linked-in-the-covid-19-response/) - To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, governments throughout the world have introduced emergency measures that constrain individual freedoms, social and economic rights and global solidarity. These regulatory measures have closed schools, workplaces and transit systems, cancelled public gatherings, introduced mandatory home confinement and deployed large-scale electronic surveillance. In doing so, human rights obligations are rarely
- [Shifting forms of mobility related to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/shifting-forms-of-mobility-related-to-covid-19/) - COVID-19 highlights the fact that infectious disease outbreaks and human mobility are intrinsically linked, yet the links are complex. On the one hand, the movement of people can contribute to the spread of these diseases, creating pandemics in the worst cases. On the other hand, such outbreaks also have wide-ranging consequences for human mobility. They
- [COVID-19 and financial access: Supporting low-income businesses and households in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-financial-access-supporting-low-income-businesses-and-households-in-africa/) - Financial access in Africa has been on the rise in the last decade. It has a critical role to play in increasing the resilience of households and supporting their livelihoods. Maintaining this role is vital to tackle welfare and income losses stemming from the Covid-19-sparked economic crisis. The financial impact of the pandemic is threatening
- [Looking back to look ahead: A rights-based approach to social protection in the post-COVID-19 economic recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/looking-back-to-look-ahead-a-rights-based-approach-to-social-protection-in-the-post-covid-19-economic-recovery/) - In this report, submitted in response to resolution 44/13 of the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur argues that the world was ill-equipped to deal with the socioeconomic impacts of this pandemic because it never recovered from the austerity measures imposed in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008-2011. The legacy of austerity
- [Least Protected, Most Affected: Migrants and refugees facing extraordinary risks during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/least-protected-most-affected-migrants-and-refugees-facing-extraordinary-risks-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - From the outset of the pandemic, and on a global basis since January 2020, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have been on the ground working to prevent, address and respond to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to reduce the economic, social and psychological impacts of the virus, with support from the International
- [Global Humanitarian Response Plan COVID-19 Progress Report: Second edition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-humanitarian-response-plan-covid-19-progress-report-second-edition/) - The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives and livelihoods of the most vulnerable people are enormous, both in terms of the number of people infected and the profound economic crisis that has been unleashed. Individuals and population groups who were already suffering from violence, stigma, discrimination and unequal access to basic services and
- [Peacebuilding during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peacebuilding-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - The United Nations (UN) is marking its 75th anniversary at a time of great global disruption, as a result of an unprecedented global health crisis with severe economic, social and political impacts. Will we emerge stronger, more inclusive and better equipped to withstand shocks? Or will distrust and isolation grow further?
- [The need for good governance and peacebuilding in the time of COVID-19: Lessons from Northeast Nigeria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-need-for-good-governance-and-peacebuilding-in-the-time-of-covid-19-lessons-from-northeast-nigeria/) - As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread to fragile and conflict-affected contexts, some donors have focused on public health and humanitarian assistance while cutting back on peacebuilding and governance programs, which are not viewed as producing immediate, tangible impacts on the spread of COVID-19. However, when strained state-society relations are part of pre-existing conflict dynamics, responses
- [Advancing peace in a changed world: COVID-19 effects on conflict and how to respond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/advancing-peace-in-a-changed-world-covid-19-effects-on-conflict-and-how-to-respond/) - Dire predictions regarding the impact of COVID-19 on armed conflict and violence have proliferated since the pandemic began. One notable forecast projects that thirteen countries are likely to experience new conflicts in the next two years due to the exacerbating effects of the pandemic. COVID-19 is now widely understood as a potential threat multiplier that
- [Transparency, Accountability and Anti-Corruption Service Offer for COVID-19 Response and Recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/transparency-accountability-and-anti-corruption-service-offer-for-covid-19-response-and-recovery/) - COVID-19 is not just a health, humanitarian or socio-economic crisis; it is a governance crisis, testing the resilience of governance systems and institutions during the pandemic. The lack of sufficient accountability and oversight mechanisms in crisis response and recovery significantly increases the risks of corruption and fraud. The most vulnerable and marginalised populations disproportionately suffer
- [The impact of COVID-19 on human and peoples’ rights in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-human-and-peoples-rights-in-africa/) - With no vaccine yet to treat it, COVID-19 continues to pose a serious threat to the rights to health and life of people. Indeed, the governance and socio-economic fallout from COVID19 poses even more serious threat to large number of human and peoples’ rights. How we respond to COVID-19 and its impacts on the basis
- [Africa trade and COVID-19: The supply chain dimension](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africa-trade-and-covid-19-the-supply-chain-dimension/) - Key Messages domestic product (GDP) for the continent is projected to contract. Comparative value chain analyses show some similarities: adaptation includes shifting manufacturing towards the production of personal protective equipment (PPE). The shutdown of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in India and China, increased prices of raw materials and export restrictions imposed by other countries have exposed
- [Monitoring and learning during Covid-19: beyond remote data collection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/monitoring-and-learning-during-covid-19-beyond-remote-data-collection/) - In the first weeks and months after Covid-19 hit, the author of this article, Tiina Pasanen, attended and spoke at several online workshops and webinars about on how to do monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) and research during the crisis. These sessions were all very helpful, with experienced experts discussing valid issues like doing data
- [Protect a Generation: The impact of COVID-19 on children’s lives](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protect-a-generation-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-childrens-lives/) - An estimated 99% of children worldwide – or more than 2.3 billion children – live in one of the 186 countries that have implemented some form of restrictions due to COVID-191. Although children are not at a high risk of direct harm from the virus, they are disproportionately affected by its hidden impacts. Download
- [Missing Datasets](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/missing-datasets/) - This article argues that African societies are failing to systematically capture the true impact of COVID-19. Read more
- [COVID-19 and Child Marriage in West and Central Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-child-marriage-in-west-and-central-africa/) - The COVID-19 pandemic may cause 13 million additional child marriages by 2030, and West and Central Africa will be severely affected unless multi-sectoral, comprehensive efforts to end child marriage are accelerated in the region. This joint brief from Girls Not Brides and Plan International outlines the impacts of the pandemic on child marriage. It provides recommendations
- [How COVID-19 is changing the world: A statistical perspective, Volume II](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-covid-19-is-changing-the-world-a-statistical-perspective-volume-ii/) - The pandemic presents tough choices for governments, local communities, health and school systems, as well as families and businesses: How to re-open safely? How to safeguard people’s lives and protect their livelihoods? Where to allocate scarce resources? How to protect those unable to protect themselves? Answers to questions like these will affect our short-term success
- [Research ethics practices during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/research-ethics-practices-during-covid-19/) - Pandemics and emergencies are marked by multiple and mutually reinforcing challenges that render populations more vulnerable, including impacts on personal health and wellbeing, livelihoods, the physical environment, and the economy. Organizations supporting research under these circumstances have a responsibility to respond to the substantial ethical challenges that arise in such contexts by adjusting research processes
- [Implications of COVID-19 for the 2020 review of UN peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/implications-of-covid-19-for-the-2020-review-of-un-peacebuilding/) - This analysis brings the impact of COVID-19 on existing peacebuilding initiatives into focus. Drawing on the previous UN peacebuilding review in 2015, this analysis reflects on what remains unchanged in the five year since, the increasing impact of climate change on people’s lives and the subsequent need for bolstering local peace capacities, the insufficient involvement
- [Learning in a COVID-19 world: The unique risks of falling behind for children in humanitarian settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/learning-in-a-covid-19-world-the-unique-risks-of-falling-behind-for-children-in-humanitarian-settings/) - Whilst over one billion children worldwide have been affected by school closures as a result of the global pandemic, this analysis presents the unique ways in which children in fragile and conflict-affected settings have been further affected by the virus. By highlighting the existing challenges faced by school-age children in humanitarian settings, this analysis focuses
- [COVID-19 and Climate Change](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-climate-change/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has been a siren call for stronger action in the face of global threats. What has been described as the collision of this pandemic with a series of recent extreme weather events has amplified this call, providing a frightening glimpse into the scope of the grim challenges lying in store as the
- [COVID-19: Youth and education: Impacts and options](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-youth-and-education-impacts-and-options/) - Even before COVID-19, the world was facing an educational crisis highlighted by the difficulties in achieving SDG4. According to the World Bank, around 53% of young people in low-and middle-income countries live in "learning poverty". The closure of schools, a measure taken everywhere in many countries to facilitate 'physical distancing' and reduce the risk of
- [COVID-19: Are children able to continue learning during school closures?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-are-children-able-to-continue-learning-during-school-closures/) - In response to the unprecedented educational challenges created by school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 90 per cent of countries have implemented some form of remote learning policy. This factsheet estimates the potential reach of digital and broadcast remote learning responses, finding that at least 463 million students around the globe remain cut
- [COVID-19 Aftershocks: Deadly Waves](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-aftershocks-deadly-waves/) - As several countries move through the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and begin to ease lockdowns and reopen their economies and schools, they potentially face repeated waves if effective steps are not taken to tackle the disease everywhere. As a child-focused agency, World Vision is particularly concerned at the growing direct1 and indirect risks
- [‘I have nothing to feed my family…’ COVID-19 risk pathways for adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/i-have-nothing-to-feed-my-family-covid-19-risk-pathways-for-adolescent-girls-in-low-and-middle-income-countries/) - This is the first in a series of briefs. It focuses on the short-term effects of covid-19 and associated lockdowns on adolescent girls and boys in LMICs. The next brief will focus on the effects of the pandemic six months after lockdowns. The authors draw on AGIP’s covid-19 risks and opportunities for adolescent girls framework,
- [Responding to the Shadow Pandemic: Taking stock of gender-based violence risks and responses during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responding-to-the-shadow-pandemic-taking-stock-of-gender-based-violence-risks-and-responses-during-covid-19/) - Gender-based violence is a problem of human rights, public health and development. It is also a problem that has had devastating effects for women and girls during the COVID-19 pandemic. This real-time emergent learning brief has been prepared for UNICEF country offices and practitioners as they respond to gender-based violence during the pandemic. Drawing on
- [Building back equal: Girls’ back to school guide](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/building-back-equal-girls-back-to-school-guide/) - This guide provides targeted inputs to ensure continuity of learning during school closures, and comprehensive, timely and evidence-based plans for reopening schools in a way that is safe, gender-responsive and child-friendly, and meets the needs of the most marginalised girls. Download
- [COVID-19 and HIV: 1 moment, 2 epidemics, 3 opportunities. How to seize the moment to learn, leverage and build a new way forward for everyone’s health and rights](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-hiv-1-moment-2-epidemics-3-opportunities-how-to-seize-the-moment-to-learn-leverage-and-build-a-new-way-forward-for-everyones-health-and-rights/) - This report is on three key issues: How key lessons learned from the HIV response should inform COVID-19 responses. How the HIV infrastructure is already driving COVID-19 responses and has the potential to catalyse accelerated progress through shared services and expansion. How the COVID-19 response, informed by the history of responding to HIV, offers a
- [Gambling with COVID-19 Makes More Sense: Ethicaland Practical Challenges in COVID-19 Responsesin Communalistic Resource-Limited Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gambling-with-covid-19-makes-more-sense-ethicaland-practical-challenges-in-covid-19-responsesin-communalistic-resource-limited-africa/) - Informed by evidence from past studies andexperiences with epidemics, an intervention combiningquarantine, lockdowns, curfews, social distancing, andwashing of hands has been adopted as“internationalbest practice”in COVID-19 response. With massivetotal lockdowns complemented by electronic surveil-lance, China successfully controlled the pandemic incountry within a few months. But would this work forAfrica and other communalistic resource-poor settingswhere social togetherness
- [Rights in a pandemic: Lockdowns, rights and lessons from HIV in the early response to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/rights-in-a-pandemic-lockdowns-rights-and-lessons-from-hiv-in-the-early-response-to-covid-19/) - One of the main lessons learned from the HIV response is that human rights-based approaches and community empowerment must be at the centre of any pandemic response. Discrimination, overreliance on criminal law, curtailing civil society operating space, and failing to take proactive measures to respect, protect and fulfil human rights can hamper mobilization of communities
- [COVID-19 has many lessons for African Civil Society Organizations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-has-many-lessons-for-african-civil-society-organizations/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has been without a doubt the most pressing issue throughout much of 2020. Across the world, as infection rates and deaths rose, the effects of the pandemic were felt across all sectors of society. Medical services have been overwhelmed, businesses have been shattered and governments have struggled to deal with the crisis.
- [The Future of Mediation in the Post-COVID World](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-future-of-mediation-in-the-post-covid-world/) - What – from the perspective of global peace and security – are some of the most critical existing trends that are being intensified? What impact might this have on the dynamics and mechanics of peace processes? And, to help us seek clarity on how to act in light of these intensifying trends, what are the
- [‘Building Back Better’: Youth, Risk, and Resilience in the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/building-back-better-youth-risk-and-resilience-in-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic/) - The COVID-19 pandemic – as well as the governmental and societal responses to it – feed into, feed off, and trigger pre-existing local, national, and global patterns of inequality and exclusion. Unsurprisingly, these responses have also had generational and gendered manifestations. The profile of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact, provides a powerful mirror image of the
- [From insight to action: Gender equality in the wake of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/from-insight-to-action-gender-equality-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/) - The impacts of crises are never gender neutral, and COVID-19 is no exception. While men reportedly have a higher fatality rate, women and girls are especially hurt by the resulting economic and social fallout. Impacts on women and girls have worsened across the board. Women are losing their livelihoods faster because they are more exposed
- [Coming together for refugee education](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coming-together-for-refugee-education/) - Anyone looking for inspirational examples of dedication, perseverance, resilience and strength of character should look no further than the students and teachers featured in this year’s report on refugees and education. From Ecuador to Jordan, from Iran to Ethiopia, these young refugees and the adults who support them realize how much living a life in
- [Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Community Work – Conflict Sensitivity Considerations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impact-of-covid-19-on-rural-community-work-conflict-sensitivity-considerations/) - Within this blog, Chol Changath, South Sudanese Research Specialist in Livelihoods and Food Security, reflects on the potential impact of COVID-19 on rural community work within South Sudan. Whilst social distancing measures may principally limit food production as farmers and groups within the community cannot gather in close proximity to undertake work, the blog also
- [Democracy after Coronavirus: Five challenges for the 2020s](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/democracy-after-coronavirus-five-challenges-for-the-2020s/) - 2020 will forever be the year of coronavirus, a cataclysmic event in slow motion that has disrupted people’s lives and disseminated a sense of uncertainty and vulnerability comparable only to times of war. Pressed by the fast pace of infections while fearing massively disruptive economic impact, political leaders around the world faced the challenge of
- [The Great and Sudden Change: The Global Political Violence Landscape Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-great-and-sudden-change-the-global-political-violence-landscape-before-and-after-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - In this special report, ACLED Research Analyst Melissa Pavlik reviews key findings from 16 weeks of data recorded by our COVID-19 Disorder Tracker, highlighting the most significant changes to global political violence and demonstrations trends since the onset of the pandemic. Read more
- [COVID-19 Aftershocks: Access denied: Teenage pregnancy threatens to block a million girls across sub-Saharan Africa from returning to school](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-aftershocks-access-denied-teenage-pregnancy-threatens-to-block-a-million-girls-across-sub-saharan-africa-from-returning-to-school/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked unprecedented havoc on children, families and communities around the globe, disrupting vital services and putting millions of lives at risk. Since March, attempts to avert the global health crisis have seen nationwide school closures in 194 countries, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners – over 90 per cent of the world’s
- [The Evolution of Human Trafficking During the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-evolution-of-human-trafficking-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated human lives, the global economy, and educational systems. Given the enormous financial hardship on families, the mass movement of people, and the closing of schools, the risks of human trafficking have increased. In this environment, multidisciplinary interventions coupled with innovation, technology, and entrepreneurial thinking must remain a priority. This post is part of the
- [Protecting Children from Violence in the Time of COVID-19: Disruptions in prevention and response services](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protecting-children-from-violence-in-the-time-of-covid-19-disruptions-in-prevention-and-response-services/) - During the current crisis, identifying children at risk is inherently more challenging, given that many adults who would typically recognize signs of abuse, such as teachers, childcare workers, coaches, extended family and community members, and child and family welfare workers, are no longer in regular contact with children. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports
- [On Wellbeing in the COVID-19 Era: Are Cash Transfers Enough?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/on-wellbeing-in-the-covid-19-era-are-cash-transfers-enough/) - ‘If the [cash transfer] programme stops, I have no reason to live anymore. I keep a bottle of poison on the top of my closet and I think of drinking it if things get worse’ – 80-year-old cash transfer beneficiary, Jenin, West Bank, 2016. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent development-related policy interventions,
- [Youth, livelihoods and COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/youth-livelihoods-and-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - RVI is working in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan with a team of young researchers to study the dynamics around youth, violence and livelihoods in South Sudan. The project aims to understand decision-making among young people, their livelihood options and sources of trust, association, and influence. The study focuses on rural and
- [Population-adjusted COVID-19 data: an analysis of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/population-adjusted-covid-19-data-an-analysis-of-africa/) - Population-adjusted analysis of COVID-19 active cases, while not capturing the speed at which the pandemic spreads, is a useful indicator of the relative strain put on countries from a public service delivery perspective. For instance, while the worst hit countries in terms of raw numbers of confirmed cases are South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana and
- [Comparative strategic approaches to COVID-19 in Africa: Balancing public interest with civil liberties](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/comparative-strategic-approaches-to-covid-19-in-africa-balancing-public-interest-with-civil-liberties/) - As COVID-19 spreads rapidly across Africa, causing havoc to economies and disruption to already fragile healthcare systems, it is becoming clear that despite standardised global health strategies, national and local government responses must be tailored to their individual settings. Some African countries have adopted stringent measures such as national lockdown, quarantine or isolation, in combination
- [How should policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic differ in the developing world?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-should-policy-responses-to-the-covid-19-pandemic-differ-in-the-developing-world/) - This paper quantitatively analyzes how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic should differ in developing countries. To do so we build an incomplete-markets macroeconomic model with heterogeneous agents and epidemiological dynamics that features several of the key distinctions between advanced and developing economies germane to the pandemic. We focus in particular on differences in: agestructure,
- [Reopening schools too early could spread COVID-19 even faster – especially in the developing world](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/reopening-schools-too-early-could-spread-covid-19-even-faster-especially-in-the-developing-world/) - Low-income countries face a very different set of circumstances to high-income countries when it comes to reopening schools after lockdown. In developing countries, adults and the elderly generally have more contact with children than those in advanced economies. A new study predicts that delaying school openings could save lives. Read more
- [The COVID-19 pandemic and children 5 months on](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-children-5-months-on/) - The UN Secretary-General has warned that, while not being “the face” of the pandemic, children could be its “biggest victims.” Indeed, what until last year was pictured as a promising “Decade of delivery” now risks turning into a “lost decade” for development. As things stand now, the pandemic could not only halt, but even reverse
- [Out of Time: COVID-19 Aftershocks](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/out-of-time-covid-19-aftershocks/) - Millions of parents and caregivers have lost incomes and jobs due to COVID-19, forcing them to expose their children to harmful and dangerous circumstances such as begging or child marriage. World Vision has conducted rapid assessments in 24 countries across Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia confirming alarming predictions of increased child hunger, violence, and
- [Faith Actors in the COVID-19 Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/faith-actors-in-the-covid-19-response/) - Faith plays a role in the lives and behaviours of 84% of the world’s population5 and faith leaders in particular can exercise considerable influence in many communities during the current crisis. Faith leaders can be a positive influence, sharing accurate information, modelling healthy behaviours and responding to the most vulnerable. However, without support and engagement,
- [Human rights, the environment and COVID-19: Key Messages](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/human-rights-the-environment-and-covid-19-key-messages/) - The COVID-19 crisis reveals a clear truth about catastrophic risk in an increasingly globalized world: an effective response requires immediate, ambitious and evidence-based preventive action at the international level. To avert future global threats, including pandemics, we must protect rights to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment upon which we all depend for our
- [The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Armed Conflict: Early Evidence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-effect-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-global-armed-conflict-early-evidence/) - As Covid-19 spreads around the world, international actors, including the United Nations, have called for a stop to armed conflict to facilitate efforts to fight the pandemic. At the same time, coronavirus may also trigger and intensify armed conflict due to its negative economic consequences and by offering windows of opportunity to opposition movements to
- [Skin in the Game: A Radical Rethink of Conflict Resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/skin-in-the-game-a-radical-rethink-of-conflict-resolution/) - Civil war is on the rise, as is the targeting of civilian populations and the use of authoritarian conflict management strategies. It is time for a radical rethink of conventional approaches to conflict resolution. Read more
- [Covid-19 Is a Feminist Issue](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-is-a-feminist-issue/) - Across the Asia-Pacific and around the globe, there is emerging evidence that Covid-19 is having a disproportionate impact on women and girls, particularly women of color, including on their economic opportunities, rights and security, and voice and leadership in decision-making. Tough measures to control the disease—such as closing businesses, restricting personal freedoms, and reducing community
- [COVID-19: The Sky Hasn’t Fallen Yet In Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-the-sky-hasnt-fallen-yet-in-africa/) - While the continent has a number of lessons for the rest of the world regarding handling COVID-19 and pandemics, its comparatively lower testing rate is raising concerns that the official figures from the region do not accurately capture the true extent of pandemic. At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft founder, Bill Gates predicted
- [Africa trade and Covid‑19: The supply chain dimension](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africa-trade-and-covid‑19-the-supply-chain-dimension/) - Key messages: Fall in trade volume – especially cross-border trade – investment and commodity prices have negatively impacted the forecast for Africa’s economic growth. For the first time in 25 years, gross domestic product (GDP) for the continent is projected to contract. Comparative value chain analyses show some similarities: adaptation includes shifting manufacturing towards the
- [Although it’s dangerous, we need to survive](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/although-its-dangerous-we-need-to-survive/) - Burundian refugees in Nakivale Refugee Settlement in Uganda are enacting grassroots responses to COVID-19. Read more
- [Times of unprecedented crisis present unique opportunities for unprecedented action](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/times-of-unprecedented-crisis-present-unique-opportunities-for-unprecedented-action/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed massive inequalities within our societies and has brought to light the unique burdens that women globally carry. As we respond to the impacts of COVID-19, both in the immediate and long term, we have an unprecedented opportunity to completely redesign our ways of living through innovative and large-scale action that
- [Immediate and longer-term impacts of Covid-19 on geopolitics in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/immediate-and-longer-term-impacts-of-covid-19-on-geopolitics-in-east-africa/) - This K4D helpdesk report addresses the question of "What is the evidence telling us about the immediate and medium/longer-term impacts of C19 on geopolitics within the region and for relationships between states in East Africa?" This rapid literature review finds that the medium-to long-term effects of Covid-19 on geopolitics in East Africa are unknown. In
- [Working Paper: What is a Shock-Responsive Health System?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/working-paper-what-is-a-shock-responsive-health-system/) - The world is seeing an increased incidence of shocks –whether from natural hazards, epidemics like COVID-19, or conflict. Shocks are often responded to through humanitarian systems that run parallel to national public service delivery systems. This approach misses opportunities to strengthen national systems to manage future shocks, and is increasingly viewed as being unsustainable. Under
- [The Emerging Lessons on Urban Vulnerability and Safety from Covid-19 in Low-and Middle-Income Countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-emerging-lessons-on-urban-vulnerability-and-safety-from-covid-19-in-low-and-middle-income-countries/) - This discussion paper sets forth the lessons on urban vulnerability and safety, relevant to the security sector, emerging from coronavirus (Covid-19) and its related socioeconomic impacts on urban societies in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). The paper is structured as four sections: section one describes in brief the direct and indirect impacts of Covid-19. Section two
- [COVID-19 as a global challenge: towards an inclusive and sustainable future](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-as-a-global-challenge-towards-an-inclusive-and-sustainable-future/) - COVID-19 is a global challenge that demands researchers, policy makers, and governments address multiple dimensions which go far beyond the implications of this pandemic for health and wellbeing. Just as the UN Sustainable Development Goals call for focus on the connections between development policy sectors, the pandemic has exposed the complex global interdependencies that underpin
- [Recovering the lost heritage of emergency relief](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/recovering-the-lost-heritage-of-emergency-relief/) - Local traditions of crisis management—especially those resistant to predatory capitalism—have largely been forcibly shed along the path to “development.” The age of COVID-19 is the time to recover them. Read more
- [Migrant workers and remittances in the context of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/migrant-workers-and-remittances-in-the-context-of-covid-19-in-sub-saharan-africa/) - Main Messages African migrants stimulate economic growth and development in areas of destination,transit and origin through their labour, skills transfer, consumption and investments. Their remittances also make significant contributions to food security, human capital, rural development and overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in areas of origin. The impact of COVID-19 affects migrant workers disproportionally. Often
- [COVID-19 in Eastern Africa: impact analysis on conflict and security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-eastern-africa-impact-analysis-on-conflict-and-security/) - This K4D Helpdesk report addresses the question of "What is the evidence telling us about the immediate and medium/longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on conflict and security (e.g. peace, mediation, conflict prevention, peacekeeping) across the region?" Download
- [COVID-19 and Conflict: Advancing women’s meaningful participation in ceasefires and peace processes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-conflict-advancing-womens-meaningful-participation-in-ceasefires-and-peace-processes/) - This brief addresses the importance of women’s full, equal and meaningful participation to an effective pandemic response and to peacemaking efforts, and how the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda can provide a critical framework for inclusive decision-making and sustainable solutions. While efforts to flatten the pandemic’s curve unfold around the globe, violent conflict remains
- [Fighting the pandemic in the global South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/fighting-the-pandemic-in-the-global-south/) - The author of this blog post argues that if we are to see the other side of the pandemic, we must emerge with a new imagination of how we are to strengthen and build strong working-class movements that will challenge imperialism and neocolonialism. Read more
- [Justice, the rule of law and Covid-19: three expert views](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/justice-the-rule-of-law-and-covid-19-three-expert-views/) - As countries grapple with the coronavirus crisis, its implications for justice and the rule of law are becoming clearer. The pandemic is creating a host of new legal challenges, just as more courts and legal aid services across the world are closing, reducing or adjusting their operations. Inevitably, the most vulnerable groups in society are
- [Building back with Justice: Dismantling inequalities after COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/building-back-with-justice-dismantling-inequalities-after-covid-19/) - In this report, Christian Aid is calling for a global response package to deal with the immediate impacts of the crisis to build social and economic resilience to future crises, tackles poverty and inequality, and set the world on a trajectory to meet the Paris climate commitments. Download
- [Education during COVID-19 and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/education-during-covid-19-and-beyond/) - The COVID-19 crisis and the unparalleled education disruption is far from over. As many as 100 countries have yet to announce a date for schools to reopen and across the world, governments, unions, parents and children are grappling with when and how to approach the next phase. Countries have started planning to reopen schools nationwide,
- [COVID-19 and Global Food Security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-global-food-security/) - This e-book compiles a selection of entries from the IFPRI blog series on COVID-19. The pieces pro-vide key insights and analysis on how the global pandemic is affecting global poverty and food security and nutrition, food trade and supply chains, gender, employment, and a variety of policy interventions, as well as reflections on how we
- [Key considerations: COVID-19 RCCE Strategies for Cross-Border Movement in Eastern and Southern Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-considerations-covid-19-rcce-strategies-for-cross-border-movement-in-eastern-and-southern-africa/) - This brief focuses on cross-border movement in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) and its implications for development of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies aimed at preventing transmission of COVID-19 in the ESA region. Given the extensive risk of cross-border transmission of the virus and the imminent reopening of borders, such strategies are essential
- [Profiles of the new poor due to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/profiles-of-the-new-poor-due-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - Mahler et al. (2020) projected that COVID-19 is pushing between 71 and 100 million into extreme poverty based on the baseline and downside scenarios published in the latest Global Economic Prospects (GEP). The global poverty rate was projected to go down to 8.2 percent in 2019, but due to COVID19, is now projected to increase
- [Protecting Forcibly Displaced Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protecting-forcibly-displaced-children-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - Children face three dangers during the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) infection with the virus; 2) the immediate impacts of measures to stop transmission of the virus (school closures for example); and 3) the long-term impact of the resulting economic crisison social and economic development with regard to the Sustainable Development Goals. Their impact on children will
- [The State of the World’s Cash 2020: Cash and Voucher Assistance in Humanitarian Aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-state-of-the-worlds-cash-2020-cash-and-voucher-assistance-in-humanitarian-aid/) - Since the first State of the World’s Cash Report was published in early 2018, we have seen big developments in cash and voucher assistance (CVA). US $5.6 billion in CVA was programmed in 2019, constituting 17.9 percent of total international humanitarian assistance (IHA) – double the US $2.8 billion programmed in 2016 (10.6 percent of
- [African Girls in the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/224836/) - As countries across Africa experience the impact of COVID-19 across health systems, economies and communities, progress made in the last decade in achieving the rights of adolescent girls’ risks being lost. African governments must act in urgency to address this “invisible crisis" and protect the important gains made to protect, and empower girls over the
- [A better normal: Girls call for a revolutionary reset](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-better-normal-girls-call-for-a-revolutionary-reset/) - The pre-COVID-19 world undeniably failed girls and young women, in all our diversities. It failed to protect us, it failed to listen to us, and it failed to empower us. These failures have been exacerbated by the pandemic. Girls have been removed from schools, with many unlikely to return. We know too that they are
- [Guidance: Assessing and Monitoring Learning During the COVID-19 Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/guidance-assessing-and-monitoring-learning-during-the-covid-19-crisis/) - This guidance note aims to help UNICEF Education staff, Ministry officials and partners reflect on how to take account of learning through meaningful formative and summative assessment practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights general considerations and key actions that teachers, schools and Ministries of Education can undertake in the area of assessment to ensure
- [Prevention, Early Detection and Treatment of Wasting in Children 0-59 Through National Health Systems in the Context of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/prevention-early-detection-and-treatment-of-wasting-in-children-0-59-through-national-health-systems-in-the-context-of-covid-19/) - This document serves as a tool for implementing the recommendations reflected in existing WHO and UNICEF guidance on the delivery of services through national health systems for the prevention, early detection and treatment of child wasting in the context of COVID-19. This note reflects broad guidance for all levels of the health system, including community
- [Learning from Exemplars in Global Health: a road map for mitigating indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/learning-from-exemplars-in-global-health-a-road-map-for-mitigating-indirect-effects-of-covid-19-on-maternal-and-child-health/) - The combination of four forces—constrained supply, reduced resources, suppressed demand and worsening socioeco-nomic inequality—creates a likelihood that the indirect effects on health and nutrition will be more harmful than the direct health consequences of the disease. Projections already suggest that COVID-19 could lead to up to a 45% increase in child deaths and a 39%
- [Checklist for a Human Rights-Based Approach to Socio-Economic Country Responses to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/checklist-for-a-human-rights-based-approach-to-socio-economic-country-responses-to-covid-19/) - To help countries tackle the devastating social and economic dimensions of the pandemic, with a focus on at-risk groups, the UN issued the UN framework for the immediate socio- economic response to COVID-19 (SERF) in April 2020. The SERF sets out the strategy and blueprint for the UN’s urgent socio-economic response to countries and societies
- [Make or Break: The implications of COVID-19 for crisis financing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/make-or-break-the-implications-of-covid-19-for-crisis-financing/) - Covid-19 is the first global pandemic in a hundred years. It has tested the international crisis response and financing system in novel ways, aggravating well-known challenges and casting light on other unanticipated shortcomings. It has exposed fundamental weaknesses in global preparedness, including substantial under-investment, a tendency to adopt narrow thematic approaches and a widespread failure
- [How to Integrate Gender into Socio-Economic Assessments](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-integrate-gender-into-socio-economic-assessments/) - The COVID‑19 crisis is affecting everyone, but women and girls are being differently impacted and could face disproportionate economic, health and social risks. These gender-differentiated socio-economic risks must be recognized for an effective COVID-19 response and recovery. This in-depth checklist can be used to guide UNDP Country Offices, UN sister agencies, countries and other partners
- [The impact of COVID-19 on women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Flora Francis Bringi reflects on the social impact of COVID-19 on South Sudanese women and girls. Drawing on her work in the field of Gender with a number of South Sudanese NGOs including her current appointment as Managing Director for Ana Fii Consultancy, Flora highlights some social problems that South Sudanese women
- [Africa’s digital solutions to tackle COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africas-digital-solutions-to-tackle-covid-19/) - African countries are using technology in many new ways to fight the coronavirus pandemic. This report highlights some of the best digital solutions and estimates the investments required to implement the technology on a wider scale. The European Investment Bank prepared this report with the support of the United Nations Development Programme and the consulting
- [Global Democracy and COVID-19: Upgrading International Support](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-democracy-and-covid-19-upgrading-international-support/) - This report assesses the impact that Covid-19 is having on democracy around the world. It examines how international democracy support organisations and donors are responding to the challenges related to the pandemic and calls for a stronger and reformulated international democracy support both now and into the longer-term future. Rather than getting immersed in inconclusive
- [Covid-19: a watershed moment for collective approaches to community engagement?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-a-watershed-moment-for-collective-approaches-to-community-engagement/) - Effective communication and community engagement (CCE) is a critical component of the response to Covid-19 in humanitarian settings. CCE can support affected people to make informed decisions, manage risk and highlight their evolving needs and priorities. Awareness of CCE’s centrality to the Covid-19 pandemic is already leading to a surge in funding and interest. However,
- [Pivoting to remote research on violence against women during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/pivoting-to-remote-research-on-violence-against-women-during-covid-19/) - This SVRI Knowledge Exchange discusses when—and how—to safely proceed with remote data collection about VAW during COVID-19 (or similar public health emergencies). The discussion builds on recent publications developed by VAW experts, and is intended to be immediately applicable for organisations considering qualitative and/or quantitative research involving adult women during the pandemic. Download
- [COVID-19 and the Other One Percent: An Agenda for the Forcibly Displaced Six Months into the Emergency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-other-one-percent-an-agenda-for-the-forcibly-displaced-six-months-into-the-emergency/) - In March, Refugees International laid out the main factors that make forcibly displaced people so vulnerable to the virus, along with recommendations for key measures to guide the response. Those recommendations have stood the test of time. Nonetheless, over the last three months, the virus has spread in both expected and unanticipated ways. Measures to
- [Will the Coronavirus Fuel Conflict?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/will-the-coronavirus-fuel-conflict/) - The coronavirus pandemic has led to over 500,000 deaths and strained health care systems worldwide. But it has also had damaging knock-on effects for the global economy and governance. One increasing risk is that these effects will lead to more episodes of large-scale internal violence, including civil war. Read more
- ['All eyes are on local actors’: Covid-19 and local humanitarian action](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/all-eyes-are-on-local-actors-covid-19-and-local-humanitarian-action/) - Key messages Covid-19 is shining a light on the failure of the humanitarian system to reform. This is especially true in regard to the localisation agenda, which has seen only incremental changes towards more local humanitarian action, leadership and complementarity. The pandemic could usher in more local forms of humanitarian action, and greater complementarity between
- [In South Sudan, Civic Activists Take On COVID](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/in-south-sudan-civic-activists-take-on-covid/) - For South Sudan, COVID-19 is simply the newest plague. The world’s youngest country already faces civil war, repression, displacement, economic collapse, climate change, hunger—even swarming locusts. South Sudan’s people enter the fight against COVID under nearly the worst conditions of human development, and with 39 percent of them displaced by warfare. With a government that
- [To vote or postpone? Elections in Africa in the time of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/to-vote-or-postpone-elections-in-africa-in-the-time-of-covid-19/) - More than 20 African countries were to hold elections this year. As countries tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, there are valuable lessons learned from important elections held during previous Ebola outbreaks. Read more
- [Developing countries urgently need more policy space to fight COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/developing-countries-urgently-need-more-policy-space-to-fight-covid-19/) - The global economic crisis triggered by the spread of COVID-19 has sent many of the world’s developing countries into an economic death spiral. At the first signs of panic in early March, investors fled to the ‘safety’ of deeper financial markets and the US dollar in particular. Capital flight, rising spreads, falling export revenues and
- [Africa’s Varied COVID Landscapes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africas-varied-covid-landscapes/) - Precise analysis of COVID-19 in Africa continues to be hindered by limited testing and reporting of cases. There is a wide variance in testing capacity, commitment to testing, and reporting of coronavirus cases and deaths. As a result, countries that are undertaking the most tests or reporting the highest number of cases may not necessarily
- [Weighing up the risks: school closure and reopening under COVID-19 - When, why, and what impacts?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/weighing-up-the-risks-school-closure-and-reopening-under-covid-19-when-why-and-what-impacts/) - In an effort to prevent the transmission of Covid-19, governments around the world have closed schools. School closures are negatively impacting the well-being of children and young people and, in some contexts, might not be effectively reducing transmission. The INEE and the Alliance call on policymakers to: Consider the impacts of school closures on the
- [When Returning to Normal Doesn’t Work for Half the World’s Population: How to Build Back Better](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/when-returning-to-normal-doesnt-work-for-half-the-worlds-population-how-to-build-back-better/) - The time immediately following a crisis, whether it be a peace process, rebuilding after a natural disaster or seeing a new government come into power, creates a window of opportunity to reimagine what the next phase of life can look like. When the status quo has been upended, there is a feeling that “normal” can
- [Journalism: The essential non-essential](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/journalism-the-essential-non-essential/) - As a consequence of the pandemic’s financial effects, news organizations have been forced to adapt to the changing times. Many—in Kenya, South Africa, the US and beyond—are closing down or letting staff go. Can journalism survive? Is it our essential non-essential?This post is from the partnership between the Kenyan website The Elephant and Africa Is
- [Opinion: COVID-19 calls for disrupting the way we communicate in a crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/opinion-covid-19-calls-for-disrupting-the-way-we-communicate-in-a-crisis/) - Effective communication is the single most important factor in controlling COVID-19 — as every epidemiologist will tell you. Yet, as the disease continues to spread to some of the most marginalized communities on Earth, the humanitarian response is hitting a wall. Read more
- [Recovering better: economic and social challenges and opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/recovering-better-economic-and-social-challenges-and-opportunities/) - The United Nations High-level Advisory Board (HLAB) on Economic and Social Affairs was established in June 2018 to help strengthen United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) in the context of the United Nations development system reform and as a key part of efforts to enhance the United Nations’s support to Member
- [Temporary Basic Income: Protecting poor and vulnerable people in developing countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/temporary-basic-income-protecting-poor-and-vulnerable-people-in-developing-countries/) - As the rate of new COVID-19 cases accelerates across the developing world, it exposes the potentially devastating costs of job losses and income reversals. Unconditional emergency cash transfers can mitigate the worst immediate effects of the COVID-19 crisis on poor and near-poor households that do not currently have access to social assistance or insurance protection.
- [Impact of COVID-19 in Africa: A scenario analysis to 2030](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impact-of-covid-19-in-africa-a-scenario-analysis-to-2030/) - This report presents three scenarios on the impact of COVID-19 in Africa using economic growth forecasts, mortality and efforts to ameliorate impact through social grants. Likely effects are examined on per capita income, poverty and the attainment of selected Sustainable Development Goals targets. Africa’s development trajectory has suffered a severe setback, with extreme poverty rising
- [Fighting COVID-19, Building Peace – a civil society perspective](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/fighting-covid-19-building-peace-a-civil-society-perspective/) - This report is divided into four sections. The first explores how the pandemic has affected civil society’s capacity to operate. It covers both practical matters, like the inability to visit communities in person, as well as the issue of shrinking civic space. The second section describes and analyses how local peacebuilders view the pandemic as
- [Peace and Conflict in a COVID-19 World: Implications for International Responses](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peace-and-conflict-in-a-covid-19-world-implications-for-international-responses/) - While much remains uncertain, it is clear COVID-19 is both a multidimensional crisis and an opportunity for change. Addressing the multidimensional risks of the pandemic and the way they interact will be key to miti-gating the overall impacts of the disease. Due to the conflict-inducing policy responses to COVID-19 that have emerged during the first
- [Forecasting the dividends of conflict prevention from 2020 - 2030](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/forecasting-the-dividends-of-conflict-prevention-from-2020-2030/) - This study considers the trajectories of armed conflict in a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario between 2020-2030. Specifically, it draws on a comprehensive historical dataset to determine the number of countries that might experience rising levels of collective violence, outright armed conflict, and their associated economic costs. It then simulates alternative outcomes if conflict prevention measures were 25%,
- [Lessons from the Ebola epidemics and their applications for COVID‐19 pandemic response in sub‐Saharan Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/lessons-from-the-ebola-epidemics-and-their-applications-for-covid‐19-pandemic-response-in-sub‐saharan-africa/) - COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. It was first confirmed in sub‐Saharan Africa in Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and has since spread quickly to all sub‐Saharan African countries, causing more than 111,309 confirmed cases and 2,498 deaths as of 03 June 2020. The lessons
- [Without face-to-face meetings, what does peace building look like during COVID-19?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/without-face-to-face-meetings-what-does-peace-building-look-like-during-covid-19/) - As COVID-19 cases continue to climb in many regions worldwide, some fragile countries face ongoing conflict at the same time. Civil society organizations and networks in conflict countries such as Afghanistan and Yemen are getting creative with their advocacy efforts, finding new ways to appeal directly to warring parties and press for peace. “Where programs have
- [Gender equality needed to address COVID-19 in conflict and peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-equality-needed-to-address-covid-19-in-conflict-and-peace/) - "If we do not change the face of politics, if we continue to ignore the lessons of decades of women’s activism, if we continue to spend our resources on weapons rather than on social services, we will have a harder time recovering from this pandemic, preventing the next one, or overcoming the climate crisis. It
- [South Sudanese Youth Agency in a time of Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudanese-youth-agency-in-a-time-of-covid-19/) - Summary: The emerging picture and activities of youth in South Sudan challenges and transcends the uncritical conceptions and imagery of young South Sudanese as a characteristically violent, dangerous and criminal constituency. Although they are precluded from social, economic, cultural and political structures of power, young people continue to create and consolidate spaces to excercise and
- [The experience of the elderly during COVID-19 in South Sudan: Considerations for a conflict sensitive approach](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-experience-of-the-elderly-during-covid-19-in-south-sudan-considerations-for-a-conflict-sensitive-approach/) - This blog reflects on COVID-19 related risks that elderly people face in South Sudan and provides recommendations on how to protect them in more conflict sensitive ways. Unlike many Western countries, where some elderly people reside in care homes or on their own, in South Sudan older people usually live within their family households. As
- [Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and Towards Sustainability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/addressing-inequality-the-first-step-beyond-covid-19-and-towards-sustainability/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond to the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social
- [An Update on Pandemic Backsliding:  Democracy Four Months After the Beginning  of the Covid-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/an-update-on-pandemic-backsliding-democracy-four-months-after-the-beginning-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - The V-Dem Institute has released a new dashboard tracking the effects of Covid-19 related measures on democratic standards in 146 countries. Most democracies have addressed the pandemic with no or only minor violations of democratic standards. There are concerning developments in 89 countries. Most of them were already autocratic before the pandemic. The Pandemic Backsliding
- [How to improve safe access to water during and after Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-improve-safe-access-to-water-during-and-after-covid-19/) - In Nairobi’s informal settlements nearly two out of three people do not have access to adequate water at home. This creates challenges for the physical distancing measures needed to suppress the spread of Covid-19 as people have to leave home to collect water. Globally, 2.2 billion people lack access to safe water at home, complicating
- [COVID-19 in the Horn of Africa: How can aid help mobile populations cope with restrictions on movement?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-the-horn-of-africa-how-can-aid-help-mobile-populations-cope-with-restrictions-on-movement/) - Aid providers in the Horn of Africa have always struggled to adapt their systems and models to the simple fact that people move from place to place. Delivering aid in remote areas normally involves establishing long supply chains that rely on populations being in places where they can be relatively easily 'accessed’. The refugee and
- [Should low-income countries decentralize their COVID-19 responses?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/should-low-income-countries-decentralize-their-covid-19-responses/) - As countries respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, some have centralized decision-making, while others, including the United States and Germany, have left key policy choices to state governments, or even municipalities—allowing for individualized measures. These varied strategies have sparked a debate about the merits of decentralized service delivery in pandemic response. The OECD notes that this
- [Ensuring Women’s Access to Cash Transfers in the Wake of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ensuring-womens-access-to-cash-transfers-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/) - Governments around the world are implementing a variety of measures to dull the blow of mass income loss and unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and recession. Cash transfers, whether targeted or universal, have been one of the most popular remedies used to date. While the design of individual cash transfer programs varies greatly by
- [COVID-19 and peacebuilding: disruption, adaptation and transformation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-peacebuilding-disruption-adaptation-and-transformation/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted peacebuilding. All travel has been halted and new ways of working have had to be developed. Programmes have had to be reviewed and adapted to the new circumstances. In most cases, international staff are now working remotely, and national and local peacebuilders now have to continue the work on
- [Public Perception Survey Report on COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/public-perception-survey-report-on-covid-19/) - This report presents the outcome of a public perception survey on COVID-19 in South Sudan. The data analyzed in this report was collected in South Sudan’s 10 states between the 1st and the 31st of May 2020.
- [Crucial, but vulnerable: The role of Chiefs in COVID response and conflict resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/crucial-and-vulnerable-at-the-same-time-chiefs-information-campaigns-and-conflict-resolution-in-times-of-covid-19/) - Chief’s play a critically important role in communities’ right across South Sudan. They play a vital role in settling disputes, preventing armed conflict and fostering peace within and between communities. As the key intermediaries between local communities and higher levels of government, UN agencies and international NGOs, they have an essential role to play in
- [Exploring the impact of COVID-19 in Africa: a scenario analysis to 2030](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/exploring-the-impact-of-covid-19-in-africa-a-scenario-analysis-to-2030/) - This report presents three scenarios on the potential impact of COVID-19 in Africa and compares that to a pre-COVID-19 baseline, using the International Futures forecasting platform, IFs. The likely impacts are then examined on economic growth, per capita income, poverty and the attainment of selected SDG targets with a forecast horizon to 2030. The report
- [How Africa can take this moment to end a 500-years-old economic model](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-africa-can-take-this-moment-to-end-a-500-years-old-economic-model/) - African economies are facing a COVID-19 induced crisis. Global demand for raw materials has collapsed. International tourism has virtually halted. And even wealthier governments on the continent have been unable to provide the financial support necessary to prop up their struggling sectors. In response, African finance ministers in April asked creditors to reduce their debt
- [Economic impact of COVID-19: Protecting Africa’s food systems from farm to fork](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/economic-impact-of-covid-19-protecting-africas-food-systems-from-farm-to-fork/) - The global spread of COVID-19 and the rising number of confirmed cases in Africa have raised concerns about the weak health care systems in the region, while the lockdowns have caused economies to contract substantially. Receiving less public attention, and yet also putting at risk lives and livelihoods, is the likelihood that COVID-19 and the
- [COVID-19 in humanitarian contexts: no excuses to leave persons with disabilities behind!](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-humanitarian-contexts-no-excuses-to-leave-persons-with-disabilities-behind/) - This collection and review of evidence aims to illustrate how the COVID-19 crisis triggers disproportionate risks and barriers for men, women, boys and girls with disabilities living in humanitarian settings. It highlights recommendations for humanitarian actors, to enhance inclusive action, aligned with existing guidance and learnings on disability inclusion. It is based on evidence, including
- [The Impact of Covid-19 on Peace and Transition Processes: Tracking the Trends](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-peace-and-transition-processes-tracking-the-trends/) - The research used expert surveys on a set of conflict countries, to understand how Covid-19 pandemic responses were affecting conflict and peace process dynamics. The main findings were as follows: 1. It could have been expected that the Covid-19 crisis would have provided an incentive to opposing groups to ‘pull together’ around ceasefires and peace
- [The COVID-19 Mortality in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-mortality-in-south-sudan/) - In this Policy Brief we have analyzed COVID-19 mortality in South Sudan. The Brief examines the distribution and correlates of the pandemic. State testing capacity unaccounted for, we find that South Sudan is actually one of the least hit countries in the region. Second, old age is a major risk factor for death in South
- [MHPSS considerations in burial practices and responses to grief and loss during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/mhpss-considerations-in-burial-practices-and-responses-to-grief-and-loss-during-covid-19/)
- [Adapting Common Funeral Practices in South Sudan Communities During COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/adapting-common-funeral-practices-in-south-sudan-communities-during-covid-19/)
- [Cut Corruption, Not Social Protection during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/cut-corruption-not-social-protection-during-covid-19/) - Before the coronavirus or COVID-19 pandemic began its deadly spread, global attention was focused on the staggering rise in economic inequality across many countries. Inequality accelerated following the 2008 economic crisis, when many governments responded by cutting government spending and hollowing out programs crucial to human rights such as health, housing, food support, and unemployment.
- [The fears and hopes of African youth during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-fears-and-hopes-of-african-youth-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - It has been more than 130 days since the first reported case of coronavirus (COVID-19) in Africa. When many were still trying to comprehend the outbreak of COVID-19, the African Union (AU) immediately adopted the ‘new normal’. The 13 consultations they convened with over 400 youth from 42 African countries were eye-opening on both the
- [COVID-19 from the Margins: What We Have Learned So Far](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-from-the-margins-what-we-have-learned-so-far/) - COVID-19 from the Margins was launched at the beginning of May 2020 as a multilingual blog platform, with the aim to give voice to narratives on the pandemic from social groups and individuals invisibilized by mainstream coverage and policies. Two months down the line, the authors reflect on the core threads emerged so far, with
- [COVID-19 seems cooking biggest ever global scam](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-seems-cooking-biggest-ever-global-scam/) - The increasing number of corruption cases on COVID-19 funds from throughout the world and involvement of high profile persons indicate that the countries can’t ignore corruption in their pandemic response programs. This has generated the need for a robust health information management system for real-time monitoring of project implementation to minimize the leakage of funds
- [Let’s Not Leave the Youngest Children Behind](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/lets-not-leave-the-youngest-children-behind/) - As schools and nurseries start to open, the education sector is taking stock of the likely short- and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. And they’re going to be big. The direct shocks of school closures will lead to learning loss, higher drop-out rates, adverse health and nutrition effects, and worsening inequality. In the medium-
- [Covid-19 in Africa: How Youth are Stepping Up](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-africa-how-youth-are-stepping-up/) - The African continent has, thus far, fared comparatively well in the pandemic, with just under 400,000 confirmed infections and about 10,000 fatalities at the end of June 2020. Even so, the heavy economic, social, and emotional toll of the pandemic on the continent is already clear, and some analysts believe that the situation will worsen in the
- [The hunger virus: how COVID-19 is fuelling hunger in a hungry world](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-hunger-virus-how-covid-19-is-fuelling-hunger-in-a-hungry-world/) - COVID-19 is deepening the hunger crisis in the world’s hunger hotspots and creating new epicentres of hunger across the globe. By the end of the year 12,000 people per day could die from hunger linked to COVID-19, potentially more than will die from the disease itself. The pandemic is the final straw for millions of
- [Emerging Promising Practices - Supporting Continued Access to Education during COVID-19 (Issue 2)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/emerging-promising-practices-supporting-continued-access-to-education-during-covid-19-issue-2/) - This document is the second in a series that highlights emerging practices as UNHCR operations and their partners work to support the continuity of education for displaced and refugee students during the pandemic and support them in returning to school. Download
- [Supporting Continued Access to Education during COVID-19 - Emerging Promising Practices](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/supporting-continued-access-to-education-during-covid-19-emerging-promising-practices/) - This document is the first in a series that highlights emerging practices as UNHCR operations and their partners work to support continued education for displaced and refugee students during the pandemic. Download Issue 1
- [How to operationalise human rights for COVID-19 measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-operationalise-human-rights-for-covid-19-measures/) - Summary: There is an emerging awareness that governments must strike a fair balance between protecting and promoting public health on one side and individual human rights on the other. Human rights could smoothly be integrated into the COVID-19 measures’ decision process. Such integration will ask for human rights awareness, knowledge and accessibility. Governments are responsible
- [COVID-19 & Poverty and Hunger](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-poverty-and-hunger/) - COVID-19 has directly killed hundreds of thousands of people around the world. It is also taking a deep toll on the food security, nutrition and livelihoods of millions of people across the globe. The socio-economic fallout from COVID-19 has resulted in sharp declines in household income due to job losses and/or reduced livelihoods options. Declining
- [Communities Getting Involved: Supporting Community Leadership in the Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/communities-getting-involved-supporting-community-leadership-in-the-response-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges for forcibly displaced persons and the humanitarian organizations working to support them. With restrictions on movement and limited access to refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs) and stateless persons across the globe, UNHCR is supporting displaced communitiesto take the lead in the prevention of, and the response to, the
- [Safe Our Education: Protect every child’s right to learn in the COVID-19 response and recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/safe-our-education-protect-every-childs-right-to-learn-in-the-covid-19-response-and-recovery/) - The global community hopes that before too long a vaccine for COVID-19 will be found, produced and universally delivered, and the world will become safer. But unless action is taken now, the long-term legacies of the pandemic will be rising inequality and a devastating impact on children’s learning. New analysis for this report shows how
- [Caught in the COVID-19 storm: women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health in the context of UHC and the SDGs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/caught-in-the-covid-19-storm-womens-childrens-and-adolescents-health-in-the-context-of-uhc-and-the-sdgs/) - In 2016, the United Nations Secretary-General mandated the Independent Accountability Panel for Every Woman Every Child (IAP) to review accountability and progress in women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health towards the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).1,1a Work for this report began before COVID-19, however, impacts of the pandemic (in both real time and in the projected
- [Continuing Care During COVID-19: Adopting Life-Saving Approaches to Treat Acute Malnutrition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/continuing-care-during-covid-19-adopting-life-saving-approaches-to-treat-acute-malnutrition/) - Key findings and recommendations: Increased rates of acute malnutrition are an inevitable consequence of COVID-19 and the measures taken to slow its spread – especially in fragile and conflict affected settings where rates of acute malnutrition are already substantially higher than in stable settings. In the face of government-mandated shutdowns, millions of people have lost
- [COVID 19 and conflict sensitivity: Rapid Operational Conflict Risk and Prevention Tool](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-conflict-sensitivity-rapid-operational-conflict-risk-and-prevention-tool/) - This operational tool aims to support Country Offices to do a rapid conflict analysis, identify potential conflict risks associated with the COVID-19 response and possible mitigation measures when designing and implementing activities. Download
- [Social and political protests, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, on the increase in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-and-political-protests-exacerbated-by-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-increase-in-africa/) - Approximately 100 days into the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a notable increase in social and political protests in some countries in Africa. These protests reflect pre-existing frustrations with social and political conditions that have now been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 restrictions, especially in the spheres of health, education, politics and service delivery. Read
- [Economic Inclusion for the Poorest andCOVID-19: Adaptation and Early Priorities for Medium-and Longer-Term Recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/economic-inclusion-for-the-poorest-andcovid-19-adaptation-and-early-priorities-for-medium-and-longer-term-recovery/) - Economic inclusion programs for the poorest show strong potential as part of integrated policy responses focused on containing the pandemic, ensuring food security, and supporting medium-term recovery. This note considers initial adaptations and early priorities in economic inclusion programs to support medium-and longer-term recovery efforts. The note is intended to be a resource for policy
- [COVID-19 and resilience innovations in food supply chains](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-resilience-innovations-in-food-supply-chains/) - Food supply disruptions in developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic have been varied and often severe, especially in labor-intensive segments of supply chains. Tom Reardon of Michigan State University and IFPRI’s Jo Swinnen summarize early experiences in both international and domestic supply chains across various types of firms and commodities. They review a range of
- [Disasters meet political unrest, displacing millions in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/disasters-meet-political-unrest-displacing-millions-in-east-africa/) - An unprecedented overlap of natural and man-made disasters are plaguing the Greater Horn of Africa region. We have seen one million displacements in two months, communal tensions reignited, and pre-existing vulnerabilities exacerbated. In recent weeks, our news channels have been flooded with stories about the Covid-19 pandemic, political and social unrest around the world, natural
- [COVID-19 and Forced Displacement in the Middle East and East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-forced-displacement-in-the-middle-east-and-east-africa/) - This background paper presents considerations on how the COVID-19 pandemic is accentuating existing vulnerabilities of populations forcibly displaced by war (refugees, asylum-seekers, internally-displaced and stateless persons), in settings across East Africa and the Middle East. In addition to the devastating health threat the pandemic poses, lockdown measures imposed by governments to reduce transmission are having
- [Coping with COVID-19: the role of public trust and cohesion in societal resilience](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coping-with-covid-19-the-role-of-public-trust-and-cohesion-in-societal-resilience/) - Public trust in governance and institutions has emerged as an important element that determines the resilience of a society to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This helps to explain why some governments have been able to maintain onerous lockdowns effectively and why others with relatively strong economies and health systems are struggling to contain the
- [COVID-19 and Peace: Preparedness for the Post-Pandemic Recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-peace-preparedness-for-the-post-pandemic-recovery/) - Main findings: The socio-economic factor most highly correlated with the number of COVID-19 infections has been the level of air travel before the lockdowns. The US, France, Italy, Spain and the UK have some of the highest air travel rates in the world. The crisis has raised tensions between the US and other countries like
- [COVID-19 Pandemic Through a Gender Lens](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-pandemic-through-a-gender-lens/) - The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to disruptions of both social and economic activities across the globe. While the early narrative described COVID-19 as the “great equalizer,” asserting that the virus is capable of infecting anyone, it is critical for policymakers to understand that the impacts of COVID-19 will not be the same for everyone.
- [Domestic violence during COVID-19: are we asking the right questions?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/domestic-violence-during-covid-19-are-we-asking-the-right-questions/) - The number of domestic violence cases reported to the South African police between March and April dropped by 69.4%. This figure makes it tempting to believe that in South Africa, unlike many other countries, lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic reduced family and domestic violence. However police statistics, call numbers to hotlines and counts
- [Gender & the COVID-19 Crisis in Conflict-Affected Contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-the-covid-19-crisis-in-conflict-affected-contexts/) - Search for Common Ground (Search) recently consulted over 30 teams around the world to understand their perspectives on needs and opportunities around the COVID-19 crisis, drawing from their experiences working in fragile contexts, with women and girls, and on other health crises such as the Ebola epidemics in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of
- [COVID-19 and violence against women and girls: Addressing the shadow pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-violence-against-women-and-girls-addressing-the-shadow-pandemic/) - This brief presents emerging evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on violence against women and girls (VAWG). The brief advocates for measures that prevent and respond to VAWG in the current circumstances of lockdown as well as for investments that ensure the safety of women and girls in longer-term recovery plans. It makes recommendations
- [“People are living a normal life”: challenging the myths of COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/people-are-living-a-normal-life-challenging-the-myths-of-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - Peacebuilding organisations are at the heart of the response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in South Sudan. Saferworld spoke to their partners, Church and Development and the Organisation for Children’s Harmony, about how they are raising awareness of the pandemic and continuing to work with communities on safety and security concerns. Read more
- [General Perception of COVID-19 Pandemic in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/general-perception-of-covid-19-pandemic-in-south-sudan/)
- [The COVID Pandemic and Social Networks in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-pandemic-and-social-networks-in-south-sudan/) - Strong, positive social bonds, both within and between communities, are a foundation for building peace. Ensuring that aid programmes do not erode these bonds is fundamental to conflict sensitive programming. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on South Sudan’s social networks is yet unknown. Drawing on research conducted by Mercy Corps and Tufts University in
- [Decolonizing the vaccine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/decolonizing-the-vaccine/) - Reflecting on a potential COVID-19 vaccine trial during a television interview in April, a French doctor stated, “If I can be provocative, shouldn’t we be doing this study in Africa, where there are no masks, no treatments, no resuscitation?” These remarks reflect a colonial view of Africa, reinforcing the idea that Africans are non-humans whose
- [The spread of COVID-19 seems to have taken a different path in Africa, but is now starting to accelerate](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-spread-of-covid-19-seems-to-have-taken-a-different-path-in-africa-but-is-now-starting-to-accelerate/) - COVID-19 seems to have spread at a slower pace in Africa than in many other parts of the world. In Europe, where the virus peaked in February and March in countries like Italy and Spain, the spread of the virus seems to be mostly under control for the moment (with the exception of Poland and
- [COVID-19 and Agricology: Echoes of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-agricology-echoes-of-indigenous-knowledge-systems-in-africa/) - This blog post argues that as Africans, in order to circumvent the on-going global health crisis, must begin to transform their understanding and appreciation of the role and value that their indigenous knowledge systems has played in the past and can still play in this process. Read more
- [Confirmation of Africa’s Historical Rejection in the Wake of Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/confirmation-of-africas-historical-rejection-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/) - Historically, the African continent has been made to believe that it is not only dark and uncivilized but also less valuable to the international system. The negative narrative is traceable to Western civilization when Heorodotus related a cautionary tale about the continent following the seizure and capture of Nasamonians after days of wandering in Southern
- [COVID-19, conflict and sexual violence: reversing the burden of proof](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-conflict-and-sexual-violence-reversing-the-burden-of-proof/) - Sexual violence in armed conflict, while prohibited by international humanitarian law, remains a brutal reality. To mark the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, Sophie Sutrich, ICRC’s Head of Addressing Sexual Violence, highlights the effects of conflict-related sexual violence on its survivors and discusses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- [What kind of research should inform Covid responses?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-kind-of-research-should-inform-covid-responses/) - This blog post argues that, if we agree that evidence-informed policy and practice are good things, we need to think about what kind of research gets commissioned. Some kinds of research are definitely more useful than others. Read more
- [Technical Note: Protection of Children during the Coronavirus Pandemic (Version 2)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/technical-note-protection-of-children-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-version-2/) - The measures used to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19 have led to disruptions to families, friendships, daily routines and wider community dynamics. These have had many harmful consequences for children’s protection, well-being, and development. As countries move past confinement and quarantine measures, the socio-economic and political impact of these measures will continue. Reduced
- [The military value-add in situations of crisis: the case of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-military-value-add-in-situations-of-crisis-the-case-of-covid-19/) - The breakout of the coronavirus (COVID-19) set in motion one of the most devastating global crises of our time. While COVID-19 started as a health crisis, the pandemic quickly morphed into a society-wide strategic, security and social economic crisis of monumental proportions. This article argues that the current deployment of the military in several African
- [Why Governance Matters in the Time of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/why-governance-matters-in-the-time-of-covid-19/) - This blog post argues that while we do not yet know what medicinal cocktails can effectively combat the global coronavirus pandemic, we do know what sort of governance is necessary. Governments with high accountability, transparency, and trust are proving to have more success responding credibly, responsibly, and effectively. Read more
- [Negotiating States of Emergency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/negotiating-states-of-emergency/) - As states across the globe adopt a state of emergency approach in response to COVID-19, this report helps inform consideration of COVID-19 dynamics by asking how countries emerging from periods of conflict have sought to include commitments regarding the various parameters of states of emergency in peace agreements. At the end of a conflict, when
- [COVID-19: One more setback for refugees in MENA – especially women and girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-one-more-setback-for-refugees-in-mena-especially-women-and-girls/) - Refugees and the displaced, the majority of them located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, are now faced with the COVID-19 pandemic and economically damaging efforts at its mitigation. Fragile gains in women’s workforce participation are at risk, gender-based violence is on the rise, and women’s voices are going unheeded. CARE’s soon-to-be-released
- [Care in the Time of Coronavirus: Why care work needs to be at the centre of a post-COVID-19 feminist future](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/care-in-the-time-of-coronavirus-why-care-work-needs-to-be-at-the-centre-of-a-post-covid-19-feminist-future/) - New research by Oxfam and partners reveals that while COVID-19 and the related containment efforts have caused increases in women’s – and men’s – unpaid care workloads, women are still doing the bulk of this work. Women living in poverty, single mothers and essential workers as well as those belonging to minority racial and ethnic
- [What Ebola Crisis Can Teach Us About COVID-19 Compliance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-ebola-crisis-can-teach-us-about-covid-19-compliance/) - This article argues that where national institutions have been damaged by corruption and other unethical behavior, a crisis such as COVID-19 exacerbates business pressures and compliance risks. Corporate compliance and legal teams can learn from risks and responses during the Ebola outbreak to anticipate and address similar fraud, corruption and compliance risks caused by the
- [This global pandemic could transform humanitarianism forever. Here’s how](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/this-global-pandemic-could-transform-humanitarianism-forever-heres-how/) - There is a moment at the start of every major crisis when you think: “This is going to change everything.” COVID-19 was no exception. “In humanitarian response, there will be a ‘before’ and ‘after’ COVID-19,” Ed Schenkenberg van Mierop, executive director of the think tank HERE-Geneva, wrote in late March. But as the crisis born of
- [Where are the women? The conspicuous absence of women in COVID-19 response teams and plans, and why we need them](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/where-are-the-women-the-conspicuous-absence-of-women-in-covid-19-response-teams-and-plans-and-why-we-need-them/) - The COVID-19 crisis is disproportionately affecting women and girls. This makes it all the more important that their voices are equally included in the decision-making spaces and processes where responses are formed. CARE’s research has found that where women do have higher levels of leadership, governments are more likely to be responding to the crisis
- [COVID-19 Impact on Trafficking in Persons - A Protection, Gender & Inclusion (PGI) Factsheet](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-impact-on-trafficking-in-persons-a-protection-gender-inclusion-pgi-factsheet/) - This factsheet is intended as a quick reference tool to support National Societies to consider how the Covid-19 global pandemic may place communities at increased risk of trafficking, how it may impact trafficked persons and provide advice on practical actions that can be taken to respond and mitigate risks. Download
- [COVID-19 Rumours as Transcripts of Resistance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-rumours-as-transcripts-of-resistance-in-south-sudan/) - The South Sudanese Eye Radio reported that South Sudan is likely to be the most dangerous country in the world for people infected by COVID-19. Additional reports, including the International Growth Centre’s recent brief, suggest that the economic impact of the COVID-19 induced lockdowns in Sub-Saharan Africa will perhaps be the most significant threat to
- [COVID-19 and the promise of food system innovation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-promise-of-food-system-innovation/) - The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdowns that followed have disrupted private food supply chains and the public support systems the poor rely on for food and good nutrition. But these problems have also triggered many creative and entrepreneurial responses. Corinna Hawkes of the Centre for Food Policy at City, University of London, reviews a variety
- [Country profile: The impact of COVID-19 on stability and the peace process in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/country-profile-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-stability-and-the-peace-process-in-south-sudan/) - One of the ways in which COVID-19 had a negative impact on the implementation of the peace process was felt when the government decided to suspend the training of the unified forces as a precautionary measure – a decision that affected 29 000 combatants. The creation of a unified army was one of the core
- [Trust in science and in government plays a crucial role in COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/trust-in-science-and-in-government-plays-a-crucial-role-in-covid-19-response/) - Control of epidemic diseases relies on public compliance with government decisions and scientific advice. What does trust have to do with it? According to Danielle Resnick, a lot: Changing the behavior of citizens depends upon it. She highlights multiple gaps in trust in different pandemic responses around the world, and outlines the factors underlying them—and
- [Health and Socio-Economic Impacts of Physical Distancing for Covid-19 in Africa (May 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/health-and-socio-economic-impacts-of-physical-distancing-for-covid-19-in-africa-may-2020/) - This briefing paper was commissioned by the East Africa Research Hub in collaboration with DFID’s Research and Evidence Department’s Science Cell, in partnership with the African Academy of Sciences. This is a follow up to their briefing paper on the risks of physical distancing measures in LMICs. Physical distancing measures are important to reduce COVID-19
- [Surveying the impact of COVID-19 on Africa's higher education and research sector](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/surveying-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-africas-higher-education-and-research-sector/) - Academic and research institutions find themselves tasked with learning how to adapt in real-time in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic that is significantly disrupting the global higher education sector. Most of the focus so far has been on western countries, leaving major gaps in our understanding of how Africa's own centres of knowledge production
- [Enhancing access to services for migrants in the context of COVID-19 preparedness, prevention, and response and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/enhancing-access-to-services-for-migrants-in-the-context-of-covid-19-preparedness-prevention-and-response-and-beyond/) - The United Nations Network on Migration is committed to supporting all partners in pursuit of the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, recognizing that this cooperative framework provides an invaluable tool for ensuring inclusive, collective responses to COVID-19 and its impact. To that end, this briefing is part of a
- [Peacekeeping in the shadow of COVID-19 era](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peacekeeping-in-the-shadow-of-covid-19-era/) - COVID-19 has had an immediate impact on UN peace operations. Troop rotations have been frozen, and interactions with local populations minimized. Yet the long-term economic and political consequences for peacekeeping look more severe. Read more
- [Interim Guidance: Localisation and the COVID-19 Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/interim-guidance-localisation-and-the-covid-19-response/) - This interim guidance note has been developed in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 and its likely impact on humanitarian operations around the world, building on work done by the Grand Bargain Localisation Workstream. It provides guidance as to how the international humanitarian community can adapt its delivery modalities in response to COVID-19 consistent with
- [COVID-19: An opportunity to reflect on approaches to and the conducting of elections in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-an-opportunity-to-reflect-on-approaches-to-and-the-conducting-of-elections-in-africa/) - There are more than twenty countries scheduled to hold elections in Africa in 2020. This raises complex and difficult questions such as do we encourage countries to proceed with elections at the risk of increasing the spread of COVID-19, or do we ask countries to postpone elections at the risk of creating potential unintended constitutional
- [The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the elderly in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-elderly-in-africa/) - It is now clear that the elderly is the age demographic most vulnerable to COVID-19. It is estimated that the disease kills 13.4% of patients aged 80 and older, 8.6% of those in their 70s, 4% in their 60s and 1.25% of those in their 50s. However, this data comes primarily from developed countries with
- [Access delayed is access denied](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/access-delayed-is-access-denied/) - Among the many unsolicited recommendations that African governments are being pelted with presently, those pertaining to patents and the pricing of a potential COVID-19 vaccine are arguably the most expedient. It is certain that the vaccine will arrive in a cocoon of patents which will make it significantly costlier than a generic version. Even before
- [Social safety nets are crucial to the COVID-19 response. Some lessons to boost their effectiveness](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/social-safety-nets-are-crucial-to-the-covid-19-response-some-lessons-to-boost-their-effectiveness/) - The poor and other vulnerable groups are suffering the most negative consequences from the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, many governments are rapidly expanding social protection programs. Dan Gilligan describes why safety nets are essential tools in this global emergency, and provides specific recommendations on how these programs can be adapted and implemented to increase their
- [The political economy of the fight against COVID19 in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-political-economy-of-the-fight-against-covid19-in-africa/) - In spite of the lack of evidence of rapid spread, African governments have been accused of copying and pasting the strategies used in the global north, creating a double burden of economic and political crisis. It is therefore important to review how African countries are responding to the pandemic, and to reflect on the opportunities
- [How can Covid-19 be the catalyst to decolonise development research?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-can-covid-19-be-the-catalyst-to-decolonise-development-research/) - Covid-19 is an unprecedented moment, halting life as we know it. For the global development community, the effects have been profound. Several NGOs have had to scale back or completely stop their operations overseas, while local actors and civil society are rapidly organising to respond to the crisis through their own creative ways. For those
- [Covid-19 Pandemic Threatens Progress on Child Labor](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-pandemic-threatens-progress-on-child-labor/) - The number of children involved in child labor worldwide has dropped dramatically over the past two decades, falling by nearly 40 percent. Tens of millions of children have transitioned from work into school, helping to break cycles of poverty and ensure brighter futures. But this remarkable trend is in grave jeopardy due to the Covid-19
- [COVID-19 policies not backed by data do more harm than good](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-policies-not-backed-by-data-do-more-harm-than-good/) - As countries “reopen” in this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, most do so in the dark, using either poor and inaccurate data or worse – no data at all – to inform policies that can in some cases decide who lives and dies. The common phrase, data over dogma, is often heard from scientists and citizens alike.
- [In this extraordinary time, routine healthcare is essential](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/in-this-extraordinary-time-routine-healthcare-is-essential/) - As global health leaders, governments, civil society and NGOs grapple to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic, the voices of women and girls remain largely unheard. The Coronavirus Global Response launched by the European Commission has raised €9.8 billion to date to combat the pandemic; however, allocations explicitly for the protection and continued provision of routine services
- [Why working together on global migration is vital to pandemic recovery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/why-working-together-on-global-migration-is-vital-to-pandemic-recovery/) - As we struggle with the greatest global challenge in recent history – a pandemic the UN secretary-general says has “brought us to our knees” – multilateral cooperation and human rights are of greater consequence than at any time since 1945. Nowhere will the need for multilateralism be clearer in the coming months than as it
- [Coronavirus: A window of opportunity for action on migration?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-a-window-of-opportunity-for-action-on-migration/) - The virus, and the impacts of national responses to it, have magnified existing inequalities in access to healthcare, safety, and economic security. However, according to the UN brief, they also present the international community with an opportunity to “reimagine human mobility for the benefit of all”. Around the world, a number of local and national
- [The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the women, peace and security agenda in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-in-africa/) - Women-led organisations that are dealing with peace, security and development are playing a key role in developing policies, strategies and guidelines for gender-responsive actions to prevent and combat COVID-19, and in post-COVID-19 recovery. Read more
- [Six concrete measures to support women and girls in all their diversity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/six-concrete-measures-to-support-women-and-girls-in-all-their-diversity-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - COVID-19 is not only a health issue, just as HIV never was. It impacts on a wide range of human rights, and although it affects all people, it does so unequally. Women and girls in all their diversity are experiencing the greatest impact of the crisis. COVID-19 has highlighted the stark inequalities across societies, with
- [Women, peace and a pandemic: Translating gender provisions in peace deals into peaceful and inclusive societies during the COVID-19 outbreak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/women-peace-and-a-pandemic-translating-gender-provisions-in-peace-deals-into-peaceful-and-inclusive-societies-during-the-covid-19-outbreak/) - “Today, it should be unthinkable for peace talks or negotiations that take place in the world to not incorporate gender as a central aspect, since women not only have a right to meaningful participation, but are also key actors in the construction of peace.” – Nigeria Renteria, principal negotiator in the peace process between the
- [Identifying & Mitigating Gender-based Violence Risks within the COVID-19 Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/identifying-mitigating-gender-based-violence-risks-within-the-covid-19-response/) - The COVID-19 pandemic continues to present an array of challenges, forcing nearly all types of basic service delivery – including, but not limited to, humanitarian response – to drastically adapt. Given how quickly the outbreak continues to evolve; the variation across contexts in the impact of the disease and the measures being implemented to control
- [COVID-19 Addendum to the 2020 South Sudan Humanitarian Response Plan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-addendum-to-the-2020-south-sudan-humanitarian-response-plan/) - The COVID-19 Addendum to the 2020 Humanitarian Response Plan requests US$390 million and brings the overall humanitarian appeal for the year to $1.9 billion. The National COVID-19 Response Plan, which request $150 million, is included in this Addendum. Humanitarian organizations aim to assist 7.4 million people by the end of the year, up from the
- [COVID-19 should help in rethinking peace support in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-should-help-in-rethinking-peace-support-in-africa/) - Peace support operations (PSOs) across Africa are adapting their responses to the new reality of COVID-19. Since the outbreak, PSOs have provided critical support in the fight against the pandemic in situations where protracted conflict has destroyed the health infrastructure of many African countries. Both the contribution of PSOs in responding to the risk posed
- [Building Back Better: A Sustainable, Resilient Recovery after COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/building-back-better-a-sustainable-resilient-recovery-after-covid-19/) - For the economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis to be durable and resilient, a return to ‘business as usual’ and environmentally destructive investment patterns and activities must be avoided. Unchecked, global environmental emergencies such as climate change and biodiversity loss could cause social and economic damages far larger than those caused by COVID-19. To avoid
- [Water in the COVID-19 crisis: Response, recovery, and resilience](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/water-in-the-covid-19-crisis-response-recovery-and-resilience/) - Water is essential for drinking, sanitation, and food production; for billions of people, however, water access and quality are limited. The COVID-19 pandemic has further amplified the impacts of these water inequalities. Claudia Sadoff and Mark Smith of the International Water Management Institute assess the role of water in the current responses to COVID-19 and in future
- [Some Lessons from the History of Epidemics in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/some-lessons-from-the-history-of-epidemics-in-africa/) - This article argues that not surprisingly, Covid-19 has brought out old stereotypes of an allegedly under-medicalized, pre-modern Africa where poverty and a supposed scientific underdevelopment condemn Africans to medical impotence. However, the history of epidemics and biomedicine demonstrates the long experience and extensive expertise of researchers, caregivers, and ordinary people. In addition, the experience of
- [Guidance from the Housing, Land and Property Technical Working Group on COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/guidance-from-the-housing-land-and-property-technical-working-group-on-covid-19/) - Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights continue to be a key protection issue across South Sudan. The HLP Technical Working Group strives to ensure the integration of HLP rights, concerns, and responses to ensure that key affected populations are supported. As such, the HLP TWG recognises that the current exceptional global emergency of COVID-19 is
- [Aggravating circumstances: How coronavirus impacts human trafficking](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/aggravating-circumstances-how-coronavirus-impacts-human-trafficking/) - The coronavirus is not only claiming hundreds of thousands of lives, but is also causing a global economic crisis that is expected to rival or exceed that of any recession in the past 150 years. Although decisive action and containment measures are helping flatten the curve of infection, such measures inevitably deepen and lengthen the
- [COVID-19: From a Global Health Crisis to a Global Food Crisis?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-from-a-global-health-crisis-to-a-global-food-crisis/) - As the world faces an unprecedented public health crisis in living memory in the form of COVID-19, this special feature examines the current and likely impacts of the pandemic – the “Great Lockdown” – with a focus on international food markets. Such markets are not insulated from changes in the wider economy, therefore emphasis is
- [Enabling agricultural innovation systems to promote appropriate technologies and practices for farmers, rural youth and women during COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/enabling-agricultural-innovation-systems-to-promote-appropriate-technologies-and-practices-for-farmers-rural-youth-and-women-during-covid-19/) - The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will vary for different groups of rural population, with the highest impact expected to be on farmers and other vulnerable groups, especially women and youth. Targeted support is feasible only by activating a network of actors or organizations within agricultural innovation systems (AIS) and promoting customized technologies and practices
- [COVID-19 Impacts on African Children - How to Protect-a-generation at Risk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-impacts-on-african-children-how-to-protect-a-generation-at-risk/) - This policy paper underscores that, although children do not represent a high-risk group for direct COVID-19 fatality, the pandemic posts far-reaching secondary impacts that heighten risks to African children’s rights and wellbeing. Download
- [Evidence-Based Decision Making During COVID-19: How to Navigate Extreme Uncertainty and Urgency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/evidence-based-decision-making-during-covid-19-how-to-navigate-extreme-uncertainty-and-urgency/) - Evidence-based policy generation is an aspiration more than reality at the best of times. With COVID-19 generating extreme uncertainty and urgency of action across the world, it has become harder than ever. This blog considers three areas where both researchers and policymakers need to engage more effectively: asking better questions; being clearer about how well
- [COVID-19 effects are hitting children the hardest](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-effects-are-hitting-children-the-hardest/) - While children seem to be less affected by the Coronavirus directly, the impact of the pandemic as a whole is devastating for children in South Sudan. The COVID-19 situation in the country is rapidly evolving. Therefore, the humanitarian community has taken a closer look at the situation for children to identify specific needs and gaps
- [Can a virus accelerate change in Africa?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/can-a-virus-accelerate-change-in-africa/) - African intellectuals are calling for a different discussion about how to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Isn’t this the right time to propel changes that have often been postponed? African leaders fall easily into response mode, not to the crises they face but to the advice they receive. Perhaps COVID-19 can herald structural transformation in
- [Guidance for Emergency Seed Interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/guidance-for-emergency-seed-interventions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - Emergency seed interventions may already be planned or ongoing in many areas (e.g. to respond to drought, pest infestation, displacement, or other stresses). COVID-19 and its associated restrictions on travel, trade and markets may also constrain farmers’ seed security, as well as the ways in which aid agencies are able to operate. This Guidance Note
- [Key recommendations to support food market systems facing COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-recommendations-to-support-food-market-systems-facing-covid-19/) - It is key to recognize that most actions we do as humanitarians impact markets. In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, markets are being impacted and in-kind food assistance can have a negative impact on food supply chain market actors' ability to cope and recover. Therefore, it is essential that humanitarian response, using a market’s
- [Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security and Nutrition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-food-security-and-nutrition/) - The COVID-19 pandemic is a health and human crisis threatening the food security and nutrition of millions of people around the world. Hundreds of millions of people were already suffering from hunger and malnutrition before the virus hit and, unless immediate action is taken, we could see a global food emergency. In the longer term,
- [COVID-19: Working with and for young people](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-working-with-and-for-young-people/) - This guidance note is meant to assist humanitarian actors, youth-led organizations, and young people themselves across sectors, working at local, country, regional, and global levels in their response to the novel coronavirus pandemic. It begins diagnostically, exploring the impacts of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on young people. It then proposes a series of actions that practitioners
- [Toolkit for Development Partners: Integrating Migration into COVID-19 Socio-economic Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/toolkit-for-development-partners-integrating-migration-into-covid-19-socio-economic-response/) - The aim of this Toolkit is to provide information and tools for development partners to integrate migration – in all its forms – into development‐centred plans, programmes and projects linked to COVID‑19 socio‐economic response. Informed by the “UN Framework for the Immediate Socio‑Economic Response to COVID‑19”, and relevant EU and UN policy frameworks, the Toolkit
- [COVID-19: Emerging Practices. Livelihoods and Economic Inclusion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-emerging-practices-livelihoods-and-economic-inclusion/) - Around the world, refugees are using their skills to help the communities where they live during the coronavirus crisis. In several countries, governments have put in place special measures to authorize the hiring of foreign-qualified health professions and technicians, including those awaiting licensing or whose certification is yet to be validated by host countries. This
- [COVID-19 and People on the Move](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-people-on-the-move/) - COVID-19 leaves few lives and places untouched. But its impact is harshest for those groups who were already in vulnerable situations before the crisis. This is particularly true for many people on the move, such as migrants in irregular situations, migrant workers with precarious livelihoods, or working in the informal economy, victims of trafficking in
- [Sahel Crisis: Responding to the urgent needs of refugees, internally displaced, returnees and others of concern](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/sahel-crisis-responding-to-the-urgent-needs-of-refugees-internally-displaced-returnees-and-others-of-concern/) - The central Sahel region—Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger—is facing a severe humanitarian and protection crisis.Massive displacement, most of it driven by intense and largely indiscriminate violence perpetrated by a range of armed actors against civilian populations, is taking place across the region. While internal displacement is on the rise substantial numbers of refugees have fled
- [Crossfire and Covid-19: Double crisis for displaced civilians](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/crossfire-and-covid-19-double-crisis-for-displaced-civilians/) - At a time when governments around the world are asking people to stay at home and limit their travel to contain the spread of Covid-19, armed conflict and violence are forcing hundreds of thousands to flee. Between 23 March and 15 May 2020, armed conflict in 19 countries has displaced at least 661,000 people.
- [Considerations for a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/considerations-for-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-in-south-sudan/) - The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on all aspects of South Sudanese life. The effects on South Sudan’s economy, politics and society is placing communities and the aid sector under immense pressures. This is resulting in new tensions, as well as interact with existing ones. This guidance highlights the main conflict sensitivity issues
- [COVID-19: External Situations Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-external-situations-report/) - There is growing evidence that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to deepen existing hunger amongst vulnerable populations. Ongoing insecurity, the lack of resources, and constrained access to food is worsening food insecurity. COVID-19 is exacerbating pre-existent regional crises (record global food insecurity & displacement, West Africa, South Africa drought, Insecurity in Middle East,
- [Epidemics and Social Observation: Why Africa Needs a Different Approach to Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/epidemics-and-social-observation-why-africa-needs-a-different-approach-to-covid-19/) - In the absence of a vaccine, the main tool for control of the current pandemic of Covid-19 is human behavioural change. Social scientists are not fully agreed on what determines behavioural change, but there is a broad consensus that individual agency is influenced by social factors. It matters what your family, friends and neighbours think.
- [COVID-19 Response Underlines the Need for Portable Social Protection Programs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-response-underlines-the-need-for-portable-social-protection-programs/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the need for a universal and portable social protection system that can uniquely verify people and deliver benefits efficiently and at scale. With few exceptions, most developing countries have a patchwork of social assistance programs that are targeted and delivered to its beneficiaries. In most cases, the programs are not
- [An inclusive response to COVID-19 for Africa’s informal workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/an-inclusive-response-to-covid-19-for-africas-informal-workers/) - This blog post argues that for many African countries, the pandemic threatens to reverse decades of economic progress and poverty alleviation. To sustain measures that will alleviate the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 in Africa, we need a concerted push and substantial financial support from the international community. The choice and design of interventions need to
- [COVID-19 and Crime: A response develops at the UN](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-crime-a-response-develops-at-the-un/) - During the pandemic, the dynamics of illicit markets have been evident, as we have analyzed in other publications of our COVID Crime Watch series. Cybercrime activities have expanded as lives move deeper online; criminal groups have enforced quarantine patrol and delivered groceries to communities affected by lockdown measures; and, in one theory, the illicit pangolin
- [Tips for Engaging Communities during COVID-19 in Low-Resource Settings, Remotely and In-Person](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/tips-for-engaging-communities-during-covid-19-in-low-resource-settings-remotely-and-in-person/) - This brief provides key considerations for engaging communities on COVID-19 and tips for how to engage where there are movement restrictions and physical distancing measures in place, particularly in low-resource settings. It is designed for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), UN agencies, government agencies, and other humanitarian and implementing actors working on health promotion, risk communication, and
- [Disease Forecasting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Have We Learned from Previous Outbreaks?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/disease-forecasting-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-have-we-learned-from-previous-outbreaks/) - Through forecasting the disease burden and comparing intervention strategies, modelling has been a key part of the public policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Governments across the world have justified implementing policies based on science, data, and information gleaned from these models. However, as we have learned through previous outbreaks, the science of modelling/forecasting an
- [As Global Health Players Pivot To COVID-19 Responses, We Need Coordinated, Real-Time, Formative Evaluations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/as-global-health-players-pivot-to-covid-19-responses-we-need-coordinated-real-time-formative-evaluations/) - An estimated $15.9 trillion has been mobilised to respond to the health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of this has gone to multilateral and bilateral funders to support low- and middle-income countries’ (LMIC) governments. But how is this money being spent, and how is it impacting country budgets and expenditure more broadly?
- [The Indirect Health Effects of COVID-19: Lockdown Measures and Service Provision](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-indirect-health-effects-of-covid-19-lockdown-measures-and-service-provision/) - As we head into June, reports have continued to emerge that highlight the magnitude of the indirect effects the COVID-19 pandemic is having on health systems around the world. The pandemic has created additional barriers for patients accessing essential care, whether it be restrictions on movement, transportation restrictions, stigma, impoverishment from loss of livelihoods, or avoidance
- [The COVID-19 Crisis and Fiscal Reform in Low-Income Countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-crisis-and-fiscal-reform-in-low-income-countries/) - The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic output and public finances in 2020 and beyond is projected to be massive. Fiscal policy can have a crucial role in mitigating the pandemic’s overall economic impact and promoting a quick recovery. It can help save lives and shield the most-affected segments of population. Both advanced
- [The COVID-19 Development Innovation Agenda: An Economic and Financial Lens](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-development-innovation-agenda-an-economic-and-financial-lens/) - A successful response to both the coronavirus’s health and economic costs in less developed countries requires that we move quickly to accelerate innovation and learning. The innovation agenda comes from the uncertainty associated with any emergent crisis. To support the public health response, innovation is needed to make behavior change easier to adopt and sustain.
- [Unsung Heroes: How Small Farmers cope with COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/unsung-heroes-how-small-farmers-cope-with-covid-19/) - The global pandemic has hit small farmers with disruptions in health, food security, transport, finance and demand. It has also increased the cost of doing business. Smallholder farmers, already dealing with the effects of a climate and price crisis, are taking emergency measures for resilience. At the same time, they are preparing long-term strategies to
- [COVID-19 aid funding: The many pots and pitfalls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-aid-funding-the-many-pots-and-pitfalls/) - Economists say it will take trillions of dollars to soften the impact of coronavirus in the developing world. Money is needed to fund welfare for millions of adults and children facing destitution – or death – from the crisis, through sickness, unemployment, or inflation. This article summarizes some of the major givers, and which agencies
- [Aid Security and COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/aid-security-and-covid-19/) - This bulletin from the Aid Security and COVID-19 series highlights conflict related violence continued to affect health care despite calls for a global ceasefire. Download
- [COVID-19 and Conflict: Is Peace the Cure?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-conflict-is-peace-the-cure/) - In this blog post, International Altert's CEO Michael Young shows how a renewed focus on SDG 16 could help fight COVID-19 and salvage the Global Goals. Read more
- [Look back and learn: How past pandemics and epidemics inform COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/look-back-and-learn-how-past-pandemics-and-epidemics-inform-covid-19-response/) - Some issues in today's global health crisis are all too familiar. This article provides eight takeaways from The New Humanitarian's 25 years of reporting. Read more
- [How COVID-19 is changing the world: a statistical perspective](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-covid-19-is-changing-the-world-a-statistical-perspective/) - Throughout the current crisis, the international statistics community has continued to work together, in partnership with national statistical offices and systems around the world to ensure that the best quality data and statistics are available to support decision making during and after the crisis. This report - compiled jointly by 36 international organizations, under the aegis of
- [COVID-19 Crisis Response: Rapid Assessment Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-crisis-response-rapid-assessment-report/) - Over the last few weeks Street Child, in collaboration with over 50 national partners, has conducted a rapid assessment of needs and gaps in provision for the poorest, most marginalised populations. In one of the largest global assessments of the COVID-19 crisis to date - our global report represents the perspectives of more than 12,000
- [Return pressure builds as COVID-19 hits South Sudan displacement camps](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/return-pressure-builds-as-covid-19-hits-south-sudan-displacement-camps/) - The UN’s peacekeeping mission in South Sudan, UNMISS, “strongly encouraged” residents in March to leave the overcrowded sites – a call repeated last month after two cases of the virus emerged in a camp in the capital, Juba. UN police officers have withdrawn from the camps to protect themselves from COVID-19, while government security forces
- [COVID-19: South Sudan rumor tracking overview - Issue #3](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-south-sudan-rumor-tracking-overview-issue-3/) - The Risk Communications and Community Engagement Technical Working Group (RCCE TWG) was created in response to COVID-19 in order to develop best practices around community engagement given threat of pandemic in South Sudan. This product is a joint effort between members of the Communications and Community Engagement Working Group (CCE WG) under the Rumor Tracking
- [COVID-19 in South Sudan’s Borderlands: A view from Northern Bahr el-Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-south-sudans-borderlands-a-view-from-northern-bahr-el-ghazal/) - Focusing on South Sudan’s borderland with Sudan, in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, it is clear that the national response to the virus, particularly the border shutdown, has rapidly become a new factor in Sudan and South Sudan’s cross-border political economy. The direct impact of COVID-19—like the consequences of Khartoum’s political transition and the establishment of the
- [The ‘youth burden’ needs a new narrative and how we respond to Covid-19 in conflict zones can change it](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-youth-burden-needs-a-new-narrative-and-how-we-respond-to-covid-19-in-conflict-zones-can-change-it/) - In fragile and conflict-affected settings, Covid-19 is increasing vulnerabilities and tensions caused by unequal access to already strained (and often inexistent) social and medical services. This is particularly true for young people – one in every four of whom live in such areas. Despite repeated appeals for a global ceasefire, violence is intensifying in some
- [Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on older persons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-older-persons/) - This policy brief elaborates on the impacts of COVID-19 and identifies both immediate and longer term policy and programmatic responses needed to protect older people. Download
- [The Nature and Magnitude of the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-nature-and-magnitude-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-in-south-sudan/) - This analysis uses laboratory data to examine the COVID-19 infections in South Sudan. Preliminary findings point to the underlying concerns. First, the COVID-19 preventive measures instituted in March are ineffective, with at least 100 new cases of the virus likely to be recorded daily in the coming weeks or even days. Second, the effect of
- [Shooting the Rapids: COVID-19 and the Long Crisis of Globalisation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/shooting-the-rapids-covid-19-and-the-long-crisis-of-globalisation/) - The COVID-19 pandemic marks a turning point in the 21st century – a shock that is characteristic of a long crisis of globalisation where not only opportunities, but risks proliferate rapidly across borders. The emergency has three levels, each of which is unfolding at its own speed: public health (at least two years), economic (five
- [Justice for Women Amidst COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/justice-for-women-amidst-covid-19/) - This rapid assessment builds on what we know about women’s existing justice needs as documented in an earlier Justice for Women report (2019). It examines the impacts of COVID-19, policy responses and outlines policy recommendations for the period ahead. Using a gender lens, the report documents major threats to women’s lives and livelihoods associated with
- [The missing link in Africa’s COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-missing-link-in-africas-covid-19-response/) - Health systems in sub-Saharan Africa cannot withstand a COVID-19 surge. But many African countries are proactively availing themselves of the guidance to enact non-medical protective measures: curfews, lockdowns and attempts at social distancing. The author of this article argues that, however, implementing this guidance in sub-Saharan Africa, as in other low-income settings, requires some adaptation,
- [Conflict in the time of Coronavirus: Why a global ceasefire could offer a window of opportunity for inclusive, locally-led peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/conflict-in-the-time-of-coronavirus-why-a-global-ceasefire-could-offer-a-window-of-opportunity-for-inclusive-locally-led-peace/) - The coronavirus pandemic is making the human and economic cost of conflict clear. At the very moment where we need all of our resources to overcome the virus, wars continue to increase food insecurity, destroy healthcare systems, drive displacement and deny people their livelihoods. To compound this, the global economic devastation caused by coronavirus is
- [COVID-19-related trade restrictions on rice and wheat could drive up prices and increase hunger](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-related-trade-restrictions-on-rice-and-wheat-could-drive-up-prices-and-increase-hunger/) - Some governments have responded to alarms about possible COVID-19-related food shortages much as consumers would: By trying to hoard food. A number of countries have limited exports of key staple food commodities to protect domestic supplies. Timothy Sulser and Shahnila Dunston assess the possible impacts of such export constraints for the two most affected markets,
- [The COVID-19 Pandemic Vulnerability Factors in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-pandemic-vulnerability-factors-in-south-sudan/) - This analysis identifies and discusses the diverse COVID-19 vulnerability factors in South Sudan, and makes recommendations to overcome these vulnerabilities.
- [COVID-19 in South Sudan’s UN Protection of Civilian Sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-south-sudans-un-protection-of-civilian-sites/) - Civilian protection sites created by the United Nations house large numbers of internally displaced people in crowded conditions, making them vulnerable to illness from COVID-19. Advice for residents to go home or physically distance is not only impossible but distracts from more useful measures which, argues Naomi Pendle, must draw on local leadership. Read
- [Examining Government Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Success, Failure and Lesson Learned for Future Management of Public Health Crisis in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/examining-government-response-to-the-covid-19-crisis-success-failure-and-lesson-learned-for-future-management-of-public-health-crisis-in-south-sudan/) - The paper will provide an examination and highlights on Government Response to the Corona Virus (COVID-19) Crisis. Critical examination will be on registered success, failure and lesson learned for future management of public health crises in South Sudan. The paper also looks at the gender responses and approaches in managing the virus and finally offers
- [Resilient institutions in times of crisis: transparency, accountability and participation at the national level key to effective response to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/may-2020united-nations-department-of-economic-and-social-affairs1resilient-institutions-in-times-of-crisis-transparency-accountability-and-participation-at-the-national-level-key-to-effective-respon/) - The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic presents a risk to key dimensions of national institutions highlighted in Sustainable Development Goal 16 (in terms of limiting transparency and access to information, eroding safeguards to accountability including integrity violations, fraud and corruption, and restricting participation and engagement). However, these institutional dimensions are also critical to providing a resilient response
- [Human Rights in Africa in the Context of Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/human-rights-in-africa-in-the-context-of-covid-19/) - In response to Covid-19, countries across Africa are declaring a state of emergency (these include Botswana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Botswana, Ethiopia and Senegal, to name a few). Doing so allows the authorities, in times of urgent necessity, to take actions necessary to safeguard national security, maintain law and order, protect citizens’ lives and property, keep
- [Covid-19: How do we ensure women aren’t left behind?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-how-do-we-ensure-women-arent-left-behind/) - The pandemic is amplifying inequalities and exacerbating violence, insecurity and poverty. This blog post argues that women and girls living in conflict – those who already tend to be unheard and unseen - are being disproportionately impacted and calls for a coordinated and inclusive global response with gender at its core. Read more
- [COVID-19: South Sudan rumor tracking overview - Issue #2](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-south-sudan-rumor-tracking-overview-issue-2/) - The Rumor Tracking Subcommittee was created in response to COVID-19 in order to develop best practices around rumor-tracking given the threat of pandemic in South Sudan. This product is a joint effort between UNICEF and the Communication and Community Engagement Working Group (CCEWG) under RCCE TWG and highlights rumors and public perceptions recently collected across
- [South Sudan: Health Care Access for IDPs and Returnees May 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudan-health-care-access-for-idps-and-returnees-may-2020/) - IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) and WHO's Health Service Functionality (HSF) teams collaborated to produce this joint analysis on health care access for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and returnees in South Sudan. The interactive report provides a countrywide summary of gaps in access to functional health facilities by IDPs and returnees. Download
- [UNHCR: COVID-19 Could Affect Millions in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/unhcr-covid-19-could-affect-millions-in-south-sudan/) - The U.N. refugee agency is warning of potentially devastating consequences for millions in South Sudan if the COVID-19 pandemic takes root and spreads uncontrollably throughout the country. South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, was mired in war for decades before it gained independence in 2011 and for most of the time since. Years of conflict,
- [South Sudan’s food imports in the time of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudans-food-imports-in-the-time-of-covid-19/) - The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) of 2020 is likely to have profound effects on stressed food systems in already hungry countries. Even before South Sudan reported its first COVID-19 case at the beginning of April, media reports indicated that the pandemic had led to restrictions on the movement of goods from neighbouring countries, which affected prices
- [The Dangers of Coronavirus in Conflict Zones](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-dangers-of-coronavirus-in-conflict-zones/) - The health and economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic threaten to reverse decades of development progress. While the international community has mobilized substantial sums of aid and financing to address the pandemic and its impacts, the scale of the crisis demands an even more ambitious response. With the virus’s peak still ahead for many countries,
- [Policy Brief: Impact of COVID-19 in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/policy-brief-impact-of-covid-19-in-africa/) - While the immediate health impact is still evolving, the indirect consequences beyond health already bring a heavy toll. These include food insecurity, lack of medical supplies, loss of income and livelihood, difficulties in applying sanitary and physical distancing measures, a looming debt crisis, as well as related political and security risks. This policy brief takes
- [COVID-19 lockdowns are imposing substantial economic costs on countries in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-lockdowns-are-imposing-substantial-economic-costs-on-countries-in-africa/) - Low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are suffering rapid and substantial economic costs from the spread of COVID-19 and related lockdown measures. James Thurlow describes initial assessments of economy-wide impacts in some African countries and their varied effects on different sectors and types of households. He also highlights challenges for governments in moving from crisis responses
- [COVID-19 border policies create problems for African trade and economic pain for communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-border-policies-create-problems-for-african-trade-and-economic-pain-for-communities/) - Across Africa, countries have imposed emergency border restrictions to curb the spread of COVID-19. These have delayed a continental free trade agreement, are contributing to fears of a new food crisis, and disrupted cross-border trade. In this post, Antoine Bouët and David Laborde review the border measures and their impacts and provide recommendations on how
- [A Post-Coronial World: A Decolonised Future for Global Development](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-post-coronial-world-a-decolonised-future-for-global-development/) - This opinion piece by Indrajit Roy argues that as COVID19 rages across the world, it is renting asunder the global order. With the US in self-isolation, Europe on its knees and China discredited, the war on the virus is being successfully waged by new actors, making the established western powers and the rising Chinese power
- [COVID-19 Policy responses for those small enough to fail - part 2](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-policy-responses-for-those-small-enough-to-fail-part-2/) - This post highlights key considerations for designing COVID-19 policy responses to support those ‘small enough to fail’ - particularly micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and informal sector workers - and to rebuild economies in ways that reduce their vulnerability in the long run. Read more
- [Is the International Community Missing an Opportunity To Advance Peace?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/is-the-international-community-missing-an-opportunity-to-advance-peace/) - On March 23, U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres appealed for a global cease-fire to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet over eight weeks later, the Security Council has not been able to muster consensus on a resolution to support even a humanitarian, time-limited cease-fire, despite early and repeated warnings about the potential devastation that the virus will
- [Protocols for the prevention and control of infections in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic for teams in the field during Cash Distribution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protocols-for-the-prevention-and-control-of-infections-in-the-face-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-for-teams-in-the-field-during-cash-distribution/) - This document is created by Cash Working Group (CWG) South Sudan to provide guidance/key messages to partners, sectors, inter-sector working group, FSP, communities and beneficiaries on key safety measures in the context of COVID-19. The document compiles recommendations from different sources, including Save the Children Colombia, protocol for teams in the field, CDC, WHO, WFP
- [Homegrown solutions to Pandemic problems: Community-led response to disease](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/homegrown-solutions-to-pandemic-problems-community-led-response-to-disease/) - In this blog, Paul Richards reflects on what aid agencies in South Sudan can learn from the Ebola response in West Africa. Perhaps the most critical is that the response to an infectious disease is most effective, and conflict sensitive, when it works with communities and supports their initiatives, and is least effective when local
- [COVID-19 will change the way the UN conducts peacekeeping operations in the future](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-will-change-the-way-the-un-conducts-peacekeeping-operations-in-the-future/) - The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted UN peacekeeping operations. In the short-term, activities have been reduced to the most critical, rotations have been frozen, and most staff are working remotely. Most of the missions have adapted remarkably well, but even more extreme changes are likely in the medium term, as the global economic recession that
- [Responding to COVID-19 in Africa: Using Data to Find a Balance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responding-to-covid-19-in-africa-using-data-to-find-a-balance/) - In this report, the Partnership for Evidence-Based Response to COVID-19 (PERC), a consortium of global public health organizations and private sector firms, brings together findings from a survey conducted March 29-April 17, 2020 in 28 cities across 20 AU Member States, along with epidemiological measures of disease transmission and indicators of population movements and unrest,
- [Ensuring the public’s right to know in the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ensuring-the-publics-right-to-know-in-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - In responding to the COVID-19 outbreak, many governments have taken measures that limit access to information held by public bodies relating to the pandemic and other crucial areas of public interest. For many of those governments, ensuring public access to information is often not seen as important or as a priority because public functions and
- [A Rapid Gender analysis on COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-rapid-gender-analysis-on-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is a country with already pre-existing inequalities, gender norms and perceptions of who a man and woman is. The experiences of women and girls in South Sudan are starkly different to that of men and boys and the civil war, poverty and societal norms in the country has put women and girls at
- [The Dangers of Covid-20: South Sudan’s Political Dilemma](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/223221/) - This article argues that while COVID-19 itself fails to discriminate between the poor and the powerful, its effects are mediated by unequitable social structures and economic hierarchies, and that in countries suffering from conflict and hunger, such responses are even likely to entrench class divisions between political elites and the suffering majority. The COVID-19 response
- [Responding to COVID-19 in South Sudan: Making local knowledge count](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responding-to-covid-19-in-south-sudan-making-local-knowledge-count/) - South Sudan has, up to the time of writing, avoided the worst effects of the global coronavirus pandemic. However, as the disease spreads further through the African continent, South Sudan—and other countries in the Greater Horn of Africa region—need to carefully calibrate their response to prevent a dangerous escalation. Of critical importance to this is
- [The Impact of COVID-19 on Transitional Elections and Peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-transitional-elections-and-peacebuilding/) - COVID-19 has delayed elections worldwide at an unprecedented rate, which will affect peacebuilding efforts. This policy brief argues that Germany should support national institutions in developing consultation mechanisms between electoral management bodies, public health authorities and other relevant actors and assist in crisis communication to create spaces for dialogue and to counter disinformation. Read
- [Gender Matters: COVID-19’s Outsized Impact on Displaced Women and Girls](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-matters-covid-19s-outsized-impact-on-displaced-women-and-girls/) - This article argues that within already vulnerable displaced communities, women and girls are at even greater risk. Cultural norms, underrepresentation, and a host of other challenges further marginalize them socially, politically, and economically. As a result, forced displacement uniquely and disproportionately affects women and girls, as does this pandemic. The article provides analysis and recommendations
- [Will Lessons from Cholera in Haiti Be Applied to COVID-19?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/will-lessons-from-cholera-in-haiti-be-applied-to-covid-19/) - In recent weeks, the United Nations Department of Peace Operations announced a series of protocol changes to reduce the risk that peacekeepers will introduce COVID-19 into vulnerable countries. As the introduction of cholera to Haiti in 2010 by UN peacekeepers demonstrates, such preventative measures are critical. Yet there is cause for concern that the lessons
- [Gender and Socio-Economic Impact Assessments of COVID-19 Pandemic in Juba Municipality, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-and-socio-economic-impact-assessments-of-covid-19-pandemic-in-juba-municipality-south-sudan/) - In partnership with UNDP- PaCC Project, the University of Juba Technical Multi-Disciplinary Sub-Committee on COVID-19 pandemic response conducted a rapid assessment to determine the gender and socio-economic impact of the disease on South Sudanese. The novel COVID-19 pandemic has infected over three million people, with over two hundred thousand deaths globally. With a weak and
- [Interim guidance on Public Health and Social Measures for COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Operations in Low Capacity and Humanitarian Settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/interim-guidance-on-public-health-and-social-measures-for-covid-19-preparedness-and-response-operations-in-low-capacity-and-humanitarian-settings/) - This Interim Guidance outlines how key public health and social measures needed to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread and the impact of the disease can be adapted for use in low capacity and humanitarian settings. The recommendations outlined here need to be adjusted to the scale of transmission, context and resources, in order to
- [The Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-social-and-economic-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-south-sudan/) - The COVID-19 outbreak presents three lessons for South Sudan, with 156 confirmed cases to-date. First, the government’s policy to clamp down on social gatherings is not as effective as assumed. Granted the streets are indeed empty now compared to the pre-policy period, but the crowds have shifted elsewhere—residences, neighborhoods’ tea stalls, recreational clubs, and commercial
- [An International Anti-Corruption Court could help recover funds for the fight against Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/an-international-anti-corruption-court-could-help-recover-funds-for-the-fight-against-covid-19/) - The trail of destruction left by the pandemic presents an opportunity to reconsider the culture of grand corruption with impunity, which imperils the future of humankind in ways more insidious and continuous than the pandemic. This article argues that for too long now the kleptocrats have enjoyed impunity for their actions. Read more
- [Nigeria’s response to Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/nigerias-response-to-covid-19/) - Nigeria was successful in eliminating Ebola, despite a weak public health system. In this blog post, expert on governance in Nigeria, Clare Cummings, uncovers why this was and whether Covid-19 could be addressed in the same way. Read more
- [COVID-19 responses in Africa: Ok, one size doesn’t fit all. Now what?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-responses-in-africa-ok-one-size-doesnt-fit-all-now-what/) - This article argues that the key issue with the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa is not, as they would have it, that the population is young and that there are therefore not that many susceptible people. That is, in any case, a highly dubious assumption. With high rates of TB, untreated HIV, diabetes, hypertension and
- [Tackling COVID-19 in Uganda: private medicine outlets at the front-line](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/tackling-covid-19-in-uganda-private-medicine-outlets-at-the-front-line/) - At the time of writing (31st March), Uganda has 44 reported cases of COVID-19, and approximately 1,800 people are under quarantine. Uganda has been very effective so far in its response to outbreaks and President Museveni is spearheading efforts to control the pandemic. Social distancing measures are being enacted such as closures of schools and
- [Accountability for COVID-19 Aid: Better Visibility Matters for the Quality of the Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/accountability-for-covid-19-aid-better-visibility-matters-for-the-quality-of-the-response/) - As low- and middle-income countries are hit by the health and economic effects of COVID-19, the international community is working to mobilize billions of dollars in grants, loans, and debt relief. Beyond addressing the direct health impacts of COVID-19, routine essential health services must be delivered, health workers protected, and continuity assured in health worker
- [Covid-19 and Illicit Financial Flows: What’s to Come](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-illicit-financial-flows-whats-to-come/) - Even in normal times, there has been a growing recognition of the threat that illicit financial flows (IFFs) pose to the integrity and stability of the global financial system. But now, with the onslaught of the Covid-19 crisis, concerns are growing that the scale and scope of IFFs could be increasing as authorities are distracted
- [The humanitarian response to COVID-19 in Somalia will increase capital flight and violent conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-humanitarian-response-to-covid-19-in-somalia-will-increase-capital-flight-and-violent-conflict/) - As Somalia braces for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, debt relief will not help prepare it for the financial and political catastrophe ahead. This article brings together research on Somali politics, business and the politics of aid to argue a massive influx of humanitarian spending, as proposed, will exacerbate the country’s financial hardships and
- [Coronavirus and the Electoral Dilemma](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-and-the-electoral-dilemma/) - In this blog post, Nic Cheeseman, author of several books on democracy in Africa, explains why postponing elections for COVID-19 may do more harm than good. Read more
- [Covid-19 and the shrinking space for dissent](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-shrinking-space-for-dissent/) - This opinion piece argues that there is a global pattern showing that the new emergency powers invoked by governments to tackle the global pandemic can just as easily be used by would-be autocrats to stifle debate, evade scrutiny, and consolidate their own power. Read more
- [The politics of COVID-19 in the Sahel](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-politics-of-covid-19-in-the-sahel/) - Covid-19 is not the only crisis, and probably not the biggest crisis in the Sahel. But it will likely make a bad situation worse. As the virus spreads, it will do so in a fragile and conflict-afflicted region, inserting itself into already complex and fluid dynamics. As previous pandemics have shown worldwide, policies often prove
- [Ensuring Integrity in Governments’Response to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ensuring-integrity-in-governmentsresponse-to-covid-19/) - Governments around the world are designing and implementing rapid responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this effort, they are faced with three extraordinary challenges: (1) a public health emergency to contain the virus including identifying and treating infected populations; (2) widespread food and livelihood insecurity due to mandated stoppage of economic activity and the resulting
- [Interview: How Covid-19 could undo years of progress in the developing world](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/interview-how-covid-19-could-undo-years-of-progress-in-the-developing-world/) - Professor Charlotte Watts is the chief scientific adviser for the Department of International Development (Dfid) and a member of the Government’s Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Sage). In this interview, she talks about how developing countries could be affected by the pandemic - and why the UK's response needs to address both domestic and international
- [We Can’t Stop the Coronavirus Unless We Stop Corruption](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/we-cant-stop-the-coronavirus-unless-we-stop-corruption/) - The world is pouring trillions of dollars into coronavirus vaccines and economic stimulus efforts. This opinion piece argues that without strict measures, graft will prevent funds from reaching the right recipients. Read more
- [Governance Implicationsof Epidemic Disease in Africa: Updating the Agenda for COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/governance-implicationsof-epidemic-disease-in-africa-updating-the-agenda-for-covid-19/) - African countries have much experience with epidemics of communicable diseases. Nonetheless, certain aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic are new; for example its impacts on the global economy, and the extreme restrictions on social interaction that are recommended as mitigation measures. Other aspects of the pandemic are familiar; for example high levels of illness that overwhelm
- [The Impact of Sanctions on Humanitarian Response to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-sanctions-on-humanitarian-response-to-covid-19/) - As COVID-19 begins to spread to the most fragile regions of the world, humanitarian organizations are facing pre-existing hurdles—often diffuse and indirect—hindering the deployment of an appropriate and timely response to the virus in countries under sanctions. Sanctioned jurisdictions represent around 75% of the beneficiary states of the United Nations (UN) Global Humanitarian Response Plan
- [COVID-19 in Africa: a Call for coordinated Governance, improved Health Structures and better Data](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-africa-a-call-for-coordinated-governance-improved-health-structures-and-better-data/) - In this publication, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation analyses Africa’s readiness and capacity to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. It draws on a wealth of data, statistics and information from the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) and other sources to examine the current COVID-19 context and its immediate challenges. In providing this analysis, the Foundation aims
- [Coronavirus in conflict: The fight has hardly begun](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-in-conflict-the-fight-has-hardly-begun/) - In this article, the authors argue that for several reasons, conflict-affected environments are especially vulnerable to the outbreak of infectious diseases, are less likely to be able to identify and respond to outbreaks, and are less equipped to stop their spread within and beyond their often porous borders. Read more
- [COVID-19 and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-conflict-sensitivity/) - Oxfam’s Conflict Sensitivity guidance for COVID-19 responses aims to support humanitarian response teams to identify potential conflict related risks, undertake rapid context and conflict analyses and to develop conflict sensitive MEAL systems. The guidance is available in English, Arabic, French and Spanish.
- [COVID-19 and Gender-based Violence in Conflict: New Challenges and Persistent Problems](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-gender-based-violence-in-conflict-new-challenges-and-persistent-problems/) - PSRP research on gender-based violence and its relationship to conflict includes useful insights on the likely impacts of the COVID-19 restrictions in conflict-affected settings. This blog distils some of the most pertinent insights from PSRP research, drawing in particular on Jessica Doyle and Monica McWilliams pathbreaking longitudinal study of the impact on women’s experiences of
- [Covid-19 in Africa: The good news and the bad](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-africa-the-good-news-and-the-bad/) - There is no doubt that the coronavirus pandemic will lead to enormous changes for countries in both Africa and the world. What might a post-Covid-19 Africa look like? In this article, the authors are starting to glimpse the shape of the continent to come — and it’s not all bad news (although there is plenty
- [The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-riddle-why-does-the-virus-wallop-some-places-and-spare-others/) - The question of why the virus has overwhelmed some places and left others relatively untouched is a puzzle that has spawned numerous theories and speculations but no definitive answers. That knowledge could have profound implications for how countries respond to the virus, for determining who is at risk and for knowing when it’s safe to
- [Coronavirus is a crisis for the developing world, but here's why it needn't be a catastrophe](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-is-a-crisis-for-the-developing-world-but-heres-why-it-neednt-be-a-catastrophe/) - In this article, the authors argue for a universal ultra basic income (UUBI) as a strategy for development countries to cope with the economic impact of COVID-19. Read more
- [Illicit Financial Flows Will be Easier During the Coronavirus Pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/223174/) - International criminal organizations are now exploiting the coronavirus crisis. This blog post argues that the corrupt and criminal entities that thrive on illicit financial flows, or the transfer of illegally earned money across borders, can seize the moment. Read more
- [Do Authoritarian or Democratic Countries Handle Pandemics Better?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/do-authoritarian-or-democratic-countries-handle-pandemics-better/) - China has declared victory over the new coronavirus and begun to close its temporary hospitals. Singapore’s coronavirus chief wept while thanking healthcare workers for their efforts. Meanwhile, Spanish officials have requisitioned an ice rink as a makeshift morgue, and nurses in the United States are begging for hand-sewn masks. The stark contrasts raise a pointed
- [The Covid-19 Response in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-response-in-africa/) - This blog post by the British Foreign Policy Group argues that the African continent’s healthcare systems and responses are coping better than expected, and that it is instead in the economic and social domain that Covid-19 will have its most damaging and lasting effects. In recovering from a crisis of this magnitude, African and more
- [Somali communities face dropping remittances and wider economic impact amid COVID-19 crisis. A warning from activists, aid workers & academia](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/somali-communities-face-dropping-remittances-and-wider-economic-impact-amid-covid-19-crisis-a-warning-from-activists-aid-workers-academia/) - This brief, signed by over 100 activists, aid workers and academics, addresses the potentially huge economic impact of reduced remittances on vulnerable communities in Somalia/Somaliland and provides recommendations for the international community and Somali officials on how to address these challenges. Download
- [Policy Brief: COVID-19 & Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/policy-brief-covid-19-conflict-sensitivity/) - World Vision International and Search for Common Ground voice serious concerns about the immediate and long-term impact of COVID-19 and ongoing response measures on the well-being of people, in particular of children and young people, living in conflict-affected and fragile contexts. In this brief, they aim to highlight the need for a conflict-sensitive response and
- [To help respond to Covid-19, African governments should prioritise taxing the rich](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/to-help-respond-to-covid-19-african-governments-should-prioritise-taxing-the-rich/) - So far, policy discussions about tax responses to Covid-19 have focused overwhelmingly on how to offer immediate tax relief. There is a clear sequence in these discussions: tax relief today, expanded revenue collection in the future to compensate. This blog explores a less conventional argument: that African governments may want to think much more immediately
- [Africa’s coronavirus safety nets cannot cover all](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africas-coronavirus-safety-nets-cannot-cover-all/) - This article argues that many African countries moved rapidly to curb the initial spread of coronavirus, but they have been slower to cushion their citizens from its economic impact. Read more
- [Living with fear of COVID-19 in a refugee camp](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/living-with-fear-of-covid-19-in-a-refugee-camp/) - Susan Grace Duku, a South Sudanese refugee living in Rhino Camp Refugee Settlement in Uganda, is describing how it is to live in lockdown and fear of coronavirus in a refugee camp. Listen to the Interview
- [COVID-19, Crises and Fragility](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-crises-and-fragility/) - Fragile contexts are beginning to be hitby the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of these countries are insufficiently prepared to cope with the spread of the disease and its consequences across the multiple dimensions of fragility. The most vulnerable have difficulty inaccessing hospitals and rely on poor public services. Confinement measures are hardly applicable and the mobilisation
- [How Efforts to Address Conflict and Coronavirus Align](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-efforts-to-address-conflict-and-coronavirus-align/) - As the unprecedented humanitarian and economic impacts of COVID-19 begin to be felt across poor and conflict-affected states, there is a risk that policymakers will lose focus on longer-term priorities—like conflict prevention and economic development. The scale of emergency aid that will be needed is becoming more clear, and the initial projections are staggering: the
- [How “de-biasing” humanitarian organizations could lead to more gender-equitable programming during COVID-19 and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-de-biasing-humanitarian-organizations-could-lead-to-more-gender-equitable-programming-during-covid-19-and-beyond/) - This article talks about gendered effects of COVID-19 and how the humanitarian sector could overcome gender biases. Read more
- [Global Rapid Gender Analysis for COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/global-rapid-gender-analysis-for-covid-19/) - This Rapid Gender Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on secondary data analysis undertaken between 12-20 March 2020, explores the current and potential gendered dimensions of COVID-19 and highlights the ways in which women, girls and other marginalised people are likely to suffer from the pandemic. Download
- [COVID-19: South Sudan rumor tracking overview - Issue #1](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-south-sudan-rumor-tracking-overview-issue-1/) - The Communication and Community Engagement Working Group (CCEWG) is expanding on existing efforts by other humanitarians around rumor tracking and seeks to improve data quality on perceptions and rumor monitoring by systematically tracking COVID-19 perceptions and rumors. This effort is key to understanding how South Sudanese communities perceive the virus—acting as a “check” on the
- [Humanity & Inclusion South Sudan, Guidance on Inclusive messaging in COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/humanity-inclusion-south-sudan-guidance-on-inclusive-messaging-in-covid-19-response/) - COVID-19 presents particular risks for many persons with disabilities and elderly around the world. Governments and partners should make extra efforts to protect the rights of persons with disabilities in responding to the pandemic, including ensuring that public health information is accessible to all. Persons with disabilities and elderly, potentially face higher exposure to the
- [“COVID-19 is like a death sentence to women in South Sudan; after years of conflict, it is taking away our plans”](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-is-like-a-death-sentence-to-women-in-south-sudan-after-years-of-conflict-it-is-taking-away-our-plans/) - “Since a COVID-19 case was declared in South Sudan, I have not been myself. I was worried. How will we survive without our farm work? Only God knows how long it will take to stop this dangerous disease”, says 45-year old Elder Atim, a farmer. At least 95 percent of the people in South Sudan
- [Observation Report on the Impacts of COVID-19 on Women. Implications of COVID-19 on Women , Peace and Secuirty.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/observation-report-on-the-impacts-of-covid-19-on-women-implications-of-covid-19-on-women-peace-and-secuirty/) - This paper is stressing the importance of linking the responses of COVID-19 to Women, Peace and Security agenda. Women are at the frontline of facing the threat of COVID-19 pandemic. They are in a protective position of taking care of children and elderly in the community in comparison to their male counterparts. This is due
- [Adapting social protection in the wake of Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/adapting-social-protection-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/) - Everywhere you look, and even if you didn’t realise it, countries are using social protection to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic on a massive scale. Whether it is huge unemployment support packages in the UK and France, new and adapted cash transfer, food voucher, and school feeding programmes, unemployment insurance or subsidised sick leave, all
- [The COVID-19 pandemic is shining an unforgiving light on the world’s most vulnerable and marginal people](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-covid-19-pandemic-is-shining-an-unforgiving-light-on-the-worlds-most-vulnerable-and-marginal-people/) - This opinion piece argues that the COVID-19 pandemic is shining an unforgiving light on the world’s most vulnerable and marginal people, and that our only hope is that as Governments respond to this looming health crisis, the pandemic can also accelerate their longer-term commitment to protect and assist IDPs who face the greatest risks, and
- [Are local and international aid worker disparities worsening under COVID-19?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/are-local-and-international-aid-worker-disparities-worsening-under-covid-19/) - This article addresses the distinction drawn between the employees who arrive mostly from Western countries, often for time-limited assignments and are called “expats” or “international” staff, and their “local” counterparts, drawn from the country where the response is taking place, and specifically looks at different treatment these employees receive in response to COVID-19. Read
- [Resources for Community Engagement during Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/resources-for-community-engagement-during-covid-19/) - Community engagement is vital during the Coronavirus pandemic. Oxfam’s experience of working humanitarian contexts, and in the recent Ebola and Zika outbreaks, has shown that the best way to respond is to build trust in communities and services, understand community perspectives and share information, and work with communities to determine how to keep people safe.
- [COVID-19 in fragile settings: Ensuring a conflict-sensitive response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-fragile-settings-ensuring-a-conflict-sensitive-response/) - Violent conflict often exacerbates the spread of infectious diseases, as seen in the recent resurgence of polio in Syria, cholera outbreaks in the conflict zones in Yemen, and the persistence of Ebola in insecure eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Between 2009 and 2017, in fact, there were 364 disease outbreaks in
- [African elections and COVID-19: A crisis of legitimacy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/african-elections-and-covid-19-a-crisis-of-legitimacy/) - In this article, the author argues that this public health emergency could be dwarfed by a deep crisis, which is a story about constitutional politics, which begins with elections, but is really about how African governments derive their legitimacy and what they do with power. He argues that the combination of a pandemic and emergencies
- [COVID-19 and Conflict Sensitivity Implications in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-conflict-sensitivity-implications-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog post, Leslye Rost van Tonningen, the Director of CSRF, reflects on conflict sensitivity implications of COVID-19 responses in the South Sudanese context. Conflict sensitivity is more important in times of crisis or rapid change. In current crises, such as South Sudan, Syria, Yemen, Somalia or Myanmar, conflict sensitivity and context analysis
- [The social dimensions of the Coronavirus outbreak – Podcast by Sonar-Global](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-social-dimensions-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak-podcast-by-sonar-global/) - Epicast is a podcast series about epidemics from Sonar-Global. The aim of this podcast is to explore the social dimensions of infectious diseases outbreaks so that we can get better at controlling them. This first will be focusing on the Coronavirus outbreak. Listen to the podcast
- [South Sudan: Trends in Communication Preferences and Modalities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudan-trends-in-communication-preferences-and-modalities-2/) - To inform COVID-19 risk communication outreach strategies, REACH put together this brief to summarize key findings on trends in communication preferences and modalities from past REACH assessments. Download
- [Anticipating the impacts of COVID-19 in humanitarian and food crisis contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/anticipating-the-impacts-of-covid-19-in-humanitarian-and-food-crisis-contexts/) - Although the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on short- and long-term food security is difficult to predict, particularly at this early juncture, some risk factors can be identified. Lessons from previous pandemics or global crises indicate that food security could be rapidly and dramatically affected, particularly in fragile countries and, within them, the most vulnerable
- [IMPACT and REACH adapt programming to inform COVID-19 humanitarian response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impact-and-reach-adapt-programming-to-inform-covid-19-humanitarian-response/) - Humanitarian actors are scaling up and reprogramming their activities in response to COVID-19, both in country and at the global level. As they do so, they are finding themselves in an unfamiliar territory, lacking the required tools and information for planning their response to the pandemic. In this context, up-to-date data collection efforts and analysis
- [The Sphere Standards and the Coronavirus Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-sphere-standards-and-the-coronavirus-response/) - The Coronavirus COVID-19 is spreading globally. How can the Sphere Handbook guide our response? Sphere collates and disseminates emerging practice and evidence in the Coronavirus response and released a four-page document guiding you through the relevant parts of the Sphere Handbook. Why is Sphere relevant for COVID-19? Sphere offers a holistic, people-centred approach to humanitarian work, with the three foundation
- [Responding to COVID-19: Guidance for humanitarian agencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responding-to-covid-19-guidance-for-humanitarian-agencies/) - How should humanitarian organisations prepare and respond to COVID-19 in humanitarian settings in low- and middle-income countries? This Rapid Learning Review outlines 14 actions, insights and ideas for humanitarian actors to consider in their COVID-19 responses. It summarises and synthesises the best available knowledge and guidance for developing a health response to COVID-19 in low- and
- [Preventing violent extremism during and after the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/preventing-violent-extremism-during-and-after-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - While the world’s attention appropriately focuses on the health and economic impacts of COVID-19, the threat of violent extremism remains, and has in some circumstances been exacerbated during the crisis. The moment demands new and renewed attention so that the gains made to date do not face setbacks. As with so much reporting on and
- [The Politics of Food in the Time of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-politics-of-food-in-the-time-of-covid-19/) - The intersection of the pandemic and hunger sets the stage for the politicization of urgent humanitarian assistance, particularly food. Around the world, leaders who are insecure about their own popularity and legitimacy often compensate by placing a high priority on projecting strength and control. These leaders may be particularly anxious about responding to COVID-19. The
- [Dealing with COVID-19 in the towns and cities of the global South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/dealing-with-covid-19-in-the-towns-and-cities-of-the-global-south/) - Diana Mitlin, principal researcher in the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)'s Human Settlements research group, looks at the particular challenges the COVID-19 outbreak will pose to people living in informal settlements, what steps can be taken to reach the populations in need, and how community organisation networks can be supported to scale up
- [Peace and Pandemics: How COVID-19 will impact violence and what we can do about it](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peace-and-pandemics-how-covid-19-will-impact-violence-and-what-we-can-do-about-it/) - As the world prepares for and responds to the direct health impacts of the COVID-19 coronavirus, those of us who work on reducing violence and preventing conflict are also bracing. The coronavirus pandemic is already producing knock-on effects for safety at the individual level, the community level, and – potentially – at the international level.
- [Could coronavirus lead to a “positive peace”?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/could-coronavirus-lead-to-a-positive-peace/) - In this article, Rachel Scott, Senior Partnership and Policy Advisor, Crisis and Fragility Policy and Engagement at UNDP, explores the possibility of what scholars call a “positive peace” following the pandemic. Read more
- [Africa: Triple Threat - Conflict, Gender-Based Violence and COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africa-triple-threat-conflict-gender-based-violence-and-covid-19/) - Women and girls are at high risk for rape and sexual violence, as well as death – whether from armed conflicts, from conditions in refugee camps or from domestic violence while trapped at home with their abusers. Mandatory lockdowns have limited women's access to life-saving support, including sexual and reproductive health clinics. Deaths in childbirth,
- [Gender, Masculinity, and COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-masculinity-and-covid-19/) - Gender is shaping the COVID-19 crisis in real and significant ways. Beyond the direct, visible practices that by now we all should understand—stay home, wash your hands, step back six feet—gender and its interactions with class, race, and immigrant status impact a number of dimensions of this crisis. From epidemiology to the vulnerabilities of front-line
- [What did we learn from preparing for cross-border transmission of Ebola virus disease into a complex humanitarian setting – The Republic of South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-did-we-learn-from-preparing-for-cross-border-transmission-of-ebola-virus-disease-into-a-complex-humanitarian-setting-the-republic-of-south-sudan/) - Background Following the West Africa Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak (2013–2016), WHO developed a preparedness checklist for its member states. This checklist is currently being applied for the first time on a large and systematic scale to prepare for the cross border importation of the ongoing EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo hence
- [4 lessons from evaluations of the education response to Ebola](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/4-lessons-from-evaluations-of-the-education-response-to-ebola/) - This third post in the series about learning from the education response after the Ebola outbreak in West Africa looks at what some of the evaluations have shown, and highlight 4 findings that can help today’s response to the coronavirus outbreak. Read more
- [Key Considerations: Dying, Bereavement and Mortuary and Funerary Practices in the Context of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-considerations-dying-bereavement-and-mortuary-and-funerary-practices-in-the-context-of-covid-19/) - This brief sets out key considerations for events related to death, burial, funerals (rites, ceremonies and practices) and mourning in the context of the global outbreak of the COVID-19. Further participatory inquiry should be undertaken, but given ongoing transmission, conveying key considerations for adapted end-of-life, mortuary, burial and funeral practices and related community engagement have
- [How COVID-19 Could Be Like the Global Financial Crisis (Or Worse)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-covid-19-could-be-like-the-global-financial-crisis-or-worse/) - The world is living its worst scare since the global financial crisis (GFC) in the form of COVID-19, now officially declared a pandemic. Will the socioeconomic toll of thei pandemic be as large as that experienced during the GFC? In both the GFC and the current health crisis it is apparent that the markets will
- [Planning for the World After COVID-19: Assessing the Domestic and International Drivers of Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/planning-for-the-world-after-covid-19-assessing-the-domestic-and-international-drivers-of-conflict/) - This article examines how COVID-19 contributes to domestic and international drivers of instability. It argues that the best way to address these challenges is through improved dialogue at the international and local level. Read more
- [Context matters – Why Africa should tailor its own measures to fight COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/context-matters-why-africa-should-tailor-its-own-measures-to-fight-covid-19/) - This brief identifies political, economic and social risks related to coronavirus responses in Africa and emphasises the disproportionate burden carried by women. It argues that localised measures, which include dialogue, transparency and flexibility, may be the only realistic way forward, while underlining the need for wealthier states to provide generous aid packages, debt cancellations and
- [Religion and COVID-19: Four Lessons from the Ebola experience](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/religion-and-covid-19-four-lessons-from-the-ebola-experience/) - Ebola and COVID-19, two devastating infectious diseases that spread rapidly through populations, crossing boundaries of all sorts, put local, national, and international health systems to crucial tests. They also try religious communities, locally and globally. The authors of this guest post, Katherine Marshall, Olivia Wilkinson and Dave Robinson, argue that we are learning vital lessons
- [Briefing Paper: A Practical Approach to Prevent, Address and Document Domestic Violence under COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/briefing-paper-a-practical-approach-to-prevent-address-and-document-domestic-violence-under-covid-19/) - This briefing paper analyses successful interventions to make key programmatic recommendations for grassroots organisations working on the frontlines of gender and the COVID-19 crisis, as well as policy recommendations for the international community. The first part of this briefing paper gives programmatic recommendations for local and national organisations for preventing, addressing, and documenting domestic violence.
- [OPINION: Migration and COVID-19 in Uganda: The challenges of urban refugees](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/opinion-migration-and-covid-19-in-uganda-the-challenges-of-urban-refugees/) - On 22 March, Uganda confirmed its first case of Covid-19. So far 55 cases have been found in the country. To contain the spread of the virus, President Yoweri Museveni ordered the closure of schools and all places allowing for public gatherings, including bars, non-food markets and shopping malls. Public transport and use of vehicles
- [Community Engagement From a Distance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-guide-to-community-engagement-at-a-distance/) - This short guide is designed to assist development and humanitarian agencies to think through how risk communication and community engagement activity related to Covid-19 can be carried out without face-to-face interaction with communities. By using remote methods, agencies will be able to safeguard the health of their own and their partners’ staff and volunteers, while
- [Gender implications of COVID-19 outbreaks in development and humanitarian settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-implications-of-covid-19-outbreaks-in-development-and-humanitarian-settings/) - Informed by lessons learned from past public health emergencies, this analysis shows that COVID-19 outbreaks in development or humanitarian contexts could disproportionately affect women and girls in a number of ways, including adverse effects on their education, food security and nutrition, health, livelihoods, and protection. Even after the outbreak has been contained, women and girls
- [COVID-19: Four ways peacebuilders can respond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-four-ways-peacebuilders-can-respond/) - At International Alert, as in every other peacebuilding organisation around the world, they are emerging from our initial shock at the speed at which the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has swept the globe. In this blog post, Rebecca Crozier is providing four ways of how peacebuilders can respond. Read more
- [African countries are leading the way on preventing Covid-19 debt crises](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/african-countries-are-leading-the-way-on-preventing-covid-19-debt-crises/) - In this comment, Jesse Griffiths argues that to avoid a devastating debt crisis across the developing world sparked by Covid-19, debtor countries will have to stand together and negotiate hard with creditors to agree necessary debt standstills, restructurings and debt cancellation. Promising signs are emerging that African countries are beginning to provide this necessary leadership.
- [Looking at the coronavirus crisis through the nexus lens – what needs to be done](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/looking-at-the-coronavirus-crisis-through-the-nexus-lens-what-needs-to-be-done/) - Sarah Dalrymple puts forward actions that humanitarian, development and peace actors can take to apply the nexus approach to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic and thereby help mitigate its impact. According to her, taking a nexus approach to addressing the COVID-19 pandemic is imperative for responding effectively to this crisis and protecting those who are most
- [Moral multi-tasking in the COVID-19 response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/moral-multi-tasking-in-the-covid-19-response/) - Hugo Slim argues that as the global aid community continues to scale up and adapt to the worldwide emergency around COVID-19, it is rightly engaging with different layers of moral decision-making to agree what is an ethically good response and not just a quick reaction. Read more
- [Key considerations: COVID-19 in informal urban settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-considerations-covid-19-in-informal-urban-settlements/) - This brief sets out key considerations for protecting informal urban settlements from the spread and impacts of COVID-19. There is heightened concern about these settings because of the combination of population density and limited infrastructure. This briefing discusses what is known about vulnerabilities and how to support local action. Download
- [COVID-19 in humanitarian crises: A double emergency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-humanitarian-crises-a-double-emergency/) - The International Rescue Committee’s (IRC) analysis and approach to COVID-19 draws on decades of experi-ence as a humanitarian and health responder in the world’s most complex crises, including as one of the largest responders to the Ebola outbreaks in West Africa and the DRC and Cholera in Yemen – the largest outbreaks of the diseases
- [Guidance for the prevention of COVID-19 infections among high-risk individuals in camps and camp-like settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/guidance-for-the-prevention-of-covid-19-infections-among-high-risk-individuals-in-camps-and-camp-like-settings/) - Forcibly displaced populations residing in camps or camp-like settings may be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 epidemics due to overcrowding, poor access to safe water and sanitation and limited access to health services. In the absence of control measures, camps and camp-like settings could experience very high attack rates and mortality. This would translate into an
- [Lessons Never Learned: Crisis and gender‐based violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/lessons-never-learned-crisis-and-gender‐based-violence/) - The COVID‐19 pandemic exposes underlying inequalities in our socio‐economic and health systems, such as gender‐based violence (GBV). In emergencies, particularly ones that involve quarantine, GBV often increases. Policymakers must utilize community expertise, technology and existing global guidelines to disrupt these trends in the early stages of the COVID‐19 epidemic. Gender norms and roles relegating women
- [From Zika to COVID-19: Can we learn lessons across pandemics?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/from-zika-to-covid-19-can-we-learn-lessons-across-pandemics/) - In this blog post, Ildo Lautharte Junior and Imran Rasul show that evidence gathered during the course of the Zika outbreak in the Americas in 2015 provides important lessons for policymakers in today's COVID-19 pandemi, especially with regard to public health and household responses. Read more
- [Policy Lessons From COVID-19 in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/policy-lessons-from-covid-19-in-africa/) - In his blog "An Africanist Perspective", Ken Opalo, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Georgetown University and the author of Legislative Development in Africa, draws some lessons he has gleaned from African governments' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Read more
- ["Vulnerable people are hit much harder, which is also what we’re seeing during the current coronavirus crisis"](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/vulnerable-people-are-hit-much-harder-which-is-also-what-were-seeing-during-the-current-coronavirus-crisis/) - According to Thea Hilhorst, Professor of Humanitarian Studies at the International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam, disasters don’t just happen completely out of the blue, and they are never equally distributed, either. Disasters only turn into disasters in places where people are vulnerable to their impact. And vulnerable people are hit much
- [People in poverty bear the brunt of Covid-19, and the worst is yet to come](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/people-in-poverty-bear-the-brunt-of-covid-19-and-the-worst-is-yet-to-come/) - In this blog post, Keetie Roelen argues that poverty puts people at greater risk of getting infected with coronavirus, and also makes them carry the brunt of its economic fallout. This transcends traditional boundaries of the ‘Global South’ and ‘Global North’ with consequences felt by people living in precarious conditions across the globe. The much-repeated
- [Compliance with physical distancing measures for COVID-19 and implications for RCCE in Eastern and Southern Africa (April 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/compliance-withphysical-distancing-measures-for-covid-19-and-implications-for-rcce-in-eastern-and-southern-africa-april-2020/) - This brief reports on attitudes and practices relating to physical distancing measures in Eastern and Southern Africain the context of the current global COVID-19 outbreak. Where relevant, it also includes insight and learning from the Ebola outbreaks in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It sets outpractical considerations for the formulation of communication
- [Podcast: The Social Dynamics of Pandemics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/podcast-the-social-dynamics-of-pandemics/) - The global pandemic Covid-19 is impacting people in many and varied ways. The effects on all our lives are immense and diverse, from rural and urban communities, young and old, from different geographic and economic groups, we are each living with different realities of a global crisis. In this month’s episode of Between the Lines,
- [Coronavirus and Conflict: The Security Sector Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-and-conflict-the-security-sector-response/) - This USIP event, which took place on April 15, 2020, looked at creative solutions on how to respond to the confluence of coronavirus and conflict. USIP President and CEO Nancy Lindborg shared lessons from her experience responding to Ebola in West Africa and discussed why COVID-19 is a unique challenge to conflict-affected regions. This was
- [How coronavirus is accelerating a new approach to international cooperation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-coronavirus-is-accelerating-a-new-approach-to-international-cooperation/) - Despite these turbulent times, there is potentially a positive outcome for the future of development assistance. The unprecedented systemic challenges posed by the coronavirus crisis, and the responses we have already seen, will fast-track the transformation of an old paradigm of donor–recipient aid relations towards a model of international cooperation between all countries. This transformation,
- [Faced with COVID-19, the Humanitarian System Should Rethink its Business Model](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/faced-with-covid-19-the-humanitarian-system-should-rethink-its-business-model/) - A robust humanitarian response to COVID-19 is in everybody’s interest. The pandemic is set to wreak havoc in low and middle-income countries with fragile health systems, where vulnerable populations lack the means to implement the most basic protective measures such as handwashing and social distancing. These are places where the disruption could increase the risk
- [COVID-19: Secnarios. Possible global humanitarian developments over the next six months](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-secnarios-possible-global-humanitarian-developments-over-the-next-six-months/) - ACAPS has developed three scenarios to consider how the global humanitarian system will be impacted over the next six months in relation to COVID-19. This involves considering how changes in donor and recipient countries will affect each other, as well as the possibility that Covid-19 will trigger new humanitarian crises. To achieve this, this report
- [COVID-19 and the toxic politics of exploitation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-toxic-politics-of-exploitation/) - We are all under siege. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, Louisa Waugh from Saferworld agrues that urgent action is needed to challenge the governments who are exploiting it for their own ends, and to address the dangers confronting the world’s most vulnerable people. Read more
- [Coronavirus in Conflict Zones: A Sobering Landscape](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-in-conflict-zones-a-sobering-landscape/) - The new coronavirus is spreading into conflict-affected states. Frances Z. Brown and Jarrett Blanc from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace argue that the pandemic and efforts to contain it are much more likely to aggravate and multiply conflicts than reduce or end them, and offer analyses for several conflict-affected contexts around the world. Read more
- [How is COVID playing out in Fragile and Conflict Affected Settings?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-is-covid-playing-out-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings/) - This blog post addreses a few discussion on the impact of COVID-19 in fragile and conflict-affected settings, based on a discussion with researchers of the Action for Empowerment and Accountability research programme. Read more
- [OPINION: Dealing with COVID-19 in conflict zones needs a different approach](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/opinion-dealing-with-covid-19-in-conflict-zones-needs-a-different-approach/) - The image of the Italian military transporting hundreds of coffins out of the Bergamo area speaks of the seriousness of the virus. This is in a context with functioning and effective healthcare, authorities with the ability to enforce restrictions on movement in non-discriminatory ways, and digital connectivity to convey science-based messaging about the virus. But
- [A Global Call: Will COVID-19 bring more peace to the world?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-global-call-will-covid-19-bring-more-peace-to-the-world/) - “The fury of the virus illustrates the folly of war.” Those were UN Secretary General António Guterres’ words on 23 March when he launched a global call addressed to armed actors around the world to declare ceasefires. According to Guterres, the coronavirus crisis demands a redirection of all attention and resources, as well as facilitating
- [Covid 19 – why gender matters](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-why-gender-matters/) - This blog, written by Caroline Harper, Carmen Leon-Himmelstine and Rachel George, will be updated over the next two weeks. Public headlines on the Covid-19 pandemic have highlighted common imperatives: immediately, the capacity of health provision and addressing economic impacts. Secondly, concerns about political leadership, education, food security and the practicalities of social distancing, to name just
- [COVID-19: A Gender Lens. Protecting sexual and reproductive health and rights, and promoting gender equality](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-a-gender-lens-protecting-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-and-promoting-gender-equality/) - “Disease outbreaks affect women and men differently,” says the new UNFPA guidance document, which covers how gender is playing a role in the unfolding pandemic. “Pandemics make existing gender inequalities for women and girls worse, and can impact how they receive treatment and care.” Download
- [Call to Action: Now and the Future, COVID-19 and Gender Equality, Global Peace and Security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/call-to-action-now-and-the-future-covid-19-and-gender-equality-global-peace-and-security/) - This paper addresses the deeply gendered impact of COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to over a million confirmed cases, and tens of hundreds of deaths worldwide so far. As we see global responses to COVID-19, GAPS’s position is that a rights-based approach and gender- conflict analysis must be at the centre of any global
- [The role of community peacebuilders in a pandemic: what we learnt from the Ebola crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-role-of-community-peacebuilders-in-a-pandemic-what-we-learnt-from-the-ebola-crisis/) - Comparing the current situation with the Ebola crisis, Janet Adama Mohammed from Conciliation Resources argues that a deep-rooted mistrust towards the government had been one of the main reasons for the rapid spread of this disease and that this is where local peacebuilders have an extremely important role as bridgebuilders between communities and government institutions.
- [Epidemics, pandemics and humanitarian challenges: Lessons from a number of health crises](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/epidemics-pandemics-and-humanitarian-challenges-lessons-from-a-number-of-health-crises/) - For more than 20 years, Groupe URD has been evaluating humanitarian response and crisis management, which almost always has a ‘health’ component. In all of these contexts, from Afghanistan to Colombia, by way of the Middle East, Africa and the Caribbean, they have observed how health systems react to crises, whether it be in terms
- [Open letter from African intellectuals to leaders over COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/open-letter-from-african-intellectuals-to-leaders-over-covid-19/) - Dozens of prominent intellectuals, writers and academics from across Africa have co-signed an open letter addressed to the continent's leaders, asking them to use the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic as an opportunity to spur "radical change" in direction. "In the call, we urge African leaders to also think beyond the current crisis as
- [What Might Africa Teach the World? Covid-19 and Ebola Virus Disease Compared](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-might-africa-teach-the-world-covid-19-and-ebola-virus-disease-compared/) - In this blog post, Paul Richards compares Ebola to COVID-19 and argues that Africa’s experience of Ebola has something to offer when it comes to responding to COVID-19. Communities experiencing Ebola in West Africa in 2014-15 rapidly learnt from scratch how to cope with a deadly new infection, and this provides the rest of the
- [Africa: Coronavirus - Never Been a More Compelling Time for African Scientists to Work Together](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africa-coronavirus-never-been-a-more-compelling-time-for-african-scientists-to-work-together/) - Amid the rising number of deaths from COVID-19, political leadership, health systems and scientific prowess is being tested locally and internationally. The pandemic provides an opportunity for innovation and new scientific discoveries. For example, the emergence of cases in Africa inspire African-based studies to tap into the diverse genetic background of Africans for important clues
- [Governance, in crisis: What COVID-19 means for the present and future of global governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/governance-in-crisis-what-covid-19-means-for-the-present-and-future-of-global-governance/) - IHEID has introduced a new series of think pieces to reflect critically on the limits (or untapped potential) of existing governance systems and innovative ways to solve future global challenges. This is one of them. The COVID-19 crisis has brought to light many realities about the contemporary global order, which was already far from stable.
- [In Case of Emergency: System-wide Response in the Era of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/in-case-of-emergency-system-wide-response-in-the-era-of-covid-19/) - The world is facing a global health emergency. The context is evolving rapidly, and the humanitarian, public health, social, political and economic implications are widespread. Humanitarian actors are grappling with understanding and preparing for the impact of COVID-19 on existing crisis-affected populations around the globe.This Think Piece looks to the future – beyond the impact
- [South Sudan: Trends in Communication Preferences and Modalities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/south-sudan-trends-in-communication-preferences-and-modalities/) - REACH put together this brief to summarize key findings on trends in communication preferences and modalities from past REACH assessments. The key finding is that disseminating information about COVID-19 should adopt a multi-channel messaging strategy and work through existing community communication structures. It was reported to REACH that community information sources generally do not change
- [Briefing: What's behind South Sudan's COVID-19 inspired UN-backlash](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/briefing-whats-behind-south-sudans-covid-19-inspired-un-backlash/) - South Sudan reported its first four cases of coronavirus last week – all UN staff members – and the news quickly triggered a xenophobic backlash that has amped up tensions and restricted the movement of aid agencies. Obi Anyadike addresses South Sudan's vulnerability to COVID-19, the reasons for this xenophobia, as well as the impact
- [Assessing key considerations for burial practices, death and mourning in epidemics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/assessing-key-considerations-for-burial-practices-death-and-mourning-in-epidemics/) - This Practical Approaches brief highlights key considerations for rapidly appraising burial/funerary practices and beliefs around death/dying during an epidemic. It provides guidance on the relevant social science knowledge required to adapt epidemic preparedness and response to the local context. By using this tool, an overview of local knowledge, meaning and practice will be gained, which
- [Covid-19: ‘we won’t get back to normal because normal was the problem’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-we-wont-get-back-to-normal-because-normal-was-the-problem/) - Discussions about the world that will emerge from the coronavirus pandemic have already started apace. Many commentators are wondering whether the crisis offers the opportunity to set the world on a more sustainable and equal path. The Covid-19 recovery offers an opportunity to create a different type of ‘normal’ – one that can help restore
- [Responding to COVID-19: The Need for Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responding-to-covid-19-the-need-for-conflict-sensitivity/) - There has been a wave of insightful commentary over the last month on the potential for the COVID-19 pandemic to upend fragile peace process (e.g., Afghanistan) or to exacerbate risks for conflict. As the world deals with COVID-19, at CIC we are also interested in thinking through the potential risks created by how governments and
- [What research from conflict-affected countries can tell us about responses to Covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-research-from-conflict-affected-countries-can-tell-us-about-responses-to-covid-19/) - In this comment, Mareike Schomerus argues that Covid-19 has given her a new perspective on ten years of research with the Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium (SLRC), and that insights from conflict-affected contexts can shed light on some current challenges in western countries affected by coronavirus. Europeans are incredibly lucky to largely not know what it
- [How to Make Women Count in the Response to Coronavirus: Lessons from the Women, Peace and Security agenda show the importance of women’s inclusion in the fight against COVID-19.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-make-women-count-in-the-response-to-coronavirus-lessons-from-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-show-the-importance-of-womens-inclusion-in-the-fight-against-covid-19/) - As health organizations and national governments seek to stem the spread of COVID-19, it is critical that they understand the gender dynamics in their societies. Efforts to combat the pandemic will only go so far if women and girls are left behind in the process. For example, how can a woman experiencing domestic violence quarantine
- [The Horn Episode 13: Flattening the COVID-19 Curve in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-horn-episode-13-flattening-the-covid-19-curve-in-east-africa/) - The death and disruption wrought by the coronavirus pandemic have already been felt by much of the world. With the disease now making its way across East Africa, Alan Boswell sat down with journalist April Zhu to discuss the challenges the region faces. Overstretched healthcare systems, the consequences of a global economic depression on stability,
- [Conflict sensitive approaches to dealing with common South Sudanese cultural practices and COVID-19 prevention measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/conflict-sensitive-approaches-to-dealing-with-common-south-sudanese-cultural-practices-and-covid-19-prevention-measures/) - As South Sudan prepares its response to COVID-19, Ranga Gworo shares reflections on how COVID-19 prevention measures have interacted so far with deeply embedded cultural practices and the implications for conflict sensitivity, alongside some practical recommendations for how aid agencies could design cultural, and conflict, sensitive measures. Even before the Government of South Sudan confirmed
- [COVID-19 and Social Networks in Humanitarian Crises](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-social-networks-in-humanitarian-crises/) - The novel coronavirus is now being transmitted through the six continents. A key concern is for those who are already extremely vulnerable – those who are caught in ongoing humanitarian emergencies, such as those in Syria, South Sudan and the Rohingya refugee crisis. For people caught in these emergencies, a public health response will be
- [Four Lessons from Outbreaks in Africa for the Age of Coronavirus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/four-lessons-from-outbreaks-in-africa-for-the-age-of-coronavirus/) - As the coronavirus pandemic continues and new behavioral practices—from social distancing to avoiding handshakes and hugs—become expected norms overnight, there are crucial policy lessons to be learned from struggles against previous outbreaks of disease in Africa. Despite widespread poverty, weak infrastructure, and relatively few health professionals, there is an encouraging, long record of African countries—often
- [COVID-19 in Africa: “Know your Epidemic, Act on its Politics.”](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-in-africa-know-your-epidemic-act-on-its-politics/) - This blog suggests three basic considerations for planning COVID-19 responses in Africa: (1) anticipate the country-specific demographic pattern of the national epidemic; (2) examine the conditions required for the standard “lockdown” policy to succeed; and (3) make a consultative political assessment of the epidemic response and its impacts on the economy, society and governance.
- [Conflict sensitivity considerations relating to the COVID-19 response in Libya](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/conflict-sensitivity-considerations-relating-to-the-covid-19-response-in-libya/) - This brief report by Peaceful Change initiative focuses on potential conflict sensitivity considerations relating to the COVID-19 response in Libya, developed as part of the Conflict Sensitive Assistance (CSA) in Libya forum. The note is intended as a resource to aid assistance planners and project staff to take conflict sensitivity implications into account when preparing
- [Protection and Human Rights Considerations - Preparedness and Response to COVID-19 for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/protection-and-human-rights-considerations-preparedness-and-response-to-covid-19-for-south-sudan/) - The COVID-19 outbreak is a public health emergency, which in the context of South Sudan’s lack of any viable national social safety net, possess multiple protection challenges and threats to human rights. In large part as a result of the armed conflict, public health services are not able to provide prevention, treatment and control of
- [“We are all fragile, but we are not all equally fragile”: Humanitarian operations amidst the COVID-19 pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/we-are-all-fragile-but-we-are-not-all-equally-fragile-humanitarian-operations-amidst-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - As the COVID-19 pandemic is spreading across the globe, its impact touches all corners of society. What happens when the pandemic reaches areas that were already dealing with various sorts of humanitarian challenges, and in what ways are humanitarian operations being impacted both directly and indirectly? In a time where the news are being flooded
- [COVID-19: Impact on humanitarian operations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-impact-on-humanitarian-operations/) - This Quick Impact Survey is part of ACAPS’ efforts to better understand the current COVID-19 crisis and its impact on current humanitarian operations. It was sent to humanitarian organisations worldwide and conducted over four days. Key findings Measures imposed by governments or taken by organisations to protect staff and the recipients of their services have
- [Coronavirus: Why lockdowns may not be the answer in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-why-lockdowns-may-not-be-the-answer-in-africa/) - Many African countries have introduced lockdowns in order to halt the spread of coronavirus, but, as Alex de Waal and Paul Richards argue, ordinary people have to be involved in choosing the solutions that will work for them. Read more
- [COVID-19, conflict and aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-conflict-and-aid-in-south-sudan/) - As the aid sector in South Sudan shifts rapidly to prepare for and respond to the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in the country, Natalia Chan and Tim Midgley from Saferworld reflect on the need to ensure humanitarian responses take into account conflict dynamics. Read more
- [Financing the coronavirus response in sub-Saharan Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/financing-the-coronavirus-response-in-sub-saharan-africa/) - The coronavirus pandemic is wreaking havoc on health and livelihoods around the world. Although people are at risk of infection irrespective of their income, class, ethnicity or age, the impacts of the pandemic are likely to be acutely felt in sub-Saharan Africa. As well as health impacts, there are fears that African countries will face
- [COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Drives Sub-Saharan Africa Toward First Recession in 25 Years](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-coronavirus-drives-sub-saharan-africa-toward-first-recession-in-25-years/) - Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa has been significantly impacted by the ongoing coronavirus outbreak and is forecast to fall sharply from 2.4% in 2019 to -2.1 to -5.1% in 2020, the first recession in the region over the past 25 years, according to the latest Africa’s Pulse, the World Bank’s twice-yearly economic update for the region.
- [Responses to Covid-19 must focus on communities and not just past epidemics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/responses-to-covid-19-must-focus-on-communities-and-not-just-past-epidemics/) - In the current global pandemic, there is a lot that can be learned from past epidemics. What is poignantly missing, however, is acknowledgement of local perspectives to disease outbreak and response. Jeremy Allouche and Dienedort Wandji argue we need to better understand how individuals and local communities in Africa, and beyond, have learnt and developed
- [Adaptive leadership in the coronavirus response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/adaptive-leadership-in-the-coronavirus-response/) - The coronavirus pandemic poses unprecedented challenges to science, policy and the interface between the two. How – and how quickly – policymakers, practitioners and researchers react to this emerging and complex crisis is making a profound difference to people’s lives and livelihoods (WHO, 2020). But how can we ensure effective collective decision-making on the basis
- [COVID-19 and the impact on local peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-impact-on-local-peacebuilding/) - As the impact of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic grows, local peacebuilders continue working to help communities break through cycles of violent conflict. During the first week of April, Peace Direct and Conducive Space for Peace held a series of consultations asking local peacebuilders how their lives and work have been affected by this unprecedented
- [Linking Human Security and Health Security in the Age of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/linking-human-security-and-health-security-in-the-age-of-covid-19/) - From China to Italy, from France to South Africa, and from Burkina Faso to Iraq, military forces are being called upon by their governments to support them in the domestic ‘fight’ against COVID-19, e.g., by helping to provide medical support as well as enforcing prevention and mitigation measures. The presence of soldiers, deployed to back
- [Lockdown is wrong for Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/lockdown-is-wrong-for-africa/) - In this opinion peace, the director of the Institute for the Future of Knowledge and professor of philosophy at the University of Johannesburg, Prof Alex Broadbent, argues that the biggest public health risk in Africa is not Covid-19, but the consequences of regional and global measures designed to reduce its effect on public health. The
- [In-depth Analysis: What should be Africa’s strategy to counter #Covid19? A strategy for containment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/in-depth-analysis-what-should-be-africas-strategy-to-counter-covid19-a-strategy-for-containment/) - The current Covid-19 pandemic, like most of its kind, poses two closely interlinked challenges. They can be summarized as the demands for urgent actions needed to contain the outbreak; and the requirement to work on long-term strategic issues including investments directed towards social and economic recovery, and peace and security. The last part— peace and
- [Out of the Ruins and Rubble: Covid-19 and the fightback in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/out-of-the-ruins-and-rubble-covid-19-and-the-fightback-in-africa/) - In an update on the Covid-19 pandemic across Africa, Heike Becker, Femi Aborisade and Issa Shivji, report on the reaction of governments in South Africa, Nigeria and Tanzania, the struggles of poor communities and the urgency of building of a new world out of the ruins of the old. Read more
- [The Impact of COVID-19 on Peace Operations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-peace-operations/) - Today, more than 50 missions are all in full crisis management mode and are adapting to a radical new situation while ensuring the safety of approximately 160,000 civilian, police, and military peacekeepers. Most of the countries where these missions are deployed have closed their borders and have imposed social distancing measures. Countries like South Sudan
- [The impact of traditional and religious practices on the spread of Ebola in West Africa: time for a strategic shift](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-impact-of-traditional-and-religious-practices-on-the-spread-of-ebola-in-west-africa-time-for-a-strategic-shift/) - This article in the Pan African Medical Journal shows that the Ebola outbreak in West Africa clearly demonstrated that scientifically proven methods of combating the transmission of infectious diseases, if not culturally and religiously acceptable to a community, are likely to be resisted and rendered less effective. There is, thus, a need to investigate and
- [Coronavirus and aid: What we're watching](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/coronavirus-and-aid-what-were-watching/) - The New Humanitarian is collecting updates about how the coronavirus is hitting aid responses in vulnerable communities – from refugee camps and disaster displacement sites, to border crossings and conflict zones. The UN launched an unprecedented global appeal on 25 March, calling for $2 billion in new funds to tackle coronavirus in countries with critical
- [Increasing Segregation? Impact of Covid19 in the Cities of Africa and South Asia](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/increasing-segregation-impact-of-covid19-in-the-cities-of-africa-and-south-asia/) - The current Covid 19 pandemic is likely to spread in the next few weeks and months to the South and in particular South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa. The impact may well be of a greater scale than that currently experienced in the North; India was the region with the highest loss of live in
- [COVID-19 Secondary Impact Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-secondary-impact-analysis/) - Acute conflicts and humanitarian crises are often the result of the complex interactions of many factors. The majority of these factors will be altered, and likely amplified, by the spread of COVID-19. Mercy Corps has an internal analytical capacity used to support their access and programming in complex and high risk environments. For the foreseeable
- [From cholera to corona: The politics of plagues in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/from-cholera-to-corona-the-politics-of-plagues-in-africa/) - Like any other disease, the coronavirus COVID-19 has in itself no meaning: it is only a micro-organism. It acquires meaning and significance from its human contexts, from the ways it infiltrates the lives of the people, from the reactions it provokes, and from the manner in which it gives expression to cultural and political values.
- [The next calamity: The coronavirus could devastate poor countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-next-calamity-the-coronavirus-could-devastate-poor-countries/) - The new coronavirus is causing havoc in rich countries. Often overlooked is the damage it will cause in poor ones, which could be even worse. Official data do not begin to tell the story. As of March 25th Africa had reported only 2,800 infections so far; India, only 650. But the virus is in nearly
- [Africa is woefully ill-equipped to cope with covid-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/africa-is-woefully-ill-equipped-to-cope-with-covid-19/) - "In the township, people are not worried at all,” says Lesedi Kgasago, a student from Soweto, Johannesburg. Among his friends “corona” is seen either as something that afflicts white people or a fiction. When life is a struggle it is hard to worry about a threat you cannot see. Read more
- [If Covid-19 is not beaten in Africa it will return to haunt us all](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/if-covid-19-is-not-beaten-in-africa-it-will-return-to-haunt-us-all/) - In this opinion piece, Ethiopia's prime minister Abiy Ahmed argues that only a global victory can end this pandemic, not a temporary rich countries’ win. Read more
- [Key Principles for Conflict-Sensitive Messaging](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-principles-for-conflict-sensitive-messaging/) - The global COVID-19 Pandemic is having an impact on all aspects of life around the world and will affect different nations and peoples in different ways. Conflict sensitivity thinking is more critical in the midst of a crisis like COVID-19. This is precisely because clinical and social measures being practiced globally, will have implications in
- [COVID-19 Threatens South Sudan’s At-Risk Populations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-threatens-south-sudans-at-risk-populations/) - South Sudan has issued measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, notably a ban on inbound and outbound flights, self-paid mandatory quarantines, and a ban on mass gatherings. While important, these measures do not address the complex reality in South Sudan, a country with limited health services struggling to emerge from six years of civil
- [What does COVID-19 mean for South Sudan and a conflict sensitive response?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/what-does-covid-19-mean-for-south-sudan-and-a-conflict-sensitive-response/) - This blog post presents the CSRF's initial thoughts on the impact of COVID-19 on aid in South Sudan. The ground has shifted beneath our feet in ways that we have never known before. Governments around the world are grappling with how to effectively respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, borders have closed, and economies are screeching
- [ePROTECT Respiratory Infections](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/eprotect-respiratory-infections/) - All personnel responding to outbreaks of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) need to have the basic knowledge and skills to mount an effective response. They need to understand what ARIs are, how they are transmitted, how to assess the risk of infection and to understand basic hygiene measures to protect themselves. This learning package consists of
- [Emerging respiratory viruses, including COVID-19: methods for detection, prevention, response and control](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/emerging-respiratory-viruses-including-covid-19-methods-for-detection-prevention-response-and-control/) - This course provides a general introduction to COVID-19 and emerging respiratory viruses and is intended for public health professionals, incident managers and personnel working for the United Nations, international organizations and NGOs. Watch video
- [Peace Points: COVID-19, conflict and the future](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/peace-points-covid-19-conflict-and-the-future/) - In this video, Dan Smith, SIPRI's Director, comments on the impact of COVID-19 on war-torn countries and what the virus tells us about the long term. Watch video
- [COVID-19: Toward authentic security rooted in nonviolence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-toward-authentic-security-rooted-in-nonviolence/) - Written by Marie Dennis, this reflection argues that perhaps this pandemic will help us to recognize the critical need for a transformative shift away from violence in our values and priorities. She mentiones a few reasons that show that such a shift is urgent. Read more
- [Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics Between South Sudan and DRC](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-considerations-cross-border-dynamics-between-south-sudan-and-drc/) - This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the context of the outbreak of Ebola in North Kivu and surrounding provinces. In light of the DRC outbreak, South Sudan began preparedness activities in August 2018 with the development of the first South Sudan National
- [Civil War & the Global Threat of Pandemics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/civil-war-the-global-threat-of-pandemics/) - This essay confronts the collision of two potential global threats: the outbreak of infectious pandemics and the outbreak and protraction of civil wars. Specifically, it addresses the potential that civil wars can elevate the risk that an infectious outbreak will emerge; the possibility that civil wars can reduce the capacity to identify and respond to
- [COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-the-gendered-impacts-of-the-outbreak/) - Writing this comment on behalf of the Gender and COVID-19 Working Group, the authors argue that policies and public health efforts have not addressed the gendered impacts of disease outbreaks, and that the response to Covid-19 appears no different. They are not aware of any gender analysis of the outbreak by global health institutions or
- [Epidemics and Conflict: Evidence from the Ebola outbreak in Western Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/epidemics-and-conflict-evidence-from-the-ebola-outbreak-in-western-africa/) - This paper investigates the impact of a rapidly spreading epidemic on civil violence in the context of the largest Ebola outbreak in history, in Western Africa. The identification strategy relies on the epidemiological features of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). The authors exploit the dynamics of the disease and weekly frequency data at the local
- [Learning from the Ebola Response in Cities: Responding in the context of urban quarantine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/learning-from-the-ebola-response-in-cities-responding-in-the-context-of-urban-quarantine/) - The West African Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in 2014/15 posed a number of urban-specific challenges to humanitarians responding to the crisis. One of these related to controlling the rapid spread of the disease across the urban landscape. Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone used quarantine at various points, which was by and large ill received,
- [A gendered human rights analysis of Ebola and Zika: locating gender in global health emergencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/a-gendered-human-rights-analysis-of-ebola-and-zika-locating-gender-in-global-health-emergencies/) - Globally gender remains a key factor in differing health outcomes for men and women. This article analyses the particular relevance of gender for debates about global health and the role for international human rights law in supporting improved health outcomes during public health emergencies. Looking specifically at the recent Ebola and Zika outbreaks, what we
- [Key considerations: online information, mis-and disinformation in the context of COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/key-considerations-online-information-mis-and-disinformation-in-the-context-of-covid-19/) - This brief sets out practical considerations relating to flows of information, misinformation and disinformation though online media, particularly social media networks, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It details various types of online media, key players and influencers on social media, and strategies for ensuring good information and disrupting mis- and disinformation. It is
- [Interim guidance: Scaling-up COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response operations in humanitarian situations including camps and camp-like settings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/interim-guidance-scaling-up-covid-19-outbreak-readiness-and-response-operations-in-humanitarian-situations-including-camps-and-camp-like-settings/) - People affected by humanitarian crises, particularly those displaced and/or living in camps and camp-like settings, are often faced with specific challenges and vulnerabilities that must be taken into consideration when planning for readiness and response operations for the COVID-19 outbreak. They are frequently neglected, stigmatized, and may face difficulties in accessing health services that are
- [COVID-19 and Conflict:  Seven Trends to Watch](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-conflict-seven-trends-to-watch/) - As an organisation focusing on early warning and conflict prevention, Crisis Group is especially concerned with places where the current global health challenge intersects with wars or political conditions – such as weak institutions, communal tensions, lack of trust in leaders and inter-state rivalries – that could give rise to new crises or exacerbate existing
- [Covid-19: five lessons from Ebola](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-five-lessons-from-ebola/) - Humanitarians are sounding the alarm about the likely impact of Covid-19 on countries and communities already grappling with crises. Death rates – estimated at 1% in high-income countries with well-equipped hospitals – will likely climb when the virus spreads to South Sudan, Syria or Yemen, where health systems have collapsed and many hospitals lack even
- [Human Rights Dimensions of COVID-19 Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/human-rights-dimensions-of-covid-19-response/) - International human rights law guarantees everyone the right to the highest attainable standard of health and obligates governments to take steps to prevent threats to public health and to provide medical care to those who need it. Human rights law also recognizes that in the context of serious public health threats and public emergencies threatening
- [CVA in COVID-19 Contexts: Guidance from the CaLP network](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/cva-in-covid-19-contexts-guidance-from-the-calp-network/) - This is a summary of the key points from resources that are shared on CVA and COVID through this document. It is a living document and the authors, Alice Golay and Sophie Tholstrup, will continue to update it as new resources are added. It is intended to help organisations understand and prepare for likely impacts
- [COVID-19 and Violent Conflict: Responding to Predictable Unpredictability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-violent-conflict-responding-to-predictable-unpredictability/) - The World Health Organization is working on the basis that death rates rise when COVID-19 casualties exceed domestic health service capacity. The response is to require “social isolation” and shutdowns of large swathes of society and the economy. So far, media focus has been on the crisis in China, Europe, and the United States. However, the world’s
- [Why we need gender perspectives in our global solutions to COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/why-we-need-gender-perspectives-in-our-global-solutions-to-covid-19/) - COVID-19 is indiscriminate. It has made us aware that regardless of race, sex, religion and status, we are all vulnerable to contracting the virus. Governments and populations are taking precautions to protect populations with higher fatality rates. Although containing the virus is the key priority, measures should be considered on how to combat the ways
- [OCHA's Humanitarian Response Information on South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ochas-humanitarian-response-information-on-south-sudan/) - This info page by OCHA includes cluster guidance and other useful resources and tools on Covid-19 in South Sudan. Read more
- [COVID-19 Update on South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-update-on-south-sudan/) - The Conflict Research Programme is sharing their real-time analysis on the coronavirus pandemic as it pertains to South Sudan and their other four Conflict Research Programme sites, DRC, Iraq, Somalia and Syria. Read more
- [COVID19 outbreak likely impact on markets and food security in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid19-outbreak-likely-impact-on-markets-and-food-security-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan heavily depends on export of oil, the reopening of some damaged oil wells following the peace agreement in 2018 pushed up daily oil production (export) by about 20 percent in February 2019. Despite the increase, access of hard currency to importers from banks has not yet started, and therefore traders still depend on
- [Media, remember gender in your COVID-19 coverage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/media-remember-gender-in-your-covid-19-coverage/) - Media always have a strong obligation to offer the public professionally produced content and reliable information. Following the current global crisis caused by the Corona virus, Emma Boberg Lygnerud, IMS Global Response Department Gender Adviser, encourages media to make it more of a priority to provide a diverse, balanced and gender sensitive coverage. This article
- [COVID-19 and Africa’s Displacement Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-africas-displacement-crisis/) - The spread of the coronavirus in Africa is intersecting with the continent’s population displacement crisis. Protecting displaced persons and migrants will be key to reducing the overall rates of transmission. The author therefore argues that governments must emphasize that this pandemic requires a community-wide focus on public health and human security—one that includes the most
- [The Security Sector and Global Health Crises: Lessons and Prospects](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-security-sector-and-global-health-crises-lessons-and-prospects/) - The recent Ebola outbreak in Western Africa has had serious implications for human security and economic development in the affected countries. The economic, security and humanitarian dimensions of such a health crisis call for action in different sectors and at several levels – global, regional, national and local. The challenges that emerged to assist affected
- [COVID-19 and the Core Humanitarian Standard: How to meet our CHS commitments in the coronavirus pandemic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-the-core-humanitarian-standard-how-to-meet-our-chs-commitments-in-the-coronavirus-pandemic/) - The Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability (CHS) sets out the humanitarian sector’s core commitments to the people they assist. It guides humanitarians in taking a principled and people-centred approach to the way they manage the response and adaptation to COVID-19. This is a guide to how the CHS commitments can inform a humanitarian
- [Operational Guidance for Appropriate Interaction with Armed Actors in the Context of the COVID-19 Response v1.0](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/operational-guidance-for-appropriate-interaction-with-armed-actors-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-response-v1-0/) - Armed actors are or will likely be involved in an affected government’s response to COVID-19 in a number of ways. This operational guidance by OCHA provides practical approaches to navigating humanitarian operating environments where domestic armed actors are responding to COVID-19 as part of the government’s efforts, where peacekeeping forces and/or foreign armed actors (military
- [Cooperation and Corona](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/cooperation-and-corona/) - Like other institutions, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) has been affected by the corona virus. Staff and meetings have been reduced, and issues that seemed like political and operational priorities are now less important than the crisis at hand. Since health is not on the OSCE’s agenda, it could be argued
- [Preventing global food security crisis under COVID-19 emergency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/preventing-global-food-security-crisis-under-covid-19-emergency/) - The COVID-19 outbreak is showing a new trend. While the situation in China has improved dramatically, several countries, especially the Republic of Korea, Japan, Italy and Iran, have been reporting more new cases. In fact, these countries have reported more new confirmed cases than China, most of which are in Wuhan, the epicenter of the
- [COVID-19 and its implications for local peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/covid-19-and-its-implications-for-local-peacebuilding/) - This blogpost by Mie Roesdahl argues that peacebuilders must seek out creative ways to conduct their much-needed peacebuilding work even at a time when their space for physical movement may be decreasing, and that they must seek out ways to contribute to preventing and dealing with the potential negative consequences of the pandemic on peacebuilding
- [Gender and the Coronavirus Outbreak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/gender-and-the-coronavirus-outbreak/) - This article argues that while most of the questions currently asked with relation to Covid-19 are of a scientific and technical nature, crucial to containing the outbreak; such as, how infectious is it? How long does it incubate in the body before you get sick? And can it be spread by people who have no
- [How to stop Coronavirus Lockdown Leading to an Upsurge in Violence Against Women](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/how-to-stop-coronavirus-lockdown-leading-to-an-upsurge-in-violence-against-women/) - In this blog post, Mwanahamisi Singano argues that with everyone locked down due to Covid-19, gender-based violence could rise to unprecedented levels, because homes are often not a safe place for women. She points out necessary measures to be taken to minimise this risk. Read more
- [Women and COVID-19: Five things governments can do now](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/women-and-covid-19-five-things-governments-can-do-now/) - Governments the world over are struggling to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. While some voices have flagged the impacts on women, gender concerns are not yet shaping the decisions that mainly male leaders are making. At the same time, many of the impacts of COVID-19 are hitting women hardest. In this article, UN Women's Deputy Executive
- [The Coronavirus Is a Disaster for Feminism: Pandemics affect men and women differently](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/the-coronavirus-is-a-disaster-for-feminism-pandemics-affect-men-and-women-differently/) - When people try to be cheerful about social distancing and working from home, noting that William Shakespeare and Isaac Newton did some of their best work while England was ravaged by the plague, there is an obvious response: Neither of them had child-care responsibilities. This article in the Atlantic describes the impact of the pandemic
- [Ethnic Politics and Ebola Response in West Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/ethnic-politics-and-ebola-response-in-west-africa/) - This paper examines the effects of power sharing on vulnerability to adverse shocks in a multiethnic setting. Combining a unique dataset on the allocation of ministerial posts across ethnicities with the spatial distribution of Ebola, the author provides evidence that ethnic representation mitigated the transmission of Ebola in Guinea and Sierra Leone. The findings suggest
- [Impact of the Ebola virus outbreak on market chain and trade of agricultural products in West Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid19/impact-of-the-ebola-virus-outbreak-on-market-chain-and-trade-of-agricultural-products-in-west-africa/) - This study provides an analysis of the impact of the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak on agricultural market chains. Seven market chains were selected based on their importance to regional food security, the risks associated with Ebola and the extent of disruptions caused by the outbreak. This includes rice, cassava, potatoes, cocoa, palm oil animal products,

## Categories

- [BLOG](https://csrf-southsudan.org/category/blog/)
- [Main Pages](https://csrf-southsudan.org/category/new-website/)

## Tags

- [Security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/security/)
- [Conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/conflict-sensitivity/)
- [Climate and Environment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/climate-and-environment/)
- [HDP Nexus and Aid Coherence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/hdp-nexus-and-aid-coherence/)
- [Localisation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/localisation/)
- [Political transitions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/political-transitions/)
- [Armed conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/armed-conflict/)
- [Peace process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/peace-process/)
- [Service delivery](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/service-delivery/)
- [Gender and Social Inclusion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/gender-and-social-inclusion/)
- [International engagement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/international-engagement/)
- [Resources](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/resources/)
- [Justice and Governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/justice-and-governance/)
- [Population movements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/tag/population-movements/)

## Group

- [nature](https://csrf-southsudan.org/group/nature/)

## Event Categories

- [Internal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/events/category/internal/)
- [Public](https://csrf-southsudan.org/events/category/public/)

## State

- [South(ern) Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/southern-sudan/)
- [Central Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/central-equatoria/)
- [Sudan (North and South)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/sudan-north-and-south/)
- [Jonglei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/jonglei/)
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- [Western Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/western-equatoria/)
- [Northern Bahr el Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/northern-bahr-el-ghazal/)
- [Western Bahr el Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/western-bahr-el-ghazal/)
- [Eastern Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/eastern-equatoria/)
- [Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/states/sudan-and-south-sudan/)
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## Media Type

- [Video](https://csrf-southsudan.org/media-types/video/)
- [Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/media-types/analysis/)
- [Research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/media-types/research/)

## Document Type

- [Academic Article](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/academic-paper/)
- [Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/report/)
- [Book](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/book/)
- [research paper](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/research-paper/)
- [Other documents](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/other-documents/)
- [Government document](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/government/)
- [Briefing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/document-types/briefing/)

## Theory Focus

- [Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/conflict/)
- [International Engagement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/international/)
- [Governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/governance/)
- [Evaluations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/evaluations/)
- [Economy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/economy/)
- [Ethnography](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/ethnography/)
- [Regional relations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/regional/)
- [Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/peace/)
- [Justice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/justice/)
- [Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/theory-focuses/gender/)

## Featured Theory

- [Featured Theory](https://csrf-southsudan.org/featured-theory/featured-theory/)

## Types of Resource

- [Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/analysis/)
- [Research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/research/)
- [Tools and guidance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/tools-and-guidance/)
- [Messaging materials](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/messaging-materials/)
- [Official notices](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/official-notices/)
- [Other](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/other/)
- [Featured](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/featured/)
- [Audiovisual](https://csrf-southsudan.org/typecovid19/audiovisual/)

## Topics

- [Public Health](https://csrf-southsudan.org/topic/public-health/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity, Protection and Human Rights](https://csrf-southsudan.org/topic/conflict-sensitivity-protection-and-human-rights/)
- [Livelihoods & Economy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/topic/livelihoods-economy/)
- [Peace, Conflict and Governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/topic/peace-conflict-governance/)
- [Humanitarian Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/topic/humanitarian-response/)
- [Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/topic/gender/)

## Context

- [South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/context/south-sudan/)
- [Other fragile](https://csrf-southsudan.org/context/other-fragile-and-conflict-affected-contexts/)
- [Global](https://csrf-southsudan.org/context/global/)

## Languages

- [English](https://csrf-southsudan.org/language/english/)
- [Juba Arabic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/language/juba-arabic/)

## Diseases

- [COVID-19](https://csrf-southsudan.org/infectious-disease/covid-19/)
- [Ebola](https://csrf-southsudan.org/infectious-disease/ebola/)
- [Other infectious diseases](https://csrf-southsudan.org/infectious-disease/other-infectious-diseases/)

## Practice focus

- [Humanitarian Aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/humanitarian-aid/)
- [Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation/Prevention](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/peacebuilding-and-conflict-transformation-prevention/)
- [Health](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/health/)
- [Livelihood](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/livelihood/)
- [WASH](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/wash/)
- [Education](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/education/)
- [Protection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/protection/)
- [Governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/governance/)
- [Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/gender/)
- [Food Security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/food-security/)
- [Climate Change Mitigation / Adaptation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/practice-focus/climate-change-mitigation-adaptation/)