This article discusses South Sudan’s history and politics of water security from 1959 to present. It argues that South Sudan, as a new independent state, faces a number of challenges, not only with Sudan over border demarcation, Abyei, and the potential resumption of Jonglei Canal, but also with the 11 Nile Basic Countries over sharing and management of Nile Basin, with Sudan and Egypt on one side and the rest on another. It concludes that…